塔中碳酸盐岩水平井酸压效果评价研究

塔中奥陶系缝洞型碳酸盐岩油气藏近年来投产井中,多数井均采用水平井结合分段酸压完井投产模式,对于水平井分段酸压实质性效果以及酸压后储层渗流特征,仍缺乏相应评价研究.本文通过模拟酸压过程井底压力变化,利用裂缝净压力拟合分析,判断人工裂缝沟通天然缝洞体特征.利用分段酸压各段酸压完时井底压力与累计注入量关系,识别水平段有效沟通几个天然缝洞体.结合压力恢复不稳定试井双对数曲线特征诊断,评价酸压后储层渗流特征.最终评价出酸压未沟通、沟通大型、沟通小型和沟通亏空天然缝洞体4类模式,并建立分段酸压各段井底压力与累计注入量典型模型,归纳出酸压后2类水平井试井双对数曲线特征:曲棍球棒状(沟通天然缝洞)和典型水平井曲线(未沟通天然缝洞).为评价该区块水平井是否发挥能控制多套缝洞体井型优势以及后续措施提供理论指导.     

碳酸盐岩油藏缝洞单元离散数值模型及压力响应曲线特征

 缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏储集体类型多样,如何充分利用试井测试资料认识钻遇储层特征是后期挖潜增产的关键,并且常规解析试井模型中无法考虑井与缝洞的位置关系导致解释结果误差较大。为此,根据缝洞单元内缝洞与井的分布特征,分别建立了井钻遇和未钻遇缝洞2种离散数值试井模型,并进行有限元求解,分析了缝洞体大小以及缝洞体与井之间距离对井底压力响应曲线的影响。采用该方法对塔里木哈拉哈塘油田14口井测试资料进行试井分析,结果表明,受缝洞体的影响,井底压力响应曲线特征可分为：缝洞发育-未钻遇缝洞-井在缝洞附近、缝洞发育-钻遇缝洞、钻遇多个连通的缝洞、基质为主-缝洞不发育以及缝洞不发育-钻遇个别缝洞5种类型。     

缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层地震综合预测——以塔里木盆地中古21井区为例

针对塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩储层各向异性特征显著,纵横向非均质性极强的特点,综合应用振幅、相干、频谱分解、地震吸收衰减、多井约束波阻抗反演等多种预测技术对储层进行预测,总结一套适合缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层预测的技术系列,并利用多元逐步判别分析和核主成分分析相结合的办法对多种地震信息进行优化求解,其优化结果综合考虑多种地震属性的有效信息,并剔除对判别结果不显著的属性,同时保留的各变量互不相关,保证计算结果的稳定性,而且能很好地处理地震属性之间的非线性问题。在中古21井区的实际应用表明：其优化结果能精细刻画缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层在三维空间中的有利分布范围,取得了良好的地质效果,为地震多属性优化与缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层预测研究提供一种科学有效的方法。     

缝洞型油藏离散介质网络数值试井模型

针对多重介质试井模型不符合缝洞型油藏网络状分布、非均质性极强的地质特征,建立了新的试井模型,将大尺度溶洞（流体主要的储集空间）视作零维模型,裂缝、孔洞发育的条带状地层（沟通溶洞的渗流通道）作为控制流体流动的一维模型,从而构成离散介质网络（DMN）模型。用有限差分法建立了缝洞型油藏离散介质网络油水两相数值试井模型,对渗流通道的储渗性能、大尺度溶洞的容积和距测试井的距离等因素对测试井压力响应特征的影响进行了研究。结果表明：缝洞型油藏试井压力导数曲线上类似“凹子”的特征是由大尺度溶洞向渗流网络的窜流造成的。实例分析表明,新模型解释结果与缝洞型油藏地质特征一致。     

考虑相态变化的缝洞型碳酸盐岩凝析气藏生产特征分析新方法

随着对缝洞型碳酸盐岩气藏的开发,分析与预测缝洞型碳酸盐岩气藏生产动态特征变得至关重要。由于缝洞型碳酸盐岩凝析气藏储层结构、流体性质复杂,其生产动态特征变化与井打缝洞储集体位置有关,同时又与凝析气藏不同温度压力下的相态变化特征有关,现有的动态分析方法已不能满足缝洞型气藏动态分析的要求。目前缝洞型碳酸盐岩的动态分析方法主要有物质平衡法、物理模拟实验、现代产量递减法、试井和数值模拟法等,但以上所有方法都忽略了井钻遇缝洞体的位置,而其位置关系在缝洞型碳酸盐岩动态分析中起决定性因素。针对塔中地区缝洞型碳酸盐岩凝析气藏,建立了考虑相态变化的凝析气藏物质平衡方程,构建了井筒位置、裂缝和缝洞体依次连通的缝洞型碳酸盐岩凝析气藏物理和数学模型,通过推导得到分析缝洞型凝析气藏动态分析简化模型,并对气油比、产气、水和凝析油量的变化特征进行了分析和讨论。基于该简化模型对塔中某典型凝析气井开展了生产动态特征分析;其预测缝洞型碳酸盐岩凝析气藏开发过程中缝洞与油、水界面的关系和气藏相态变化分析结果与生产特征完全一致,进一步验证了模型的准确性。该方法将对缝洞型凝析气藏后期挖潜增产有重要的指导意义。     

缝洞型油藏试井解释方法在塔河油田的应用

结合塔河油田的实际地质资料,建立了裂缝和溶洞-井筒连通的试井解释模型和相应的数学模型.提出了利用遗传算法进行缝洞型油藏试井自动拟合的解释新方法,并编制了一套缝洞型油藏试井解释软件.运用本文研究方法及所编制的软件准确地解释了塔河油田多口井的测试资料,并综合试井解释结果成功预测出了储层缝洞发育分布.     

利用示踪剂资料讨论塔河缝洞性油藏井间连通方式

探讨塔河油田缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏多缝洞系统的井间连通方式。针对缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏井间储集层复杂的特点,通过示踪剂曲线特征分析油藏井间连通方式,从峰型、主峰高宽比、主峰拟面积和注水推进速度4个方面评价曲线特征与连通方式之间的关系,结果表明塔河油田主要有单一连通型和复合连通型2种连通方式,其中以单一连通型为主,占73.5%。典型井分析说明连通方式与单井所处的地质条件有关。     

井打在溶洞外的缝洞型油藏数值试井模型

 缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏多发育大尺度的溶洞和裂缝, 非均质性极强。这类油藏不能使用常规的连续介质理论描述。根据缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏的特征, 结合地震、地质等资料, 建立了井未钻遇溶洞的缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏数值试井物理数学模型。利用有限元方法对模型进行求解并绘制了试井样版曲线, 对影响井底压力动态的主要因素进行了分析。研究表明: 当井打在洞外时, 由于洞内的渗透性远优于洞外地层, 压力导数曲线后期出现明显下掉, 溶洞的尺寸主要影响压力导数曲线的下掉幅度。模型解释结果与实测数据对比分析表明, 该试井模型具有较高的预测精度, 能够为碳酸盐岩油藏的试井分析提供理论指导。     

改进的井间地震资料波阻抗反演方法

基于井间地震资料与地面地震资料之间的相似性确立了井间地震资料的反射特征,完善了井问地震资料的反演方法及流程.重点解决了反演过程中的两个关键问题采用sinc函数插值方法进行重采样确保了井间地震剖面深时转换中的波形保真;精细调整井的时深关系使得井间地震与地面地震资料反射特征达到相互匹配,确保了反演结果的合理性.应用实例结果表明,通过本方法得到的井间地震反演结果精度较高,与测井解释结果对应较好,砂体展布清晰,有效地反映了两口井在横向上的联系与差异,提高了井间储层描述精度.     

改进的井间地震资料波阻抗反演方法

基于井间地震资料与地面地震资料之间的相似性确立了井间地震资料的反射特征,完善了井问地震资料的反演方法及流程.重点解决了反演过程中的两个关键问题:采用sinc函数插值方法进行重采样确保了井间地震剖面深时转换中的波形保真;精细调整井的时深关系使得井间地震与地面地震资料反射特征达到相互匹配,确保了反演结果的合理性.应用实例结果表明,通过本方法得到的井间地震反演结果精度较高,与测井解释结果对应较好,砂体展布清晰,有效地反映了两口井在横向上的联系与差异,提高了井间储层描述精度.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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