精原干细胞体外培养的方法改进

探讨精原干细胞体外培养优化方法,为进一步探讨其生物特征、生殖干细胞移植及生殖损伤及药物保护等研究提供实验基础.制备骨髓基质饲养层,将生后5 d~7 d雄性小鼠生精细胞接种在饲养层上,并于IMDM培养基及37 ℃下共培养,在倒置显微镜下观察细胞生长行为,并对培养后的细胞进行组织学、细胞化学、免疫组化、遗传学鉴定.精原干细胞能在以骨髓基质细胞饲养层上进行增殖和生长,且增殖后的表现出呈簇、团状生长,细胞间可表现出明显的胞质间桥,细胞核大,核/质比高,碱性磷酸酶及C-KIT受体阳性,染色体核型为20对(40条)等精原干细胞的生物学行为特征.原代培养的骨髓基质细胞作饲养层具有取材及制作简便等优点,且能在不添加外源性生长因子的前提下能通过自分泌足够的细胞生长因子,满足精原干细胞体外增殖和抑制分化的需要,是精原干细胞培养的一种良好的饲养层.IMDM培养基、血清及适宜的环境温度是精原干细胞体外培养的重要条件.     

小鼠精原干细胞的分离、分选、移植和培养

精原干细胞具有自我增殖和分化为精子的能力。精原干细胞的培养、移植和体外诱导分化等研究将使我们最终阐明精原干细胞的自我更新机制和精子发生机理。经过一年多的研究,我们不仅建立了用含血清培养基对分离的乳鼠睾丸细胞进行差异贴壁分选来富集生殖细胞的简单方法,而且成功地对分选出的精原干细胞进行了近一个月的无血清培养。流式分析结果表明,差异贴壁分选能将精原干细胞富集11倍以上。移植分析表明,分选出的精原干细胞具有在受体鼠的曲精小管中产生克隆的能力和正常生精作用。免疫细胞化学和RT-PCR检测表明,培养的细胞表达精原干细胞标志基因。该研究为体外长期培养小鼠或其它哺乳动物的精原干细胞提供了一个范例,也为利用基因修饰的精原干细胞通过移植产生转基因动物奠定了基础。     

小鼠精原干细胞生长的一般特性

本研究以小鼠睾丸支持细胞(Sertoli)为饲养层,用无血清StemPro-34 SFM培养基培养2~5日龄小鼠精原干细胞,用倒置相差显微镜观察Sertoli饲养层对精原干细胞生物学行为的影响。结果发现Sertoli细胞作饲养层明显促进精原干细胞的更新增殖,约有30%的精原干细胞能存活下来并能维持存活到60d以上。     

新生大鼠海马神经干细胞的体外培养及鉴定

目的 探讨新生大鼠海马神经干细胞(NSC)的体外培养和诱导分化的条件和特点.方法 分离出生1d大鼠海马,在表皮生长因子、碱性成纤维生长因子和B27,联合作用下使其稳定增殖,用5-溴脱氧尿苷(BrdU)标记处于增殖状态的神经干细胞,应用免疫荧光染色方法 行巢蛋白(Nestin)、5-溴脱氧尿苷(BrdU)、β-Ⅲ型微管蛋白(Tuj-1)、波形蛋白(Vimentin)和Galc-C免疫荧光染色,对NSC的增殖及其分化的细胞进行鉴定.结果 体外培养的NSC增殖成神经干细胞球并传代.鉴定为Nestin染色阳性细胞和5-溴脱氧尿苷(BrdU)标记染色阳性细胞,并可诱导分化为神经元细胞(Tuj-1染色阳性细胞)、神经胶质细胞(Vimentin染色阳性细胞)和少突胶质细胞(Calc-C染色阳性细胞).结论 采用无血清培养基中加入特定生长因子的培养技术,可培养出在体外稳定增殖并有多向分化潜能的新生大鼠海马神经干细胞.     

人骨髓间充质干细胞体外扩增和向神经细胞定向诱导分化的研究

骨髓间充质干细胞(MSC)是一类存在于骨髓中的具有多向分化潜能的干细胞,在体外不仅可以分化为间充质类细胞,而且可以分化为非间充质类细胞.研究了人骨髓间充质干细胞的体外分离、扩增和向神经细胞的定向诱导分化条件.从骨髓中分离MSC,用MesenCult培养基进行纯化和扩增培养.每扩增一代,细胞数量增加约2～3倍,在体外扩增12代后扩增约4.6×10 4 倍;诱导不同扩增代数的MSC向神经细胞分化,诱导后的细胞平均有80%以上呈现典型的神经元样表型.免疫组化法检测发现,神经元样细胞强表达神经丝蛋白和神经元特异性烯醇化酶,组织化学法检测观察到神经元特有结构尼氏体,表明MSC在体外具有向神经细胞分化的潜能.     

以KnockoutTM SR无血清培养基培养小鼠精原干细胞的研究

设计并应用了KnockoutTM SR无血清培养基,在STO (SIM mouse embryo-derived thioguanine and ouabain resistant)饲养层上培养小鼠精原干细胞(spermatogonial stem cells, SSCs).结果表明小鼠SSCs在这一体系中能在短期内存活和形成克隆,并缓慢增殖,但不能更长时间地维持干细胞的不分化状态.     

小鼠精原干细胞的体外培养与鉴定

建立一种简单、有效体外分离和培养精原干细胞（Spermatogonia stem cell,SSCs）的方法。采用酶消化6—8d新生小鼠睾丸制备睾丸细胞悬液后进行培养,碱性磷酸酶（AKP）染色和间接免疫荧光对培养的细胞进行鉴定;结果显示：SSCs培养3～5天可观察到细胞克隆的产生,AKP染色强阳性;间接免疫荧光显示GCNF阴性,oct-4、c—kit均呈阳性反应。由此可知以DMEM＋15％胎牛血清＋白血病抑制因子（leukemia inhibitory factor,LIF）＋L-谷氨酰胺等为培养基,成功建立了精原干细胞的体外培养体系。     

脐带源间充质干细胞的生物学性状及其成脂肪细胞诱导分化

以健康产妇脐带为材料分离脐带间充质干细胞,体外培养扩增传代,做细胞形态观察,计数细胞并绘制细胞生长曲线,用流式细胞仪测定细胞周期以及免疫表型,测定细胞定向诱导分化成脂肪细胞的能力.发现人脐带源间充质干细胞能在体外培养扩增,可定向诱导分化为脂肪细胞并且具有和骨髓来源的间充质干细胞相似的生物学形态和抗原表型.成功建立了脐带源间充质干细胞系,可以作为干细胞研究和应用的新的材料来源.     

渗透压对中华绒螯蟹生精细胞体外培养的影响

渗透压是影响体外培养细胞生长和存活的重要因子.通过6种渗透压梯度下体外培养的生精细胞的贴壁率、存活率及RNA/DNA值的测定和细胞生长状况实验,研究了渗透压对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)生精细胞体外培养的影响.实验结果初步确定了中华绒螯蟹生精细胞体外培养的适宜渗透压范围为900～1 000 mmol/L.     

人骨髓间充质干细胞对小鼠神经干细胞增殖与分化培养的影响

通过在体外培养、鉴定人的骨髓间充质干细胞与小鼠神经干细胞,用骨髓间充质干细胞条件培养基分别在增殖与分化条件下对神经干细胞进行培养.发现,间充质干细胞条件培养基在增殖条件下能加快神经球内神经干细胞的迁移,使神经球解聚,对神经干细胞增殖没有影响;而间充质干细胞条件培养基在分化条件下,能增加神经干细胞向少突胶质细胞分化的能力,降低向星型胶质细胞的分化能力,对向神经元分化能力没有影响,间充质干细胞可能是通过促进神经干细胞迁移、分化而加快神经损伤的修复的.     

原癌基因c-jun对EDS诱导大鼠睾丸间质细胞凋亡的研究

本研究用c-junASODNs拮抗c-jun,用EDS诱导的大鼠睾丸间质细胞凋亡,通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳、Henchest33342染色荧光显微镜检查方法研究c-jun对EDS诱导的大鼠睾丸间质细胞凋亡的影响.实验结果显示0.5μmol/Lc-junASODNs抑制EDS诱导的离体间质细胞凋亡(P<0.01).提示c-jun有促进大鼠睾丸间质细胞凋亡的作用.     

Defects in mismatch repair promote telomerase-independent proliferation

Mismatch repair has a central role in maintaining genomic stability by repairing DNA replication errors and inhibiting recombination between non-identical (homeologous) sequences. Defects in mismatch repair have been linked to certain human cancers, including hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) and sporadic tumours. A crucial requirement for tumour cell proliferation is the maintenance of telomere length, and most tumours achieve this by reactivating telomerase. In both yeast and human cells, however, telomerase-independent telomere maintenance can occur as a result of recombination-dependent exchanges between often imperfectly matched telomeric sequences. Here we show that loss of mismatch-repair function promotes cellular proliferation in the absence of telomerase. Defects in mismatch repair, including mutations that correspond to the same amino-acid changes recovered from HNPCC tumours, enhance telomerase-independent survival in both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a related budding yeast with a degree of telomere sequence homology that is similar to human telomeres. These results indicate that enhanced telomeric recombination in human cells with mismatch-repair defects may contribute to cell immortalization and hence tumorigenesis.     

Histone H2AX-dependent GABA(A) receptor regulation of stem cell proliferation

Stem cell self-renewal implies proliferation under continued maintenance of multipotency. Small changes in numbers of stem cells may lead to large differences in differentiated cell numbers, resulting in significant physiological consequences. Proliferation is typically regulated in the G1 phase, which is associated with differentiation and cell cycle arrest. However, embryonic stem (ES) cells may lack a G1 checkpoint. Regulation of proliferation in the 'DNA damage' S/G2 cell cycle checkpoint pathway is known for its role in the maintenance of chromatin structural integrity. Here we show that autocrine/paracrine gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signalling by means of GABA(A) receptors negatively controls ES cell and peripheral neural crest stem (NCS) cell proliferation, preimplantation embryonic growth and proliferation in the boundary-cap stem cell niche, resulting in an attenuation of neuronal progenies from this stem cell niche. Activation of GABA(A) receptors leads to hyperpolarization, increased cell volume and accumulation of stem cells in S phase, thereby causing a rapid decrease in cell proliferation. GABA(A) receptors signal through S-phase checkpoint kinases of the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase-related kinase family and the histone variant H2AX. This signalling pathway critically regulates proliferation independently of differentiation, apoptosis and overt damage to DNA. These results indicate the presence of a fundamentally different mechanism of proliferation control in these stem cells, in comparison with most somatic cells, involving proteins in the DNA damage checkpoint pathway.     

Targeted transfection by femtosecond laser

The challenge for successful delivery of foreign DNA into cells in vitro, a key technique in cell and molecular biology with important biomedical implications, is to improve transfection efficiency while leaving the cell's architecture intact. Here we show that a variety of mammalian cells can be directly transfected with DNA without perturbing their structure by first creating a tiny, localized perforation in the membrane using ultrashort (femtosecond), high-intensity, near-infrared laser pulses. Not only does this superior optical technique give high transfection efficiency and cell survival, but it also allows simultaneous evaluation of the integration and expression of the introduced gene.     

GDNF对睾丸功能的调节

在睾丸中,Sertoli’s细胞等细胞表达胶质细胞源神经营养因子（Glial cell line—derived neuotrophic factor,GDNF）,通过旁分泌或自分泌方式作用于生精细胞和Sertoli’s细胞等,调节精原干细胞（Spermatogonial stem cells,SSCs）的自我更新和分化,并促进Sertoli’s细胞的增殖以及血睾屏障的形成等。     

Ginsenosides stimulated the proliferation of mouse spermatogonia involving activation of protein kinase C

The effect of ginsenosides on proliferation of type A spermatogonia was investigated in 7-day-old mice. Spermatogonia were characterized by c-kit expression and cell proliferation was assessed by immunocytochemical demonstration of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). After 72-h culture, Sertoli cells formed a confluent monolayer to which numerous spermatogonial colonies attached. Spermatogonia were positive for c-kit staining and showed high proliferating activity by PCNA expression. Ginsenosides (1.0~10 μg/ml) significantly stimulated proliferation of spermatogonia. Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) elicited proliferation of spermatogonia at 10⁻⁸ to 10⁻⁷ mol/L and the PKC inhibitor H₇ inhibited this effect. Likewise, ginsenosides-stimulated spermatogonial proliferation was suppressed by combined treatment of H₇. These results indicate that the proliferating effect of ginsenosides on mouse type A spermatogonia might be mediated by a mechanism involving the PKC signal transduction pathway.