电渣重熔凝固过程的动态控制

本文建立了电渣重熔凝固过程的动态数学模型,根据该模型对重熔过程中的液态金属熔池深度进行恒值控制,计算出了控制过程中钢锭的局部凝固时间、枝晶前方的温度梯度与枝晶生长速度之比这两个凝固参数。探讨了从凝固参数内在变化的要求出发确定工艺曲线的方法。     

齐钢10吨级电渣锭的凝固参数及工艺因素分析

齐钢F850/10—Ⅱ型电渣炉生产的10.5t86CrMoV7锭是一米七带钢冷轧辊的坯料,要求具有良好的冶金质量。 本文在剖锭工作的基础上,进行了凝固参数和工艺因素的研究,对熔池形状,二次枝晶臂间距、结晶形态以及熔化率、渣温、渣成分等因素进行了分析,为全面了解冶金质量和改进重熔工艺提供了重要的依据。     

连铸板坯全冶金长度凝固形貌

采用移动边界法计算低碳钢连铸板坯全冶金长度温度场,利用CAFE耦合模型模拟其凝固行为,考察过热度和拉坯速度对板坯宽面中心温度、横断面微观组织形貌及二次枝晶臂间距等影响,并计算二次枝晶臂间距与冷却速度关系及碳元素中心偏析。研究结果表明:过热度和拉坯速度降低均能使宽面中心温度和中心二次枝晶臂间距下降,而拉坯速度的影响更为显著;拉坯速度越高中心等轴晶率越高,晶粒半径越小,利于提高连铸板坯质量,过热度对中心等轴晶率及晶粒半径影响较小;二次枝晶臂间距在固液两相区生成并增大,二次枝晶臂间距与冷却速度之间呈指数关系;连铸板坯中心偏析区域呈岛状分布在中心线上,最大偏析指数为1.14,中心部位负压抽吸临近枝晶间富积溶质钢液导致中心线附近形成负偏析。     

ZL105合金铸件中的二次枝晶间距

本文针对ZL105合金园柱体铸件,在砂型铸造条件下研究了凝固指数fi、凝固时间τ、温度梯度G和梯度加速度参数GAP与铸件二次枝晶间距的关系,以及二次枝晶间距、致密度对铸件极限抗拉强度的影响。结果表明:(1)、fi、τ、GAP和G与二次枝晶间距的相关系数分别为0.96,0.95,0.88和0.79。(2)、二次枝晶间距和致密度都影响铸件的极限抗拉强度,但在本实验数据范围内,二次枝晶间距的影响是主要的。因此,可用二次枝晶间距的大小评定铸件的极限抗拉强度。     

抽锭电渣重熔大截面高速钢过程的碳化物偏析控制

采用抽锭式双极串联电渣重熔工艺并对抽出结晶器的钢锭进行二次气雾冷却的方法实现高速钢的快速凝固,以期实现对大截面高速钢碳化物偏析的控制;通过钨粉检测熔池结构、评估高速钢碳化物质量等手段研究该工艺对碳化物偏析的改善效果;通过数值模拟分析二次气雾冷却对电渣重熔过程温度场的影响。研究结果表明:双极串联式抽锭电渣二次气雾冷却方法可以明显降低电渣重熔过程的熔池深度,减小金属熔池的结晶角;有效地减小高速钢碳化物的不均匀度和碳化物颗粒度,在相同锻压工艺条件下的碳化物合格率明显提高。     

连铸坯凝固过程平面枝晶微观偏析模拟研究

为解决连铸钢坯偏析问题,基于菲克第二定律和质量守恒定律,建立了一维平面枝晶生长凝固偏析数值模型。应用有限容积法离散传质方程,离散后的方程用VB编程求解,研究X70管线钢凝固过程中在二次枝晶间距范围内的C,Si,Mn,S,P各元素质量分数分布随凝固进程和冷却速率的变化规律。结果表明:固相率的变化对合金元素在二次枝晶间偏析影响较大,冷却速率对其影响较小;随着固相率的增加,各合金元素的固相成分增加较少,液相成分质量分数快速增加;S和P元素在固相中的分布较均匀,S凝固终了的偏析指数最高,C偏析指数最小。在实际生产中应适当控制S和P元素的含量。     

稀土元素铈对钢的凝固和枝晶偏析的影响

本文用热分析法,金相法和电子探针微区分析考祭了铈对35GrNi3MoV和20GrMoV二种低合金钢的凝固和枝晶偏析的影响。实验结果表明:稀土元素铈加入钢中,减轻了钢液—固转变的过冷,推迟钢的包晶反应进行;细化初次晶粒,细化等轴晶的二次枝晶臂;并在不同程度上减轻了Cr、Mo、V、Mn、Si、Ni等元素的枝晶偏析。     

过热度对轴承钢内部组织的影响

利用枝晶腐蚀低倍检验技术、铸坯及盘条淬火+回火热处理金相检验等技术研究了过热度对轴承钢内部组织的影响。结果表明低过热度工艺铸坯等轴晶比例提高,二次枝晶间距变小,铸坯内部偏析、缩孔等冶金缺陷有所改善,但盘条酸洗低倍组织及碳化物不均匀性差别不大。两种工艺铸坯混晶区均比中心等轴晶区偏析严重,存在大量的大尺寸共晶碳化物。     

电渣炉熔速控制技术的开发与应用

采用同轴大电流电缆、称重系统及电渣炉智能控制等技术手段,开发了电渣炉熔速控制技术,并将该技术应用于实际生产.解决了传统电渣炉由于没有精确熔速控制,造成其重熔钢锭内部结晶质量不高、无法精确补缩的难题.结果表明:实际生产中电渣熔速在5~20 kg/min范围内连续可调,重熔20 t钢锭时,吨钢电耗≤1 340(kW.h),通过对比分别用熔速控制和递减功率生产的MC5重熔钢锭的质量检验数据得知,钢锭的偏析度得到降低,并减少了钢锭中碳化物的析出,表面质量良好,生产过程实现全自动化,解决了国内具有熔速控制系统的电渣炉设备依赖进口的问题,推动了电渣冶金和电渣熔速控制技术的发展.     

通过枝晶间距反求薄带连铸界面的热流

根据导热微分方程，推导出了在二次枝晶间距基础上计算双辊薄带连铸界面传热热流的数学解析式，并以1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢作为研究对象，进行了数值计算.数值计算结果表明，随着凝固时间的增加，界面热流密度呈下降趋势；在弯月面附近热流密度下降速度很快，越靠近Kiss点，热流密度下降速度越慢；薄带连铸界面热流密度的计算数值与文献所报道的实验数据在同一个数量级上.此外，进一步的计算还表明，双辊薄带连铸属于亚快速凝固过程，这与实际情况是一致的.     

A coupled model of TiN inclusion growth in GCr15SiMn during solidification in the electroslag remelting process

TiN inclusions observed in an ingot produced by electroslag remelting (ESR) are extremely harmful to GCr15SiMn steel. There-fore, accurate predictions of the growth size of these inclusions during steel solidification are significant for clean ESR ingot production. On the basis of our previous work, a coupled model of solute microsegregation and TiN inclusion growth during solidification has been estab-lished. The results demonstrate that compared to a non-coupled model, the coupled model predictions of the size of TiN inclusions are in good agreement with experimental results using scanning electron microscopy with energy disperse spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Because of high cooling rate, the sizes of TiN inclusions in the edge area of the ingots are relatively small compared to the sizes in the center area. Dur-ing the ESR process, controlling the content of Ti in the steel is a feasible and effective method of decreasing the sizes of TiN inclusions.     

T型导电结晶器电渣重熔空心钢锭过程的数值模拟

基于新开发的电渣重熔空心钢锭技术,建立了渣池和空心钢锭的三维准稳态数学模型.利用商业软件ANSYS模拟并得到了非导电和导电结晶器工况下,电渣重熔空心钢锭过程的电磁场、流场与温度场.计算结果表明:导电结晶器工况下,渣池的电流密度和焦耳热最大值均出现在T型结晶器的导电段部分,导电结晶器附近的熔池流动速度较快,渣池的温度场更为均匀,金属熔池形状更为浅平.导电结晶器在交换电极时持续保持渣池和金属熔池温度,能够避免渣池温度迅速下降而导致靠近结晶器壁的钢水迅速凝固而出现渣沟,可大大提高钢锭的凝固质量和表面质量.     

大型电渣炉钢锭凝固过程的动态快速响应模型

为了研究电渣重熔中凝固过程对钢锭质量的影响,建立了大型电渣重熔过程钢锭凝固过程动态快速响应数学模型 利用控制容积积分法离散数学模型方程,采用附加源项法解决非线性模型方程快速迭代收敛问题 应用该模型预测的温度场及金属熔池形状同实验结果吻合较好 针对一典型大钢锭凝固过程动态温度分布及熔池形状进行了模拟分析,结果表明,当钢锭高度线性增加,而重熔钢锭锭高与直径之比超过1 1时,钢锭熔池形状基本稳定;在低熔铸速度阶段,熔铸速度对最大液池深度的影响不大;当熔铸速度增加时,熔铸速度对最大液池深度的影响有增大倾向     

Effect of ultrasonic power introduced by a mold copper plate on the solidification process

An electroslag furnace with ultrasonic vibration introduced by a mold copper plate was designed. The effects of ultrasonic power on the element distribution and compactness in electroslag remelting (ESR) ingots were studied, and the mechanism of ultrasonic assistance was analyzed in cold experiments. In the results, silicon, manganese and chromium are uniformly distributed at an ultrasonic power of 300-750 W. The absence of ultrasonic or higher ultrasonic power is not conducive to the uniformity of alloying elements. Carbon demonstrates a highly uneven distribution at 300 W, gradually reaches the uniform distribution as the ultrasonic power further increases, and shows the poor distribution at 1000 W. The compactness of ESR ingots gradually increases with increasing ultrasonic power and reaches the uniform distribution at 500 W. A further increase in ultrasonic power does not improve the compactness. Introducing ultrasonic vibrations by a mold copper plate can improve the solidification quality; however, an appropriate ultrasonic power level should be determined.     

CrNiMoV钢电渣重熔过程中镁的控制

研究了电渣重熔过程中ＣｒＮｉＭｏＶ钢中镁含量的控制技术，结果表明：最佳的渣系为６２％ＣａｓＦ２－１０％Ａｌ２Ｏ－１２％ＣａＯ－１６％ＭｇＯ；脱氧剂加入量为１ｋｇ钢加入１．５ｇＣａＳｉ；采用较高镁含 电极和较主同的重熔电流有助于获得设计镁含量的重熔锭。     

双极串联抽锭电渣重熔供电特性理论分析和工业试验研究

对双极串联电渣重熔工艺原理、等效电路和供电特性进行理论分析,得到电极间距离、电极浸入渣池的深度和填充比是影响电流在渣池中的路径和分配比例的主要影响因素,并对双极串联渣池温度场进行数值模拟。结果表明,双极串联供电使渣池中高温区上移,较传统单极供电渣池中高温区远离渣金界面,有利于提高熔化速度而不影响钢锭凝固质量;双极串联抽锭电渣重熔工业试验结果证明,熔化速度增加2倍情况下钢锭内部凝固质量良好,表明渣池高温区上移减弱了熔化速度和钢锭凝固质量之间的关系。     

Characteristics of inclusions in high-Al steel during electroslag remelting process

The characteristics of inclusions in high-Al steel refined by electroslag remelting (ESR) were investigated by image analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The results show that the size of almost all the inclusions observed in ESR ingots is less than 5 μm. Inclusions smaller than 3 μm take nearly 75% of the total inclusions observed in each ingot. Inclusions observed in ESR ingots are pure AlN as dominating precipitates and some fine spherical Al₂O₃ inclusions with a size of 1 μm or less. It is also found that protective gas operation and slag deoxidation treatment during ESR process have significant effects on the number of inclusions smaller than 2 μm but little effects on that of inclusions larger than 2 μm. Thermodynamic calculations show that AlN inclusions are unable to precipitate in the liquid metal pool under the present experimental conditions, while the precipitation of AlN inclusions could take place at the solidifying front due to the microsegregation of Al and N in liquid steel during solidification.     

低真空对电渣重熔工艺和铸锭质量的影响

脱氧和夹杂物控制是电渣重熔钢锭质量提升的关键.分别在氩气保护的常压和低真空(10 kPa)条件下重熔H13电极,结合热力学计算,分析了低真空对电渣重熔工艺过程和铸锭质量的影响.结果表明,相比常压,低真空条件下渣池含气率升高,熔速波动更剧烈,所得电渣锭表面质量较差.常压和低真空条件制得电渣锭中总w_O分别为24×10^-6和18×10^-6,碳脱氧反应随压力降低而加强,并逐渐取代铝脱氧.相比Al-O平衡,10 kPa条件下与电极中w_C平衡的溶解w_O更低,因而能够进一步降低钢锭中w_O.碳脱氧产物是CO气体,不会引入新的夹杂物.常压和低真空条件制得电渣锭中夹杂物的类型没有明显区别,最大夹杂物尺寸从14.9μm分别减小到10.5μm和8.3μm,等效直径小于3μm的夹杂物检出比分别为63.85%和75.91%.低真空条件能够进一步细化夹杂物,提高钢锭洁净度.     

Effect of M-EMS on the solidification structure of a steel billet

Effects of mold electromagnetic stirring (M-EMS) on the solidification structure of 45# steel billet were investigated by examination of interdendritic corrosion. The results show that the primary and secondary dendrite arm spacings increase from the edge of the billet to the center and decrease obviously with increasing electromagnetic torque, which will be beneficial to refine the solidification structure and enlarge the equiaxed crystal zone. The ratio of equiaxed crystal increases by 15.9% with the electromagnetic torque increasing from 230 to 400 cN·cm. The increase of stirring intensity can improve the cooling rate and the impact of M-EMS on it reduces from the edge of the billet to the central area, where the cooling rates are similar at different torques. The closer to the central area, the less the influence of M-EMS on the cooling rate is. The ratio of the primary to secondary dendrite arm spacing is approximately 2.0, namely, λ1≈2λ2, and is constant irrespective of the stirring intensity and position of the billet. Original position analysis (OPA) results indicate that the center segregation of the billet is greatly improved, and the more uniform and compact solidification structure will be obtained with the increase of stirring intensity.     

Effect of mold rotation on the bifilar electroslag remelting process

A novel electroslag furnace with a rotating mold was fabricated, and the effects of mold rotational speed on the electroslag remelting process were investigated. The results showed that the chemical element distribution in ingots became uniform and that their compact density increased when the mold rotational speed was increased from 0 to 28 r/min. These results were attributed to a reasonable mold speed, which resulted in a uniform temperature in the slag pool and scattered the metal droplets randomly in the metal pool. However, an excessive rotational speed caused deterioration of the solidification structure. When the mold rotational speeds was increased from 0 to 28 r/min, the size of Al₂O₃ inclusions in the electroslag ingot decreased from 4.4 to 1.9 μm. But the excessive mold rotational speed would decrease the ability of the electroslag remelting to remove the inclusions. The remelting speed gradually increased, which resulted in reduced power consumption with increasing mold rotational speed. This effect was attributed to accelerated heat exchange between the consumable electrode and the molten slag, which resulted from mold rotation. Nevertheless, when the rotational speed reached 28 r/min, the remelting speed did not change because of limitations of metal heat conduction. Mold rotation also improved the surface quality of the ingots by promoting a uniform temperature distribution in the slag pool.