考虑降雨不确定性的洪水概率预报方法

基于流域雨量站网布设的抽站法原理,推导以面雨量计算值为条件的面雨量真值的概率分布,用以描述现有测站数目条件下流域面雨量计算的不确定性。在此基础上,结合确定性预报模型,展开洪水概率预报研究。以淮河黄泥庄流域为研究对象,对该方法进行应用,结果表明:该方法不仅可以实现任一时段流域面雨量真值概率分布的估计,描述面雨量计算的不确定性;同时,通过与水文模型(如新安江模型)耦合,结合Monte-Carlo抽样技术,可以实现预报流量概率分布的估计,从而实现洪水概率预报。     

用TOPMODEL模型模拟流域枯水径流

TOPMODEL模型是以地形为基础的半分布式流域水文模型，被广泛地应用于流域水文模拟中．用该模型对东江流域中的四个流域进行枯季日径流过程模拟，在对模拟结果进行初步分析的基础上，着重以连续多日最小平均流量、基流分割结果等描述枯水径流特点的枯水特征值为研究对象，分析用TOPMODEL模型所模拟出来的枯水流量的模拟精度．综合研究结果表明，采用该模型来模拟枯水期的流量过程可以达到较高的模拟精度．     

流域数字水文模型研究

探讨了数字水文模型的基本内涵和基本框架，首先利用数字高程数据自动提取流域水系，构建数字高程流域水系模型，主要包括数字高程模型中凹陷区域的识别和处理，平坦部位水流流向设定，子流域集水单元勾划，河网生成，河网与子流域编码及网结构拓扑关系的建立；然后在每一集水单元上建立数字产流模，再根据河网结构扼扑关系建立了数字河网汇流模型，从而形成数字水文模型，通过淮河流域能量与水分循环试验强化观测资料的检验，结果表     

辽西季节性河流洪水预警关键技术

为解决辽西季节性河流洪水预警精度不高、时效性差等问题,以辽西地区辽河支流绕阳河的东白城子站1994-2013年洪水数据为实验数据,建立雨量站雨量输入-流域水文站洪水流量输出关系模型,通过水情自动测报系统获取雨量流量信息;利用灰色关联模型分析雨量站与流域流量的关联度,选取关联程度强的雨量站为主导因素.研究结果表明:建立关...     

栅格型水文模型及其应用

选取汉江上游汉中水文站以上集水面积为研究区域,基于栅格型数字高程数据,利用数字高程流域水系模型,生成栅格水流流向,构建数字流域水系及空间拓扑关系;然后将逐步插值法处理后的栅格型降雨数据作为研究区内每一栅格单元上的雨量输入,并在各栅格上应用新安江降雨径流模型进行产流计算;再运用考虑区间侧向入流的Muskingum-Cunge法在栅格水系上进行“先合后演”的洪水演算,从而获得汉中站的流量过程．结果表明,栅格型水文模型不仅能演算出流域出口断面处的流量过程,还能方便地计算流域内各支流任一栅格点上的流量过程．     

无资料流域临界雨量的推导

无资料流域的水文预报一直是现代水文研究的一个热点和难点。本文采用大断面测量资料和圣维南方程组相结合的方式推导恒定流的水位流量关系曲线,在实地调查测量获取河道特征水位的情况下,利用水位流量关系曲线反推特征流量指标。结合GIS技术和计算机技术,应用瞬时地貌单位线理论,根据数字高程模型和坡面流速水力学公式,在推导出雨滴流路长度分布和雨滴汇流速度分布的基础上,进一步推算出流域瞬时地貌单位线和时段地貌单位线;提出了洪峰流量达标频次阈值指标,在降雨一定的前提下,随机分配雨量过程,采用时段地貌单位线进行汇流模拟,当模拟洪峰流量大于特征流量的频次处于阈值范围内,则认为此降雨值为特征流量相对应的特征雨量值。经过吉林中小河流21个控制断面的推广应用,证明这种方法是可行的。     

基于LMBP算法的崇阳溪流域降雨径流预报模型研究

采用泰森多边形法对流域进行划分,分别确定崇阳溪上游流域6个雨量站控制子流域的面积权重.选择1997至2014年的14场流域降雨径流过程为训练样本,以上游6个雨量站的时段雨量和武夷山水文站前期流量为输入,武夷山水文站相应流量为输出,采用3层网络,其中隐含层节点数采用试算法确定,建立崇阳溪上游流域LMBP神经网络降雨径流预报模型.利用余下的7场降雨径流过程对模型进行检验,结果表明,模型运算速度快、时效性好,预报精度符合要求,可以用于流域的降雨径流预报.     

减小集总式水文模型洪峰相位差的方法

采用集总式NAM水文模型模拟五道沟水文站以上集水区域的流量过程，选取1985—2010年洪峰流量最大的前9场洪水率定模型参数。模拟结果表明，洪峰存在系统性的相位提前，且调整模型参数的方式无法减小洪峰相位差。为获得合理的模拟结果，提出2种改进模型——错位加权生成面雨量的集总式NAM水文模型和同时刻加权生成面雨量的基于子流域的NAM水文模型。2种改进方法计算结果表明，峰值相位差减小，确定性系数和合格率提高。     

基于SRTM DEM数据的清水江流域地表水文模拟

为了检验航天飞机雷达地形测绘使命(SRTM)生产的数字高程数据在地表水文模拟分析中的应用效果,以贵州省内清水江流域为例,利用ArcHydroTools以CGIAR.CSI SRTM 90m数据和国家基础地理信息系统1:400万数字水系图为数据源,进行了流域地表水文模拟.分析结果表明:以CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90 m数据为基础提取的数字河网的空间分布与实际情况十分接近,提取的数字流域界线与水文部门基本相符,说明CGIAR-CSI SRTM90 m数据在数字地形分析的诸多领域,特别是地表水文模拟分析方面必将有着十分广泛的应用前景.     

大流域数字高程模型数据管理系统

为了以小流域为基础建立大流域分布式数字水文模型,建立了一个大流域数字高程模型数据的获得及存取管理系统.该系统把数据的处理水平从单块扩展到多块.以地形源数据的来源及预处理、分块数据文件的存储结构、地形数据的跨块读取3个基本问题为基础,该系统成功地用于管理黄河流域花园口以上70多万km2的地形数据,完成了从地形源数据获得、预处理到存储、读取这一系列过程.利用这个系统,可以快速正确地获取黄河流域内的任何一个子流域的地形数据.这些工作为建立黄河全流域的分布式水文模型打下了基础.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the