关系原型对组织知识整合能力形成的作用机制:基于组织学习的视角

知识整合是知识管理的重要构成,知识整合能力是组织在社会互动关系和组织学习的过程中综合运用已有知识并形成新知识的能力,其关系到组织研发和产品创新绩效。关系原型(relational archetype)是用于描述组织社会资本的特征,在不同类型的组织学习中,不同特征的社会资本会影响组织知识整合能力的形成。提出一个概念模型,探讨两种关系原型(创业型社会关系和合作型社会关系)如何通过影响组织学习过程,进而影响组织知识整合能力的形成机制。     

Cortical activity reductions during repetition priming can result from rapid response learning

Recent observation of objects speeds up their subsequent identification and classification. This common form of learning, known as repetition priming, can operate in the absence of explicit memory for earlier experiences, and functional neuroimaging has shown that object classification improved in this way is accompanied by 'neural priming' (reduced neural activity) in prefrontal, fusiform and other cortical regions. These observations have led to suggestions that cortical representations of items undergo 'tuning', whereby neurons encoding irrelevant information respond less as a given object is observed repeatedly, thereby facilitating future availability of pertinent object knowledge. Here we provide experimental support for an alternative hypothesis, in which reduced cortical activity occurs because subjects rapidly learn their previous responses. After a primed object classification (such as 'bigger than a shoebox'), cue reversal ('smaller than a shoebox') greatly slowed performance and completely eliminated neural priming in fusiform cortex, which suggests that these cortical item representations were no more available for primed objects than they were for new objects. In contrast, prefrontal cortex activity tracked behavioural priming and predicted the degree to which cue reversal would slow down object classification--highlighting the role of the prefrontal cortex in executive control.     

Different time courses of learning-related activity in the prefrontal cortex and striatum

To navigate our complex world, our brains have evolved a sophisticated ability to quickly learn arbitrary rules such as 'stop at red'. Studies in monkeys using a laboratory test of this capacity--conditional association learning--have revealed that frontal lobe structures (including the prefrontal cortex) as well as subcortical nuclei of the basal ganglia are involved in such learning. Neural correlates of associative learning have been observed in both brain regions, but whether or not these regions have unique functions is unclear, as they have typically been studied separately using different tasks. Here we show that during associative learning in monkeys, neural activity in these areas changes at different rates: the striatum (an input structure of the basal ganglia) showed rapid, almost bistable, changes compared with a slower trend in the prefrontal cortex that was more in accordance with slow improvements in behavioural performance. Also, pre-saccadic activity began progressively earlier in the striatum but not in the prefrontal cortex as learning took place. These results support the hypothesis that rewarded associations are first identified by the basal ganglia, the output of which 'trains' slower learning mechanisms in the frontal cortex.     

Relative reward preference in primate orbitofrontal cortex

The orbital part of prefrontal cortex appears to be crucially involved in the motivational control of goal-directed behaviour. Patients with lesions of orbitofrontal cortex show impairments in making decisions about the expected outcome of actions. Monkeys with orbitofrontal lesions respond abnormally to changes in reward expectations and show altered reward preferences. As rewards constitute basic goals of behaviour, we investigated here how neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex of monkeys process information about liquid and food rewards in a typical frontal task, spatial delayed responding. The activity of orbitofrontal neurons increases in response to reward-predicting signals, during the expectation of rewards, and after the receipt of rewards. Neurons discriminate between different rewards, mainly irrespective of the spatial and visual features of reward-predicting stimuli and behavioural reactions. Most reward discriminations reflect the animals' relative preference among the available rewards, as expressed by their choice behaviour, rather than physical reward properties. Thus, neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex appear to process the motivational value of rewarding outcomes of voluntary action.     

A general mechanism for perceptual decision-making in the human brain

Findings from single-cell recording studies suggest that a comparison of the outputs of different pools of selectively tuned lower-level sensory neurons may be a general mechanism by which higher-level brain regions compute perceptual decisions. For example, when monkeys must decide whether a noisy field of dots is moving upward or downward, a decision can be formed by computing the difference in responses between lower-level neurons sensitive to upward motion and those sensitive to downward motion. Here we use functional magnetic resonance imaging and a categorization task in which subjects decide whether an image presented is a face or a house to test whether a similar mechanism is also at work for more complex decisions in the human brain and, if so, where in the brain this computation might be performed. Activity within the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is greater during easy decisions than during difficult decisions, covaries with the difference signal between face- and house-selective regions in the ventral temporal cortex, and predicts behavioural performance in the categorization task. These findings show that even for complex object categories, the comparison of the outputs of different pools of selectively tuned neurons could be a general mechanism by which the human brain computes perceptual decisions.     

工作记忆编码腹侧海马和内侧前额叶皮层局部场电位信号的相位同步分析

研究比较大鼠在静息状态下和工作记忆编码阶段腹侧海马和内侧前额叶皮层局部场电位相位同步的变化,分析相位在工作记忆任务相关信息处理中的作用机制。研究数据为6只SD大鼠静息状态和执行Y迷宫空间工作记忆任务时采集的腹侧海马和内侧前额叶皮层的局部场电位信号,计算两个脑区局部场电位信号之间的加权相位滞后指数值。研究结果表明,与静息状态相比,在工作记忆编码阶段,腹侧海马和内侧前额叶皮层之间的相位同步性在theta频段选择性地显著增加。腹侧海马和内侧前额叶皮层theta频段的相位同步是工作记忆编码阶段任务信息处理的一个作用机制。     

T-S型模糊RBF神经网络快速学习算法

针对Ｔ－Ｓ型模糊ＲＢＦ神经网络输入空间模糊最优聚类算法运算量大、运算速度低的缺点,提出基于输出空间模式聚类的快速学习算法,以满足多变量系统实时性要求．仿真结果表明该快速学习算法不仅可以达到要求的辨识精度,而且可有效地提高运算速度     

论南昌市宗教旅游资源开发

南昌市的宗教旅游资源非常丰富，具有很高的开发价值，但是在当前，南昌市的宗教旅游资源开发却是相当不足，本文从问题入手，提出了一系列的开发南昌市宗教旅游资源的办法，以达到把南昌市宗教旅游业做大做强的目的。     

Free choice activates a decision circuit between frontal and parietal cortex

We often face alternatives that we are free to choose between. Planning movements to select an alternative involves several areas in frontal and parietal cortex that are anatomically connected into long-range circuits. These areas must coordinate their activity to select a common movement goal, but how neural circuits make decisions remains poorly understood. Here we simultaneously record from the dorsal premotor area (PMd) in frontal cortex and the parietal reach region (PRR) in parietal cortex to investigate neural circuit mechanisms for decision making. We find that correlations in spike and local field potential (LFP) activity between these areas are greater when monkeys are freely making choices than when they are following instructions. We propose that a decision circuit featuring a sub-population of cells in frontal and parietal cortex may exchange information to coordinate activity between these areas. Cells participating in this decision circuit may influence movement choices by providing a common bias to the selection of movement goals.     

Switching on and off fear by distinct neuronal circuits

Switching between exploratory and defensive behaviour is fundamental to survival of many animals, but how this transition is achieved by specific neuronal circuits is not known. Here, using the converse behavioural states of fear extinction and its context-dependent renewal as a model in mice, we show that bi-directional transitions between states of high and low fear are triggered by a rapid switch in the balance of activity between two distinct populations of basal amygdala neurons. These two populations are integrated into discrete neuronal circuits differentially connected with the hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex. Targeted and reversible neuronal inactivation of the basal amygdala prevents behavioural changes without affecting memory or expression of behaviour. Our findings indicate that switching between distinct behavioural states can be triggered by selective activation of specific neuronal circuits integrating sensory and contextual information. These observations provide a new framework for understanding context-dependent changes of fear behaviour.     

结构差异化、跨职能接口对创新的影响——一个整合模型

基于现有的双核模型和两栖模型,构建一个整合模型,分析结构差异化和跨职能接口对创新的影响。运用159家高科技企业的问卷调查数据进行假设检验,发现：结构差异化对利用式创新有正向直接影响;结构差异化能正向调节探索式创新与新产品绩效的关系;跨职能接口对利用式创新有正向直接影响;跨职能接口能负向调节探索式创新与新产品绩效的关系,还能正向调节利用式创新与新产品绩效的关系。     

欲望与法则的冲突——李安电影主题研究

关于个人欲望的探讨是李安电影的不变主题,不管是华语片还是西语片,欲望与法则的冲突始终是李安电影的叙事内核.擅长于挖掘人性深层的李安,站在"他者"的角度,为东方传统和西方价值在欲望与法则的挑战下所面临的困境指明了一条出路.     

Cross-modal and cross-temporal association in neurons of frontal cortex

The prefrontal cortex is essential for the temporal integration of sensory information in behavioural and linguistic sequences. Such information is commonly encoded in more than one sense modality, notably sight and sound. Connections from sensory cortices to the prefrontal cortex support its integrative function. Here we present the first evidence that prefrontal cortex cells associate visual and auditory stimuli across time. We gave monkeys the task of remembering a tone of a certain pitch for 10 s and then choosing the colour associated with it. In this task, prefrontal cortex cells responded selectively to tones, and most of them also responded to colours according to the task rule. Thus, their reaction to a tone was correlated with their subsequent reaction to the associated colour. This correlation faltered in trials ending in behavioural error. We conclude that prefrontal cortex neurons are part of integrative networks that represent behaviourally meaningful cross-modal associations. The orderly and timely activation of neurons in such networks is crucial for the temporal transfer of information in the structuring of behaviour, reasoning and language.     

Neurons in medial prefrontal cortex signal memory for fear extinction

Conditioned fear responses to a tone previously paired with a shock diminish if the tone is repeatedly presented without the shock, a process known as extinction. Since Pavlov it has been hypothesized that extinction does not erase conditioning, but forms a new memory. Destruction of the ventral medial prefrontal cortex, which consists of infralimbic and prelimbic cortices, blocks recall of fear extinction, indicating that medial prefrontal cortex might store long-term extinction memory. Here we show that infralimbic neurons recorded during fear conditioning and extinction fire to the tone only when rats are recalling extinction on the following day. Rats that froze the least showed the greatest increase in infralimbic tone responses. We also show that conditioned tones paired with brief electrical stimulation of infralimbic cortex elicit low freezing in rats that had not been extinguished. Thus, stimulation resembling extinction-induced infralimbic tone responses is able to simulate extinction memory. We suggest that consolidation of extinction learning potentiates infralimbic activity, which inhibits fear during subsequent encounters with fear stimuli.     

基于多级决策的多智能体自动导航车调度系统

提出基于多级决策和协作学习的方法来建立自动导航车 ( AGV)调度系统中每个 AGV所需要的动态分布式调度策略 .系统中的每一个 AGV都由一个具有两级决策能力的智能体控制 :在选择级 ,智能体采用 Markov对策框架下的强化学习方法 ,以根据其他 AGV当前的子任务建立自己的最有反应子任务 ;在行动级 ,智能体通过强化学习建立优化的动作策略来完成由选择级确定的子任务 .AGV调度仿真结果证明 ,该方法能提高系统的产量 ,并在零件到达比变化时保持输出产量的稳定     

Top-down signal from prefrontal cortex in executive control of memory retrieval.

Knowledge or experience is voluntarily recalled from memory by reactivation of the neural representations in the cerebral association cortex. In inferior temporal cortex, which serves as the storehouse of visual long-term memory, activation of mnemonic engrams through electric stimulation results in imagery recall in humans, and neurons can be dynamically activated by the necessity for memory recall in monkeys. Neuropsychological studies and previous split-brain experiments predicted that prefrontal cortex exerts executive control upon inferior temporal cortex in memory retrieval; however, no neuronal correlate of this process has ever been detected. Here we show evidence of the top-down signal from prefrontal cortex. In the absence of bottom-up visual inputs, single inferior temporal neurons were activated by the top-down signal, which conveyed information on semantic categorization imposed by visual stimulus-stimulus association. Behavioural performance was severely impaired with loss of the top-down signal. Control experiments confirmed that the signal was transmitted not through a subcortical but through a fronto-temporal cortical pathway. Thus, feedback projections from prefrontal cortex to the posterior association cortex appear to serve the executive control of voluntary recall.     

组织学习对跨国公司战略变革影响的实证分析

组织学习对战略变革的影响是跨国公司研究中的前沿问题之一.构建了组织学习对跨国公司战略变革影响的关系模型，其中组织学习分为探索性学习与挖掘性学习两个维度，战略变革分为定位差异与观念差异两个维度，针对各个维度之间的关系提出了理论假设，进而运用实证研究方法对上述假设进行验证，研究结果表明，组织学习对跨国公司战略变革具有显著影响.本研究在阐释组织学习对跨国公司战略变革的影响方面提供了一定的理论支持和实践启示.     

软件可靠性多模型综合评估

软件可靠性工程领域一直存在模型很难应用于实际的问题，不同的软件可靠性模型对同一个软件工程项目的估计差别极大，为此，探讨了软件可靠性估计的稳健方法，研究了多模型的贝叶斯自动混合与选择的理论，其重点是要探讨贝叶斯先验表达及多模型的混合机制，以解决上述难题。     

Altered brain response to verbal learning following sleep deprivation

The effects of sleep deprivation on the neural substrates of cognition are poorly understood. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure the effects of 35 hours of sleep deprivation on cerebral activation during verbal learning in normal young volunteers. On the basis of a previous hypothesis, we predicted that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) would be less responsive to cognitive demands following sleep deprivation. Contrary to our expectations, however, the PFC was more responsive after one night of sleep deprivation than after normal sleep. Increased subjective sleepiness in sleep-deprived subjects correlated significantly with activation of the PFC. The temporal lobe was activated after normal sleep but not after sleep deprivation; in contrast, the parietal lobes were not activated after normal sleep but were activated after sleep deprivation. Although sleep deprivation significantly impaired free recall compared with the rested state, better free recall in sleep-deprived subjects was associated with greater parietal lobe activation. These findings show that there are dynamic, compensatory changes in cerebral activation during verbal learning after sleep deprivation and implicate the PFC and parietal lobes in this compensation.     

影响大学生人际交往心理因素的浅析

当前大学生在人际交往中或多或少存在一定的心理障碍 .他们对于友谊的理解、朋友的选择、交往中的期待 ,存在着不成熟、非理性的一面 .由此形成交往欲强 ,而交往能力低的矛盾 .本文通过大学生人际交往中的心理特征进行分析 ,并提出其克服的方法 .旨在使大学生克服其心理障碍 ,达到自我完善 ,以提高人际交往能力 .