Significant dissipation of tidal energy in the deep ocean inferred from satellite altimeter data

How and where the ocean tides dissipate their energy are long-standing questions that have consequences ranging from the history of the Moon to the mixing of the oceans. Historically, the principal sink of tidal energy has been thought to be bottom friction in shallow seas. There has long been suggestive evidence, however, that tidal dissipation also occurs in the open ocean through the scattering by ocean-bottom topography of surface tides into internal waves, but estimates of the magnitude of this possible sink have varied widely. Here we use satellite altimeter data from Topex/Poseidon to map empirically the tidal energy dissipation. We show that approximately 10(12) watts--that is, 1 TW, representing 25-30% of the total dissipation--occurs in the deep ocean, generally near areas of rough topography. Of the estimated 2 TW of mixing energy required to maintain the large-scale thermohaline circulation of the ocean, one-half could therefore be provided by the tides, with the other half coming from action on the surface of the ocean.     

Evolution of the atmosphere and oceans

The residence times of most constituents of the atmosphere and oceans are small fractions of the age of the Earth and, in general, their rate of output has been nearly equal to their rate of input. We are disturbing a number of these dynamic equilibria quite severely. The mineralogy of marine evaporites rules out drastic changes in the composition of sea water during the last 900 Myr. The chemistry of soils formed more than 1,000 Myr ago suggests that the atmosphere then contained significantly more CO2 and less O2 than at present. Hydrogen peroxide may well have been the principal oxidant and formaldehyde the main reductant in rain water between 3,000 and 1,000 Myr ago. Major changes in atmospheric chemistry since that time are almost certainly related to the evolution of the biosphere.     

循环蠕变加载下疲劳裂纹扩展速率的探讨

根据循环蠕变加载下应力-应变迟滞徊线的周期性,提出了在一个循环周期内以应变能密度为损伤参量,并把材料的机械疲劳损伤和蠕变损伤统一处理的方法,以解决这两种损伤之间的交互作用问题;指出了在循环蠕变的加速现象中包含了这两种损伤之间的交互作用的效果;借助于等效杨氏模量概念,对静蠕变公式进行修正后用于循环蠕变的应变计算,进而对能量密度进行计算。然后参照单轴疲劳的研究过程,导出了循环蠕变加载下基于能量密度的疲劳裂纹扩展速率公式。     

多轴比例加载下疲劳短裂纹扩展速度的探讨

多轴加载下疲劳短裂纹的研究,是近几年来才触及的一个新领域。文章分析了多轴比例载荷与单轴载荷的等效性。提出了多轴比例加载不会改变材料力学性能的假设,在临界面上用能量密度法,类比单轴加载的研究过程,导出了多轴比例加载下疲劳短裂纹扩展速度的计算公式。     

Spatial coupling of nitrogen inputs and losses in the ocean

Nitrogen fixation is crucial for maintaining biological productivity in the oceans, because it replaces the biologically available nitrogen that is lost through denitrification. But, owing to its temporal and spatial variability, the global distribution of marine nitrogen fixation is difficult to determine from direct shipboard measurements. This uncertainty limits our understanding of the factors that influence nitrogen fixation, which may include iron, nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios, and physical conditions such as temperature. Here we determine nitrogen fixation rates in the world's oceans through their impact on nitrate and phosphate concentrations in surface waters, using an ocean circulation model. Our results indicate that nitrogen fixation rates are highest in the Pacific Ocean, where water column denitrification rates are high but the rate of atmospheric iron deposition is low. We conclude that oceanic nitrogen fixation is closely tied to the generation of nitrogen-deficient waters in denitrification zones, supporting the view that nitrogen fixation stabilizes the oceanic inventory of fixed nitrogen over time.     

常温常压下等离子体催化脱除空气中的苯

苯是典型的室内空气污染物,严重影响人体健康。在大气压及35℃下,通过在催化剂上进行介质阻挡放电的方式,进行了等离子体-催化氧化脱除空气中苯的研究。当气体中C6H6的体积分数为103.5×10-6、H2O的体积分数为1.0%、空气为平衡气,输入能量密度为114 J/L,空速为16 500 h-1时,苯的脱除率可达93.5%。而在同样实验条件下,单纯等离子体脱除苯和单纯催化氧化脱除苯的脱除率分别为62.8%和9.0%。这一实验结果说明,等离子体与Ag/CeO2催化剂在催化氧化空气中苯的过程中产生了协同效应,等离子体产生的活性自由基在Ag/CeO2催化剂催化氧化苯的氧化-还原循环过程中起到了至关重要的作用。     

岩石能量特征与其细观结构的关联性

 岩石的细观结构影响其受载过程中的能量行为。从岩石基元平均强度、均质度和细观特征尺度等3种细观特征入手,研究了其对特征能量参数和能量特征指数的影响规律。结果表明:(1)基元平均强度越大,相同应力比下的输入能量密度和积聚弹性能密度呈非线性增长;峰后所需耗散能密度变化不大,约为500～2000J/m³;弹性能转化率变小;岩样能量特征指数呈指数型增长。(2)随着均质度的升高,峰前输入能量密度和积聚弹性能密度都呈线性增长;峰后破坏所需耗散能降低;越来越多的能量转化为弹性能积聚在岩石内;能量特征指数线性增大。(3)细观特征尺度越大,外界输入能量和积聚弹性能都增大,但幅度不同;峰后破坏所需耗散能越大;弹性能转化比例越低;当细观特征尺度小于1mm时,能量特征指数大幅减小,而当其大于1mm时,变化不大。     

不同替代率石墨尾矿砂混凝土断裂试验

石墨尾矿砂是石墨生产过程中的副产品,堆积过多不仅占用土地资源而且污染环境。为了解决传统混凝土中细骨料砂的替代问题,本文探究不同替代率的石墨尾矿砂混凝土在不同加载速率作用下的断裂性能变化规律。通过不同替代率、不同加载速率下的三点弯曲断裂试验,研究其对尾矿砂混凝土断裂性能的影响,分析其破坏形态、断裂韧度和断裂能。研究结果表明：随着加载速率的提高,石墨尾矿砂混凝土的断裂韧度和断裂能呈上升趋势,加载速率越大、断裂韧度和断裂能越大;石墨尾矿砂的掺入有利于提高混凝土的断裂性能和延性,在石墨尾矿砂替代率为0%~30%的范围内,替代率越高,裂纹延伸速度越缓慢,产生的裂纹宽度越小且断裂韧度及断裂能提升效果越为显著。     

聚乙烯纤维增强复合材料的动态力学响应特性

采用一维平面应变动加载技术及拉氏分析,研究聚乙烯纤维增强复合材料（Dyneema UD66层合板）在强应力脉冲载荷作用下的动态响应特性,得到了流场中各状态参量沿时－空的分布规律,应用冲击动力学理论分析其力学响应特征,并由实验及拉氏分析结果拟合了该材料的动态本构方程,结果表明,该材料具有良好的冲击波能量吸收特性及明显的应变率相关特性。     

The transition to a sulphidic ocean approximately 1.84 billion years ago

The Proterozoic aeon (2.5 to 0.54 billion years (Gyr) ago) marks the time between the largely anoxic world of the Archean (> 2.5 Gyr ago) and the dominantly oxic world of the Phanerozoic (< 0.54 Gyr ago). The course of ocean chemistry through the Proterozoic has traditionally been explained by progressive oxygenation of the deep ocean in response to an increase in atmospheric oxygen around 2.3 Gyr ago. This postulated rise in the oxygen content of the ocean is in turn thought to have led to the oxidation of dissolved iron, Fe(II), thus ending the deposition of banded iron formations (BIF) around 1.8 Gyr ago. An alternative interpretation suggests that the increasing atmospheric oxygen levels enhanced sulphide weathering on land and the flux of sulphate to the oceans. This increased rates of sulphate reduction, resulting in Fe(II) removal in the form of pyrite as the oceans became sulphidic. Here we investigate sediments from the approximately 1.8-Gyr-old Animikie group, Canada, which were deposited during the final stages of the main global period of BIF deposition. This allows us to evaluate the two competing hypotheses for the termination of BIF deposition. We use iron-sulphur-carbon (Fe-S-C) systematics to demonstrate continued ocean anoxia after the final global deposition of BIF and show that a transition to sulphidic bottom waters was ultimately responsible for the termination of BIF deposition. Sulphidic conditions may have persisted until a second major rise in oxygen between 0.8 to 0.58 Gyr ago, possibly reducing global rates of primary production and arresting the pace of algal evolution.     

Calcium carbonate pump during Quaternary glacial cycles in the South China Sea

The preservation and dissolution of calcium carbonate (namely calcium carbonate pump) controls the pH of seawater in global oceans by its buffer effect, and in turn plays a significant role in global changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration. The results from measured carbonate contents over the past 2 Ma at ODP Site 1143 in the South China Sea provide high-resolution records to explore the process of the calcium carbonate pump during Quaternary glacial cycles. The results indicate statistically that the highest carbonate accumulation rate leads the lightest δ^18O by about 3.6ka at transitions from glacials to interglacials, and that the strongest carbonate dissolution lags the lightest δ^18O by about 5.6 ka at transitions from interglacials to glacials. The calcium carbonate pump releases CO2 to the at mosphere atthe glacial-interglacial transitions, but transports atmospheric CO2 to deep sea at the interglacial-glacial transitions.The adjustable function of the calcium carbonate pump for the deep-sea CO3^2- concentration directly controls parts of global changes in atmospheric CO2, and contributes the global carbon cycle system during the Quaternary.     

The relationship between sea surface temperature anomaly and wind energy input in the Pacific Ocean

The relationship between sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) and wind energy input in the Pacific Ocean over the period of 1949–2003 is studied by using daily-mean NOAA/NCEP wind stress and monthly mean Reynolds SST data. The results indicate the strong negative correlation between SSTA and local wind energy input to surface waves in most of the domain at low and middle latitudes. The SST is low (high) during the years with more (less) wind energy input. The correlation coefficients are high in the central and eastern tropical Pacific and the central midlatitude North Pacific at the decadal scale, and in the central tropical Pacific at the interannual scale. Vertical mixing processes in the upper ocean are closely associated with wind energy input, indicating that wind energy input may play an important role in interannual and decadal variability in the Pacific Ocean via regulating vertical mixing.     

Loss of plant species after chronic low-level nitrogen deposition to prairie grasslands

Rates of atmospheric deposition of biologically active nitrogen (N) are two to seven times the pre-industrial rates in many developed nations because of combustion of fossil fuels and agricultural fertilization. They are expected to increase similarly over the next 50 years in industrializing nations of Asia and South America. Although the environmental impacts of high rates of nitrogen addition have been well studied, this is not so for the lower, chronic rates that characterize much of the globe. Here we present results of the first multi-decadal experiment to examine the impacts of chronic, experimental nitrogen addition as low as 10 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) above ambient atmospheric nitrogen deposition (6 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) at our site). This total input rate is comparable to terrestrial nitrogen deposition in many industrialized nations. We found that this chronic low-level nitrogen addition rate reduced plant species numbers by 17% relative to controls receiving ambient N deposition. Moreover, species numbers were reduced more per unit of added nitrogen at lower addition rates, suggesting that chronic but low-level nitrogen deposition may have a greater impact on diversity than previously thought. A second experiment showed that a decade after cessation of nitrogen addition, relative plant species number, although not species abundances, had recovered, demonstrating that some effects of nitrogen addition are reversible.     

耐盐深绿木霉TW320和拟康宁木霉TW1876生长和产孢条件优化

为优化两株耐盐木霉-深绿木霉(Trichoderma atroviride)TW320和拟康宁木霉(Trichoderma koningiopsis)TW1876的生长和产孢条件,研究了不同pH、不同培养基,不同碳源、氮源和不同碳氮比对两株木霉菌的菌落生长和孢子产量的影响。结果显示:耐盐深绿木霉(T. atroviride)TW320在 pH =4~11 的马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂 (potato dextrose agar, PDA)培养基上均可生长和产孢,且菌丝生长和产孢的最佳pH为5,在大豆玉米粉培养基上生长速度较快,产孢量最多,该菌株菌丝生长和产孢的最佳碳源为木糖,最佳氮源是酵母膏,当碳氮比为12:1时,最有利于TW320产孢;拟康宁木霉(T. koningiopsis)TW1876菌丝生长和产孢的最佳pH为11,最优培养基为PDA培养基,以乳糖作为最佳碳源,甘氨酸作为最佳氮源,且碳氮比为9:1时,TW1876产孢量最多。     

Riverine export of aged terrestrial organic matter to the North Atlantic Ocean

Global riverine discharge of organic matter represents a substantial source of terrestrial dissolved and particulate organic carbon to the oceans. This input from rivers is, by itself, more than large enough to account for the apparent steady-state replacement times of 4,00-6,000 yr for oceanic dissolved organic carbon. But paradoxically, terrestrial organic matter, derived from land plants, is not detected in seawater and sediments in quantities that correspond to its inputs. Here we present natural 14C and 13C data from four rivers that discharge to the western North Atlantic Ocean and find that these rivers are sources of old (14C-depleted) and young (14C-enriched) terrestrial dissolved organic carbon, and of predominantly old terrestrial particulate organic carbon. These findings contrast with limited earlier data that suggested terrestrial organic matter transported by rivers might be generally enriched in 14C from nuclear testing, and hence newly produced. We also find that much of the young dissolved organic carbon can be selectively degraded over the residence times of river and coastal waters, leaving an even older and more refractory component for oceanic export. Thus, pre-ageing and degradation may alter significantly the structure, distributions and quantities of terrestrial organic matter before its delivery to the oceans.     

碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料在爆炸冲击下的微损伤分析

采用光学显微镜和 JEM- 6 30 1F场发射扫描电镜 ,观察了多向编织碳纤维 /环氧树脂复合材料在不同载荷下的断口和微损伤形貌 ,并分析其破坏形式和损伤过程。目的是为复合材料的结构设计和制造提供依据。实验结果表明 :低速加载下断裂过程依赖于应力的传递特性 ,表现为脆断 ,纤维断裂主要是由纤维表面缺陷引起的。在爆炸冲击下 ,试件碎裂区纤维呈现出剪切断裂和脱粘拔出 ,纤维间树脂呈层状或河流状花样 ;爆炸产生的复杂应力将首先择优作用于编织束界面上 ,形成沿束界面扩展的裂纹     

岩石力学动态实验系统研制

该系统是基于落锤加载的岩石力学动载实验装置，主要由落锤加载，压力本体，泵压和测试四部分组成．由于设备采用了落锤加载方式，系统的加载速率将更接近于水力振荡、电脉冲、地震波、高能气体等强动载波作用于地下地层岩石的速率．系统采用先进的数据采集处理系统，同时采集位移、围压、应变等信号，保证了数据的一致性．对于进行动载下的岩石力学特性研究提供了必要的手段，特别是对掌握动载作用下的油气层岩石破坏和变形规律，开展动载作用下油气井中增产机理研究，具有重要的意义．     

低温岩石冲击破碎分形特征与断口形貌分析

通过霍普金森压杆（SHPB）动态冲击试验，研究负温状态下红砂岩的动态力学性能，分析不同负温对岩石强度性能、分形维数及耗散能的影响，并结合微观断口形貌剖析较低负温下岩石动态力学性能劣化的原因.研究表明，较低的负温会使红砂岩出现"冻伤"，在高应变率加载下岩石会迅速丧失承载能力，动态力学强度急剧下降，这与静载实验中岩石强度随温度降低逐渐增大的趋势有着较大的差异；冻结岩石试件的耗散能W_L与分形维数D呈正相关性，且与宏观破坏特征有着密切的联系，即耗散能越大，岩石破碎越严重，相应分形维数也越大，但分形维数与耗散能的增速比存在阈值；断口形貌分析结果显示，较低的负温会使红砂岩内部组成物质间界面处生成大量裂纹，这些裂纹尖端塑性变形能力差，在高应变率加载下极易失稳扩展发生低应力脆性破坏，而胶结物由于组成矿物成分复杂更易受负温影响，因此在动荷载和负温双重作用下往往是胶结物处先产生破坏，进而引起红砂岩整体破裂.      

Investigation of Anti-Plane Shear Behavior of a Piezoelectric Material Containing an Impermeable Edge Crack

The problem involving an edge-crack in a rectangular material under the anti-plane mechanical loading and in-plane electric loading is analyzed under the impermeable conditions. By using the series expansion, the general solutions of electromechanical fields are obtained, which satisfied both governing equations and crack sufrace boundary conditions, and the unknown constants in which can be obtained by the boundary collocation method. Numerical results are given to show the effect of electromechanical interaction on energy release rate.     

Eocene bipolar glaciation associated with global carbon cycle changes

The transition from the extreme global warmth of the early Eocene 'greenhouse' climate approximately 55 million years ago to the present glaciated state is one of the most prominent changes in Earth's climatic evolution. It is widely accepted that large ice sheets first appeared on Antarctica approximately 34 million years ago, coincident with decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and a deepening of the calcite compensation depth in the world's oceans, and that glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere began much later, between 10 and 6 million years ago. Here we present records of sediment and foraminiferal geochemistry covering the greenhouse-icehouse climate transition. We report evidence for synchronous deepening and subsequent oscillations in the calcite compensation depth in the tropical Pacific and South Atlantic oceans from approximately 42 million years ago, with a permanent deepening 34 million years ago. The most prominent variations in the calcite compensation depth coincide with changes in seawater oxygen isotope ratios of up to 1.5 per mil, suggesting a lowering of global sea level through significant storage of ice in both hemispheres by at least 100 to 125 metres. Variations in benthic carbon isotope ratios of up to approximately 1.4 per mil occurred at the same time, indicating large changes in carbon cycling. We suggest that the greenhouse-icehouse transition was closely coupled to the evolution of atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that negative carbon cycle feedbacks may have prevented the permanent establishment of large ice sheets earlier than 34 million years ago.