The type specimens and type localities of the orangutans,genus Pongo Lacépède, 1799 (Primates: Hominidae)

Uncertain type localities undermine orangutan nomenclature. Bequeathed to the British Museum, the holotype of Pongo pygmaeus, according to Hans Sloane’s catalogue, came from Borneo and died in China. The historical evidence makes Banjarmasin its most probable type locality. William Montgomerie, Assistant Surgeon at Singapore from 1819–1827, and Senior Surgeon from 1832, supplied the holotype of Simia morio. In 1836 an adult female orangutan reached Singapore alive from Pontianak, Borneo. The holotypes of S. morio, S. hendrikzii, S. straussii and P[ithecus] owenii probably had the same origin, as pirate attacks endangered visits to other Bornean coasts. Absent from Brunei and north Sarawak, Malaysia, throughout the Holocene, orangutans occur there only as Pleistocene subfossils at Niah. Pan vetus (the Piltdown mandible) probably came from Paku, Sarawak. We identify Pongo borneo Lacépède, 1799 as an objective senior synonym of P. wurmbii Tiedemann, 1808, correcting its type locality from Sukadana to near Pontianak. This is the earliest name for the western subspecies (previously thought nominotypical) unless Pithecus curtus, probably from the Sadong River, Sarawak, represents a separate subspecies. If so, the name Pongo borneo would transfer to the southern population west of the Kahayan River, genetically distinguished at species level from the Sumatran orangutan, P. abelii.     

Systematic study on the barracudas (Pisces: Sphyraenidae) from a northern sector of the South China Sea

Summary

The paper here provides an effective key for separation of species of the genus Sphyraena Röse from the northern part of the South China Sea for both taxonomic and field identifications. Six species, namely S. barracuda (Walbaum, 1792), S. jello Cuvier, 1829, S. novaehollandiae Günther, 1860, S. pinguis Günther, 1874, S. toxeuma Fowler, 1904, and S. africana Gilchrist and Thompson, 1909, are listed in the key. All except S. barracuda were found during this study. Generic and species problems are discussed and comparisons of each species are made with closely related forms. The species names adopted in this paper are also explained. The first record of S. novaehollandiae from this area is reported.     

Reproduction,planula development,and substratum selection in three species of Stylactaria (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Hokkaido,Japan

Modes of reproduction, morphology and behaviour of planulae, and substratum specificity were studied and compared in three species of the hydrozoan genus Stylactaria from Hokkaido, S. conchicola, S. uchidai, and S. multigranosi. Observed differences in these attributes provide additional characters for discrimination of the three species. Stylactaria conchicola is oviparous, its planulae are sedentary, and its hydroid is substratum specific (living only on shells of the gastropod Homalopoma amussitatum). Stylactaria uchidai differs in being ovoviviparous, in having crawling planulae, and in being a substratum generalist. Stylactaria multigranosi is parthenogenetic, its planulae are sedentary, and it is substratum specific (occurring exclusively on the gastropod Nassarius multigranosus). Only female colonies of S. multigranosi are known, and gonophores of this species differ from those of S. conchicola and S. uchidai in being eumedusoid rather than styloid. Correlations were noted between attributes of the planula larva and substratum specificity in the three species. The cnidome differences between the species suggest that penetrant nematocysts are particularly important for sedentary planulae colonizing moving substrata. These characters are also considered useful in the taxonomy of species of Stylactaria. The phylogenetic significance of different gonophore types in the genus is considered.     

Poecilostome copepods (Lichomolgidae) associated with the scleractinian coral Galaxea in the Moluccas

Summary

Nine species of Scirtothrips are here recorded from the Australasian region, eight from Australia and two including one endemic species from New Zealand. A key is provided for their identification, and diagnostic details and collection notes are given for each species. Two new species, S. casuarinae and S. helenae are described from Australia and one new synonym, S. gladiiseta Girault = Dendrothripoides ipomeae Bagnall, is recorded.     

Stenothoidae (Crustacea: Amphipoda) of hydrothermal vents and surroundings on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge,Azores Triple Junction zone

Four new species of Stenothoidae were collected from the Azores Triple Junction zone during different French cruises on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge. One of the species belongs to the genus Torometopa (T. saldanhae) and is the first record of this genus in the Atlantic Ocean. The three other species belong to the genus Stenothoe (S. divae, S. marvela, and S. menezgweni). It is not possible to determine from morphological and ecological characters whether these amphipod species are endemic to hydrothermal systems or are bathyal species that may be found away from vent sites.     

A taxonomic revision of the genus Stempellinella (Diptera: Chironomidae)

The species of the chironomid genus Stempellinella are revised, described, and figured, and keys to known larvae, pupae, and male and female adults are presented. Five species new to science are diagnosed and described. An emended generic diagnosis of Stempellinella is given and morphological differences from its putative sister genus Zavrelia are discussed. The partial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences (DNA barcodes) of 10 Stempellinella species are presented and the variation in genetic distances within and between species is compared. The results indicate that DNA barcodes are suitable molecular markers for identification of Stempellinella species. The following life stages and species are diagnosed and described: the larva, pupa, male, and female of S. brevis, S. chambiensis, S. ciliaris, S. edwardsi, S. fimbriata sp. n., S. flavidula, S. leptocelloides, S. saltuum, and S. truncata; the pupa, male, and female of S. reissi and S. tamaseptima; the larva, pupa, and male of Stempellinella boltoni sp. n.; the pupa and male of S. lamellata sp. n.; the male and female of S. coronata; and the male of S. apicula, S. brevilamellae, S. distincta sp. n., and S. sublettorum sp. n. Two pupal types are described but not formally named. The following changes of combination are made: Stempellina chambiensis and Stempellina truncata are transferred to the genus Stempellinella. Zavrelia inopinata is listed as a new junior synonym of Stempellinella ciliaris.     

A new species of Himalayapotamon Pretzmann, 1966 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Potamidae) marking the westernmost distribution of the genus,with notes on its geographical range evolution

ABSTRACT

We describe a new species of freshwater crab, Himalayapotamon robertsianum sp. nov. from Punjab province of Pakistan, based on morphological characters of the carapace and the first gonopod. The new species demarcates the westernmost distribution limit of the genus. Additionally, we analysed partial sequences of the 16S rRNA locus for some species of the genus Himalayapotamon (p-distances, Bayesian phylogenetical inference), indicating that Himalayapotamon separates into an eastern and a western clade. Based on these results, we propose a biogeographical scenario that can explain the occurrence of the genera Himalayapotamon and Potamon within the same river system: we assume an ancestral widespread distribution of Himalayapotamon in the palaeo-Ganges. When drainage rearrangement diverted the western tributaries of the Ganges into the Indus since the latest Miocene, Himalayapotamon diverged into two clades. Consequently, the western clade is now sharing the Indus drainage with Potamon.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:80B52E6C-0120-4669-A6B0-9F0DA5918EE3     

Review of the Japanese flatfishes of the genus Samariscus,with the description of a new species from Tonking Bay

Summary

The genus Samariscus of the right eye flounder has thirteen known species including the two described here. A key is given to all the species, and the Japanese forms are reviewed. Samariscus japonicus Kamohara and S. latus Matsubara and Takamuki live in somewhat deeper water, 100 to 200 metres. A certain isopod parasite is often found in the branchial cavity of the ocular side of S. japonicus. S. xenicus n. sp. from Kochi frequents a depth of about 20 metres in the littoral zone. Kamohara's S. huysmani is relegated to synonymy of this new species. Also a flatfish from Tonking Bay represents a new species described herein as S. asanoi.     

On marine polyzoa

Summary

Schizoporella ansata (Johnston, 1847) is synonymous with S. unicornis (Johnston in Wood, 1844), which is characteristically a littoral species in western Europe. Specimens collected offshore, differing most notably from S. unicornis in the shape of the poster (sinus) of the orifice, constitute the S. ansata of authors. The sub-littoral species with a D-shaped anter to the orifice, which occurs off Atlantic coasts of Europe, is recognized as S. dunkeri (Reuss, 1848), a Tertiary species which had also been referred to S. ansata. The Mediterranean offshore form, however, with an orbicular anter to the orifice, represents S. magnifica Hincks (1886). It is here recorded from southern Britain.

Shorter mention is made of S. errata (Waters, 1878), which has been confused with S. unicornis, from which it differs most notably in the shape of the sinus. The Tertiary species S. tetragona (Reuss, 1848), which has been confused with both S. dunkeri and S. errata, is described and distinguished from these species. It is here recognized for the first time as a Recent species.     

Revision of the genus Niwaella in China (Pisces,Cobitidae), with description of two new species

Loaches of the genus Niwaella, family Cobitidae, are distributed only in East Asia. At present only in Japan and South Korea have fishes of the genus Niwaella been found. Herein we revise the genus Niwaella in China. Son and He () transferred the species Cobitis laterimaculata to the genus Niwaella, but their specimens were not N. laterimaculata, but a new species, N. longibarba sp. n., collected from Cao'ejiang River, Huangzezhen, Chengxian County, Zhejiang Province. The new species is distinguished from N. laterimaculata by its colour pattern of a row of slightly large, and long, scattered dark brown vertical bars on the dorsolateral surface, two or three striations on the caudal fin, and long barbels and undeveloped mental lobes. In this paper we also describe another new species, N. xinjiangensis sp. n., collected from Xinjiang River, Guangfeng County, Jiangxi Province, May 1990, with diagnostic colour pattern of 17–20 large and long, dark brown vertical bars on the dorsolateral surface, a dark stripe or rounded black spots along the lateral midline and some blotches below the lateral midline; it is a large‐sized species, with shorter barbels, and longer caudal peduncle. Thus five species of the genus Niwaella are known, three are endemic to eastern China and two are endemic to either Japan or South Korea.     

New species of Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) from the Upper River Sigi,Usambara, Tanzania

Additional species of mayflies are described from the relatively well-studied fauna of the Upper River Sigi in the East Usambara Mountains of Tanzania. They comprise Cheleocloeon sigiense sp. n. and Centroptiloides ornatus sp. n. A species of Afroptiloides, of which only the adult is known, is figured but not named. The composition of the assemblage of genera known as the Bugilliesia complex is critically examined.     

A new species of Stenhelia (Copepoda,Harpacticoida) from a hydrothermal,active, submarine volcano in the New Ireland Fore-Arc system (Papua New Guinea) with notes on deep sea colonization within the Stenheliinae

A new species of harpacticoid copepod, Stenhelia gundulae (Stenheliinae), is described from Edison seamount, a hydrothermal active submarine volcano in the New Ireland Fore-Arc system (Papua New Guinea). Some species groups are identified within the genus Stenhelia. The new species is assigned to the ‘S. normani group’, which is characterized within a more inclusive taxon by the male P5 exp being fused to the basis and lacking two outer spines. The species most closely related to S. gundulae s.n. appear to be S. giesbrechti T. and A. Scott, 1896, S. tethysensis Monard, 1928 and S. normani T. Scott, 1905 including its former subspecies S. polluta Monard, 1928 and S. acutirostris Willey, 1935. The other known deep sea species of Stenhelia, S. noodti Schriever, 1982, S. islandico Schriever, 1982, S. lima Becker and Schriever, 1979 and S. diegensis Thistle and Coull, 1979, on the other hand belong to a different lineage, the ‘S. longicaudata group’ which is characterized by the apomorphic shape of the P1. It is hypothesized that deep sea colonization within the Stenheliinae occurred independently at least twice in two different lineages.     

Designation of a neotype for Synodontis schall (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) and description of two new species of Synodontis (Siluriformes: Mochokidae)

A morphometric study of 105 specimens of Synodontis schall, including most type specimens of all nominal species considered junior synonyms of S. schall has been undertaken. Two new species S. ouemeensis and S. kogonensis are described from the Ogun (Nigeria), Oueme (Benin) and Mono (Togo) basins, and the Kogon and Fatala (Guinea) basins, respectively. A neotype is designated for S. schall. The two new species differ from S. schall mainly by the width of the premaxillary toothplate (12.9–24.3% HL for S. schall vs. 21.6–32.7% HL), and can be distinguished one from the other by differences in orbit diameter (20.5–26.8% HL for S. ouemeensis vs. 19.4–21.0% HL for S. kogonensis) and prepectoral length (23.4–28.2% SL for S. ouemeensis vs. 21.6–23.3% SL for S. kogonensis).     

A survey of the genus Stegana Meigen from southern Japan (Diptera,Drosophilidae), with descriptions of three new species

Nine species of genus Stegana from southern Japan, including three new species, S. (Oxyphortica) nigripennis Hendel, S. (Steganina) ctenaria Nishiharu, S. (Steganina) izu Sidorenko, S. (Steganina) kanmiyai Okada and Sidorenko, S. (Steganina) masanoritodai Okada and Sidorenko, S. (Steganina) ornatipes Wheeler and Takada, S. (Oxyphortica) dendrobium sp. nov., S. (Steganina) biprotrusa sp. nov. and S. (Steganina) bacilla sp. nov. are surveyed and described with designation of a new synonym S. (Steganina) maymyo Sidorenko. A key to all species of genus Stegana from southern Japan is provided.     

An abyssal species of Sagitta (Chaetognatha) from the North East Atlantic

A Chaetognath species new to science, Sagitta abyssicola is described from specimens taken at abyssal depths (3500–4000 m) in the north east Atlantic Ocean and comparisons are made with related species of the ‘planctonis’ group namely S. planctonis Steinhaus, 1896, S. zetesios Fowler, 1905 and S. marri David, 1956. Ecological data are provided.     

New bariliin cyprinid fishes from West Africa,with a consideration of their biogeography

Five new species of bariliin cyprinid fishes are described from West Africa. Three belong to the genus Leptocypris and two to Raiamas. One species of each genus is from Guinea (Konkoure river) and from Sierra Leone (Taia and Little Scarcies rivers), the other, a Leptocypris, is from Cameroon (Cross River). A taxon of indeterminate generic identity from Guinea is also described. The phylogenetic relationships of the bariliins are hypothesized and in this light their geographical distribution is compared with that of other cladistically analysed African freshwater fish groups. The significance to West African fish distribution of the Togo-Benin (Dahomey) Gap is discussed.     

The mouthparts and feeding behaviour of two species of hermit crabs

Summary

The mouthparts of P. novae-zealandiae and S. setosus are similar in construction, but differ in details of setation. These differences are related to particular feeding habits. S. Setosus is a suspension filter feeder, the antennae being modified to form sieves which actively sweep plankton from the water. Setation of the maxillipeds is modified for cleaning the antennae. Both species are detritus feeders and this is the major source of food for P. novae-zealandiae, the maxillipeds here bearing numerous stout setae with dentate margins. Neither species readily feeds on large food and it is suggested that S. setosus is less well adapted to do so.     

Species of Staurotheca Allman, 1888 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Sertulariidae) from US Antarctic expeditions,with the description of three new species

Seventeen species of the genus Staurotheca Allman have been studied, three of which are new to science (Staurotheca abyssalis sp. nov., S. densa sp. nov. and S. profunda sp. nov.). The material studied was collected by several US Antarctic expeditions. Each species is described and figured, the systematic position amongst allied species discussed and available data concerning autecology and geographical distribution given. The remaining six known species of the genus are also considered, regarding synonymy, autecology and geographical distribution. The type material of two poorly known species of Staurotheca, S. juncea (Vanhöffen) and S. pachyclada (Jäderholm) has been re-examined, re-described and figured. Finally, a general survey of the bathymetrical and biogeographical distribution of the known species of Staurotheca is given.