夏季温度对降温耗能的影响

采用26℃为基础温度,利用滨州市1971-2008年5-9月逐日平均气温统计相应各时段的降温度日,并以此降温度日作为降温耗能的标征量.经对月、旬、季各时段的降温度日统计分析,得知它们的年际变化都较大,但总体呈现上升趋势.降温度日和平均气温之间有很高的正相关性,为此建立它们之间的回归预报方程,该方程经检验可以用于地方电力调度的实际业务中.另经统计可知,空调设置温度的高低对夏季降温耗能产生很大的影响.     

夏季空调送风参数对室内温度场影响的实验研究

依据ISO 7730标准,采用IMP数据采集系统,对西安地区采用变频多联中央空调系统的某办公楼中的同一间办公室进行室内温度场连续测试.分析研究了变频空调室内机在不同送风速度和室内设定温度下对室内温度场分布的影响,采用温度不均匀系数对不同情况下气流组织进行了评价.实验结果表明,室内设定温度26℃,高风速时工作区域内垂直温度差较大,为1.3℃左右;低风速时工作区域内垂直温度差相对较小,为0.4℃左右.不同的设定温度,室内工作区域的温度都要比设定温度低1～2℃.当室内设定温度分别为26℃和28℃时,室内工作区域的温度都在24～26℃左右,满足夏季人体舒适性要求.     

2010年夏季北半球气温异常偏高现象及其成因

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对2010年夏季6-8月北半球异常高温现象进行了分析.结果表明,夏季北半球大部分地方地面气温偏高,局部地区气温异常偏高,地而气温距平值达+6℃;北半球对流层平均气温正距平值达近30年以来最大值,并且各月平均气温异常偏高的区域,在对流层各层次都表现为一致的偏高;北半球对...     

1980-2010年华北地区极端高温天气气候事件特征分析

基于1980-2010年共31年NCEP再分析资料和华北地区地面台站资料,采用百分位阈值法研究了华北地区夏季极端高温天气事件的时空特征,并对其环流成因进行了分析.结果表明,1980-2010年华北地区极端高温日数和极端高温事件发生时的日平均、最高温度都有明显的增加趋势,其中极端高温日数的增加趋势尤为显著,线性趋势系数达到0.261,通过了0.01的显著性水平检验.空间分布上,近10年华北地区的极端高温日数显著增加,并且北部地区增加大于南部,极端高温多发区由20世纪80年代的"南多北少"向目前的"北多南少"分布态势转变;合成分析的结果表明,在华北地区极端高温日数偏多年,副高势力较强,且西伸脊点偏西,中高纬度地区为两高一低型,造成华北地区极端高温日数偏多的大气环流系统是其中偏东的深厚大陆高压,此系统强度大且在对流层低层势力尤为强盛,位势高度异常在850 h Pa上超过5 gpm.     

尾斑瘰螈夏季生活习性

对雷山县的莲花、大塘、西江等处的实地观察 ,报道了尾斑瘰螈夏季的栖息环境、生活习性和捕食场所及捕食行为     

Decadal-scale variability of warm season temperature in Beijing over the past 2650 years

A continuous record of surface temperature for the past 2650 years was obtained in an earlier study from a Beijing stalagmite based on sedimentary layer counting and thickness measurements.Singular spectrum analysis,multi-taper and wavelet spectral analyses are used in this study to identify decadal-scale signals and their origins in this record.Besides long-term cycles of solar origin identified in earlier studies,this record contains cycles that dominate temperature with periods of 102-70,66-50,31,25-22,19,15,12 and 9 years.The 102-70,25-22,12 and 9 year cycles are attributable to solar variation,while the others are likely to be related to low-latitude ocean forcing.These results suggest that century-scale changes in the Beijing summer temperature over the past 2650 years are primarily controlled by solar variation,while ocean-atmospheric interactions play a prominent role in modu-lating decadal-scale variability.     

Precipitation variability in central Himalayas and its relation to Northern Hemisphere temperature

Agriculture, industry and hydroelectric power in south Asia are heavily dependent on the performance of the summer (June to September) monsoon rainfall, which provides 75—90% of the annual rainwater over most parts of the area. A weak monsoon year generally corresponds to low crop yields. And strong monsoon usually produces abundant crops, although too much rainfall may produce devastating floods. However, modeling efforts to forecast the monsoon have met with only moderate success[1]. Prev…     

Changes in fossil-fuel carbon emissions in response to interannual and interdecadal temperature variability

Relationships on interannual and interdecadal timescales among global mean air temperature,CO2 concentrations and fossil-fuel carbon emissions in four major developed countries (the United States,the United Kingdom,France,and Germany) were analyzed.On an interannual timescale,the United States fossil-fuel carbon emissions tend to increase during cold winters and decrease during warm winters,which is opposite to the situation in summer.On an interdecadal timescale,cold (warm) periods both in the United States and globally agree with high (low) periods of fossil-fuel carbon emissions,with the temperature variability leading by 5–7 years.The leading correlation on the interdecadal timescale and the asymmetry in seasonal correlation on the interannual timescale indicate that temperature variability is a possible cause of changes in fossil-fuel carbon emissions.     

Holocene Southern Ocean surface temperature variability west of the Antarctic Peninsula

The disintegration of ice shelves, reduced sea-ice and glacier extent, and shifting ecological zones observed around Antarctica highlight the impact of recent atmospheric and oceanic warming on the cryosphere. Observations and models suggest that oceanic and atmospheric temperature variations at Antarctica's margins affect global cryosphere stability, ocean circulation, sea levels and carbon cycling. In particular, recent climate changes on the Antarctic Peninsula have been dramatic, yet the Holocene climate variability of this region is largely unknown, limiting our ability to evaluate ongoing changes within the context of historical variability and underlying forcing mechanisms. Here we show that surface ocean temperatures at the continental margin of the western Antarctic Peninsula cooled by 3-4 °C over the past 12,000 years, tracking the Holocene decline of local (65° S) spring insolation. Our results, based on TEX(86) sea surface temperature (SST) proxy evidence from a marine sediment core, indicate the importance of regional summer duration as a driver of Antarctic seasonal sea-ice fluctuations. On millennial timescales, abrupt SST fluctuations of 2-4 °C coincide with globally recognized climate variability. Similarities between our SSTs, Southern Hemisphere westerly wind reconstructions and El Ni?o/Southern Oscillation variability indicate that present climate teleconnections between the tropical Pacific Ocean and the western Antarctic Peninsula strengthened late in the Holocene epoch. We conclude that during the Holocene, Southern Ocean temperatures at the western Antarctic Peninsula margin were tied to changes in the position of the westerlies, which have a critical role in global carbon cycling.     

Decadal co-variability of the summer surface air temperature and soil moisture in China under global warming

The self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) is calculated using newly updated ground observations of monthly surface air temperature (SAT) and precipitation in China. The co-variabilities of PDSI and SAT are examined for summer for the period 1961-2004. The results show that there exist decadal climate co-variabilities and strong nonlinear interactions between SAT and soil moisture in many regions of China. Some of the co-variabilities can be linked to global warming. In summer,sig-nificant decadal co-variabilities from cool-wet to warm-dry conditions are found in the east region of Northwest China,North China,and Northeast China. An important finding is that in the west region of Northwest China and Southeast China,pronounced decadal co-variabilities take place from warm-dry to cool-wet conditions. Because significant warming was observed over most areas of the global land surface during the past 20-30 years,the shift to cool-wet conditions is a unique phenomenon which may deserve much scientific attention. The nonlinear interactions between SAT and soil moisture may partly account for the observed decadal co-variabilities. It is shown that anomalies of SAT will greatly affect the climatic co-variabilities,and changes of SAT may bring notable influence on the PDSI in China. These results provide observational evidence for increasing risks of decadal drought and wet-ness as anthropogenic global warming progresses.     

1954-2004年中国夏季日平均温度偏态性分布规律

利用中国1954-2004年194个站日平均气温资料,基于Box-Cox变换指数λ分析了日平均气温分布与正态分布的偏差程度.结果表明,中国50年夏季日平均气温序列与正态分布的偏差程度呈一定的区域差异:半干旱区域,温度分布的正态性较好;东南沿海地区则不服从正态分布,呈较明显的右偏.因此,根据Box-Cox变换指数λ的大小将中国分为三个不同的区域,研究了中国夏季温度的偏态分布规律及其变化特征.     

结构温度及收缩作用取法合理性的分析

针对温度对结构的作用的复杂性以及超长结构的温度和收缩作用的取法、温度和收缩作用工况的多样性,通过对温度及收缩作用的分析和研究,讨论了其取值的方法。     

添加CaCO3对煤灰熔融性影响及其机理的研究

考察了CaCO3不同添加量对三种低灰熔点煤样的软化温度（ST）的影响,揭示了CaCO3对煤灰熔融性的影响规律。同时结合X射线衍射技术及CaO—Al2O3—SiO2三元相图探讨了加入CaCO3后的煤灰熔融机理。结果表明,煤灰熔点随CaCO3加入量的提高先降后升,当煤灰CaO超过一定含量后可起到提高灰熔点的阻熔剂作用。机理表明氧化钙在加热过程中与其他成分会生成多种高含钙化合物,各物质之间会形成低温共熔化合物,造成灰熔点降低,当钙含量过高时,由于过剩氧化钙的存在,灰熔点上升。     

升温过程和气压在近空间升华沉积CdTe多晶薄膜中的作用

近空间升华技术制备CdTe多晶薄膜具有薄膜质量好、沉积速率高、设备简单、生产成本低等优点.采用近空间升华法(CSS)制备的CdTe多晶薄膜,薄膜的结构、性质与整个沉积过程密切相关,其过程受到较多因素的影响.要实现对沉积过程的控制,必须对沉积过程中的热交换、物质输运进行深入的研究.分析近空间沉积的物理机制,通过对装置内的温度进行测量,对升温曲线进行实验研究,优选了温度分布与升温曲线,研究了气压对CdTe薄膜结构、性质的影响.讨论了升温过程、气压与薄膜的初期成核的关系.结果表明:不同气压下沉积的样品均为立方相CdTe,且还出现CdS和SnO2:F的衍射峰,随着气压增加,CdTe晶粒减小,薄膜的透过率下降,相应的吸收边向短波方向移动.采用衬底温度500℃,源温度620℃,沉积时间4min的沉积条件获得了性能优良的CdTe多晶薄膜.     

Global and China temperature changes associated with the inter-decadal variations of East Asian summer monsoon advances

The modern atmospheric observation and literatural historical drought-flood records were used to extract the inter-decadal signals of dry-wet modes in eastern China and reveal the possible relationship of global and China temperature changes associated with the East Asian summer monsoon advances.A climate pattern of wet-north and dry-south in eastern China and cool period in China and globe are associated with the strong summer monsoon that can advance further to the northernmost part in the East Asian monsoon region.On the contrary,a climate pattern of dry-north and wet-south in eastern China and a warm period in China and globe are associated with the weaker summer monsoon that only reaches the southern part in the region.An interdecadal oscillation with the timescale about 60 years was found dominating in both the dry-wet mode index series of the East Asian summer monsoon and the global temperature series after the secular climate states and long-term trend over inter-centennial timescales have been removed.     

The possible pivotal role of the eastward dust transport from Central Asia in the global temperature decrease

It is generally considered that the occurrence of glacial-interglacial gyrations can be explained with the Milankovitch theory. However, the solutions of some problems in the theory are currently not derived yet. After researching the eastward dust transport from Central Asia, we have found that there is a positive feedback mechanism between the eastward dust transport and the global temperature decrease. This magnifies the effect of solar radiation change in the high-latitude Hemisphere, and results in area of the Northern the occurrence of the global glacial epoch. The positive feedback mechanism starts with the reduction of solar radiation in the high-latitude area of the Northern Hemisphere. Subsequently, the global temperature decreases and global glacial epoch occurs, in which the pivotal fac- tor is the eastward dust transport from Central Asia. With the theory of the positive feedback mechanism, some problems in the Milankovitch theory can be solved well.     

The onset and advance of the Asian summer monsoon

The transition from the winter monsoon to summer monsoon is characterized by the abrupt change of the atmospheric circulation. Although many studies on the intraseasonal variation of the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) have been made, there are controversial v…     

Responses of South and East Asian summer monsoons to different land-sea temperature increases under a warming scenario

We used outputs from climate models that participated in the fourth assessment (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to evaluate the responses of the South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) and the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) circulations to different warming over land and ocean under a medium warming scenario, SRES A1B. Our results suggest that, even though near-surface warming over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is greater than that over the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) and the northwestern Pacific (NWP), the upper-tropospheric land-sea thermal contrasts between the TP and the TIO (TP-TIO) and between the TP and the NWP (TP-NWP) will decrease. At interdecadal and longer time scales, the change in the SASM circulation is consistent with the TP-TIO upper-troposphere thermal contrast. Conversely, the change in the EASM circulation is consistent with the TP-NWP lower-troposphere thermal contrast. However, at the interannual time scale, both changes in the EASM and SASM are significantly correlated with the upper-troposphere thermal contrast. Further analyses suggest that increases in moisture and changes in cloud cover induced by global warming may cause amplified upper-tropospheric warming over the TP and the oceans resulting in inconsistent changes in the vertical temperature distribution over these regions. Because the warming over the TIO and NWP is greater than that over the TP, the TP-TIO meridional and TP-NWP zonal thermal contrasts will both decrease. However, at the lower layer, the difference in thermal capacity between land and sea result in a larger thermal effect in the near-surface region of the TP than those over the surrounding oceans. We showed that a range of factors that affect thermal conditions will likely cause changes in the Asian monsoon across a range of time scales under a warming scenario. These changes reflect differences in the influence of the greenhouse effect and natural variability.     

The increasing intensity of the strongest tropical cyclones

Atlantic tropical cyclones are getting stronger on average, with a 30-year trend that has been related to an increase in ocean temperatures over the Atlantic Ocean and elsewhere. Over the rest of the tropics, however, possible trends in tropical cyclone intensity are less obvious, owing to the unreliability and incompleteness of the observational record and to a restricted focus, in previous trend analyses, on changes in average intensity. Here we overcome these two limitations by examining trends in the upper quantiles of per-cyclone maximum wind speeds (that is, the maximum intensities that cyclones achieve during their lifetimes), estimated from homogeneous data derived from an archive of satellite records. We find significant upward trends for wind speed quantiles above the 70th percentile, with trends as high as 0.3 +/- 0.09 m s(-1) yr(-1) (s.e.) for the strongest cyclones. We note separate upward trends in the estimated lifetime-maximum wind speeds of the very strongest tropical cyclones (99th percentile) over each ocean basin, with the largest increase at this quantile occurring over the North Atlantic, although not all basins show statistically significant increases. Our results are qualitatively consistent with the hypothesis that as the seas warm, the ocean has more energy to convert to tropical cyclone wind.