Induction of multi-epitopespecific antibodies against HIV-1 by multi-epitopevaccines

Some neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 envelope proteins were highly effective to inhibit the infection of different strainsin vitro, and existed in the infected individuals with very low levels. We suggested multi-epitope-vaccine as a new strategy to increase levels of neutralizing antibodies and the abilities against HIV mutationin vivo. Two candidate multi-epitope-vaccines induced antibodies with predefined multi-epitope-specificity in rhesus macaque. These antibodies recognized corresponding neutralizing epitopes on epitope-peptides, gp41 peptides, V3 loop peptide, rsgp41 and rgp120. Besides, three candidate epitope-vaccines in combination (another kind of multi-epitopevaccines) showed similar potency to induce predefined multiple immune responses in rabbits. These results suggest that multi-epitope-vaccines may be a new strategy to induce multi-antiviral activities against HIV-1 infection and mutations.     

Predefined GPGRAFY-Epitope-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies with Different Activities for Recognizing Native HIV-1 gp120

A seven-amino acid epitope GPGRAFY at the tip of the V3 loop in HIV-1 gp120 is the principal neutralizing epitope, and a subset of anti-V3 antibodies specific for this epitope shows a broad range of neutralizing activity. GPGRAFY-epitope-specific neutralizing antibodies were produced using predefined GPGRAFY-epitope-specific peptides instead of a natural or recombinant gp120 bearing this epitope. All six monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) could recognize the GPGRAFY-epitope on peptides and two of the antibodies, 9D8 and 2D7, could recognize recombinant gp120 in enzymelinked immunosorkentassy (ELISA) assays. In the flow cytometry analysis, the mAbs 9D8 and 2D7 could bind to HIV-Env CHO-WT cells and the specific bindings could be inhibited by the GPGRAFY-epitope peptide, which suggests that these two mAbs could recognize the native envelope protein gp120 expressed on the cell membrane. However, in syncytium assays, none of the mAbs was capable of inhibiting HIV-Env-mediated cell membrane fusion. The different activities for recognizing native HIV-1 gp120 might be associated with different antibody affinities against the epitopes. The development of conformational mimics of the neutralization epitope in the gp120 V3 loop could elicit neutralizing mAbs with high affinity.     

The interaction between the membrane-proximal external region and the N-trimer region of HIV-1 gp41: Involvement in viral fusion

The membrane proximal external region (MPER) of gp41 is extremely conserved among diverse HIV-1 variants, implying its important role in viral infection. Interestingly, two of the most broadly neutralizing antibodies, 2F5 and 4E10, specifically recognize this region. Our previous study demonstrated that the antigenicity and immunogenicity of 4E10 epitope are affected by remodeling gp41 fusion core, suggesting that the MPER may be associated with gp41 core and involved in gp41-mediated membrane fusion. Here we measured the binding activity of 4E10 epitope peptide (D4E10P) with various gp41 core-derived peptides and found that the N-trimer region in a construct designated N-trimer-6HB interacted significantly with D4E10P. Using N-trimer-6HB to screen a phage library, we identified a motif (WF) located in 4E10 epitope that may play a certain role in the interaction of gp41 MPER with the N-trimer in gp41 fusion core and, we thus speculated upon the potential involvement of MPER in the fusion process between viral envelope and target cell membrane. Supported by National Key Basic Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB914402)     

Molecular motions and conformational transition between different conformational states of HIV-1 gp 120 envelope glycoprotein

The HIV-1 gp120 exterior envelope glycoprotein undergoes a series of conformational rearrangements while sequentially interacting with the receptor CD4 and coreceptor CCR5 or CXCR4 on the surface of host cells to initiate virus entry. Both the crystal structures of the HIV-1 gp120 core bound by the CD4 and antigen 17b and the SIV gp120 core pre-bound by CD4 are known. Despite the wealth of knowledge on these static snapshots of molecular conformations,the details of molecular motions involved in conformational transition that are crucial to intervention remain elusive. We presented comprehensive comparative analyses of the dynamics behaviors of the gp120 in its CD4-complexed,CD4-free and CD4-unliganded states based on the homology models with modeled V3 and V4 loops by means of CONCOORD computer simulation to generate ensembles of feasible protein structures that were sub-sequently analysed by essential dynamics analyses to identify preferred concerted motions. The re-vealed collective fluctuations are dominated by complex modes of combinational motions of the rota-tion/twisting,flexing/closure,and shortness/elongation between or within the inner,outer,and bridg-ing-sheet domains,and these modes are related to the CD4 association and HIV neutralization avoid-ance. Further essential subspace overlap analyses were performed to quantitatively distinguish the preference for conformational transitions between the three states,revealing that the unliganded gp120 has a greater potential to translate its conformation into the conformational state adopted by the CD4-complexed gp120 than by the CD4-free gp120,whereas the CD4-free gp120 has a greater potential to translate its conformation into the unliganded state than the CD4-complexed gp120 does. These dynamics data of gp120 in its different conformations are helpful in understanding the relationship between the molecular motion/conformational transition and the function of gp120,and in gp120-structure-based subunit vaccine design.     

尿激酶体外抑制人体免疫缺损病毒的侵染能力

人体免疫缺损病毒的包膜蛋白gp120的V3环区包含一段在人类蛋白质中很少出现的高度保守序列，但这段序列与纤溶酶原被纤溶酶原激活剂酶切位点附近序列有同源性．由于V3环区在人体免疫缺损病毒侵染细胞过程中的重要性，评估了尿激酶对人体免疫缺损病毒侵染能力的影响．通过检测逆转录酶活力，P24抗原的表达和合胞体形成情况发现尿激酶可以抑制人体免疫缺损病毒对多种淋巴瘤和白血病细胞系，如MT4、CCM、H9和外周血单核细胞的侵染能力，并且这种抑制与尿激酶浓度呈剂量依赖关系．那些能够被尿激酶抑制的人体免疫缺损病毒株其V3环区序列必须与纤溶酶原激活区亭列同源，实验事常用病毒株包括BRU和RF以及某些野生病毒株．研究结果显示尿激酶在体外实验中可以抑制人体免疫缺损病毒的侵染能力．     

Prevention of HIV-1 infection in chimpanzees by gp120 V3 domain-specific monoclonal antibody.

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the late-stage clinical manifestation of long-term persistent infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Immune responses directed against the virus and against virus-infected cells during the persistent infection fail to mediate resolution of the infection. As a result, a successful AIDS vaccine must elicit an immune state that will prevent the establishment of the persistent infection following introduction of the virus into the host. The third hypervariable (V3) domain of the HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein is a disulphide-linked closed loop of about 30 amino acids which binds and elicits anti-HIV-1 type-specific virus-neutralizing antibodies. The in vitro characteristics of anti-V3 domain antibody suggest that this antibody could by itself prevent HIV-1 infection in vivo, an idea supported by chimpanzee challenge studies in which protection against the HIV-1 persistent infection seemed to correlate with the presence of anti-V3 domain antibody. Here we directly demonstrate the protective efficacy of anti-V3 domain antibody in vivo and propose that this antibody is potentially useful as both a pre- and post-exposure prophylactic agent.     

抗HIV-1gp41合成多肽gp41-5单克隆抗体的制备及初步鉴定

制备抗HIV-1 gp41合成多肽gp41-5的单克隆抗体（mAb）,为筛选抗HIV-1多肽及分析gp41的抗原表位提供有用工具。常规动物免疫、细胞融合、克隆化制备抗gp41-5多肽mAb,并用ELISA法对其特异性、抗原识别表位及相对亲和力等做了初步鉴定。获得了4株抗gp41-5多肽的mAb,这4株mAb均特异识别gp41-5多肽,但不与gp41的N36或C34多肽片段反应。得到的4株mAb能特异结合gp41核心结构的空间构象。     

表达HIV-1复合多表位基因的p815细胞稳定株的建立和评价

建立稳定表达HIV-1p24MEG复合多表位基因的p815细胞克隆.设计引物,以HIV-1标准株全长cDNA序列为模板,PCR扩增获得p24基因片段;合成改造后的多个表位基因MEG并且与p24片段相连接,克隆入pcDNA3.1(+).在阳离子聚合物作用下重组真核质粒转染的p815(H-2d)细胞, 以G418压力筛选,RT-PCR检测mRNA表达,间接免疫荧光检测蛋白表达.通过PCR获得了HIV-1 p24片段,获得了与多表位基因连接后的p24MEG融合基因,成功构建了p24MEG基因的重组真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)/p24MEG.转染p815细胞后, RT-PCR检测到融合蛋白mRNA表达,间接免疫荧光显示 p815细胞内有融合蛋白的表达.结论:建立了稳定表达HIV-1p24MEG融合蛋白的p815细胞克隆,为评价多表位抗原p24MEG在BALB/c小鼠体内诱导的细胞免疫应答奠定基础.     

一类关于HIV-1细胞到细胞传播的比率依赖时滞模型

研究了一类二维比率依赖模型,它描述了在组织培养皿未充分混合的情况下HIV 1的细胞到细胞的传播,并且假设感染是直接从感染细胞到健康细胞忽略了自由病毒的影响,本文研究了三类模型的稳定性:常微分方程模型的全局渐近稳定性,离散时滞微分方程模型的绝对稳定性及具有分布时滞的模型的Hopf分支.     

HIV-1感染与树突状细胞相互作用的研究进展(综述)

树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DC)是目前所知的机体内功能最强的抗原呈递细胞,在免疫应答中发挥重要作用。在AIDS发病机制中有关人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)与宿主细胞之间的作用已经有很多报道,但对树突状细胞与HIV感染之间的作用了解较少。近年来的研究发现HIV-1能诱导树突状细胞分化,改编细胞基因表达,上调细胞因子和趋化因子的产生活化T细胞,而不同的DC亚群表达不同的甘露糖C-型凝集素受体(MCLRs)结合HIVgp120,从而促进病毒感染复制和扩散。     

Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis:Study of the Binding of HIV-1 gp41 with a Membrane Protein (P45) on the Human B Cell Line,Raji

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Ba1-xPbxTiO3和Ca1-xPbxTiO3纳米粉料的结构分析

用化学分析法确定了Ba1-xPbxTiO3和Ca1-xPbxTi03纳米粉料的化学组成，测定了在不同焙烧温度下试样的红外吸收光谱(IR)和x射线衍射谱(XRD)，解析了价键结构的变化及归属，结合差热分析，确定了试样的晶化温度为700℃左右，比传统的固相法要低得多。并利用Scherrer公式，计算了Ba1-xPbxTi03和Ca1-xPbxTi03纳米晶平均粒径分别为39nm和33nm，四方相畸变度δ分别为1．0682和1．0630，讨论了纳米级粉料的粒径对低频区域特征振动谱带形状及强度的影响，结果表明用化学共沉淀法制备的粉料其均匀度、分散性等均好于固相法。     

HIV-1逆转录酶非核苷类抑制剂MKC分子结合位点的理论研究

1RT1蛋白是一个HIV-1逆转录酶核心蛋白,是抑制剂药物分子的作用靶点.非核苷类抑制剂MKC分子是1RT1蛋白中的配体分子.采用量子力学密度泛函理论,B3LYP计算方法,结合6-31G(d,P)基组,逐个计算MKC分子与其周围半径0.7 nm结构范围内的34个氨基酸残基相互作用和结合能,发现在1RT1蛋白中103Lys残基是MKC分子的结合作用位点,结合能值为-46.73 kJ·mol-1.该结合位点的发现将为进一步设计和寻找抗HIV-1逆转录酶抑制剂药物分子提供一些理论基础.     

广西三城市HIV-1型流行毒株gag基因亚型分析

为了解广西近年确诊的HIV-1感染者流行病学及HIV-1亚型分布情况,分别在桂林、来宾、钦州采取样本100例、102例和103例,收集流行病学资料、采集抗凝全血、提取病毒RNA、用RT-PCR进行gag基因扩增并对产物进行测序和序列分析。结果显示:在305例样本中,男女性别比1.99∶1;青壮年年龄组患者占56.72%,50岁年龄组患者构成比例为44.62%;职业为农民的患者比例为50.82%;初中及以下文化水平患者占76.39%;经异性性接触途径传播构成比为95.74%。最终成功扩增得到155份样本的gag基因序列,共发现4种亚型:CRF01-AE亚型124例、CRF07-BC亚型12例、CRF08-BC亚型14例、B亚型5例。     

锂离子电池层状结构三元正极材料LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2研究进展

 三元层状结构LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂具有较高的可逆容量、结构稳定性、热稳定性和相对较低的成本,成为电动汽车领域最具前景的锂离子电池正极材料之一。综述了锂离子电池正极材料LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂的结构、电化学性能及对其进行性能优化的掺杂、表面包覆和制备特殊纳米结构材料的3 种方法。其中,纳米材料的研究是锂离子电池正极材料的研究热点之一。材料的电化学性能与粒子尺寸、形貌、多孔性、结晶性和比表面积紧密相关。因此,提高正极材料LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂的电化学性能时,要充分考虑到这些因素的影响。     

“（V＋O1）＋O2”结构研究述评

“CV＋O1）＋O2”（动宾组合＋宾语）结构是20世纪80年代以后使用日渐增多的一种语法现象,近些年来,研究者们对“（V＋O1）＋O2”结构展开了积极的探讨,得出了很多颇有价值的见解。本文试图对1999年以前及以后的对“（V＋O1）＋O2”结构的研究进行总结,以期对此结构进行多角度、多侧面的考察和分析。     

Macrophage and T cell-line tropisms of HIV-1 are determined by specific regions of the envelope gp120 gene

Strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) display a high degree of biological heterogeneity which may be linked to certain clinical manifestation of AIDS. They vary in their ability to infect different cell types, to replicate rapidly and to high titre in culture, to down-modulate the CD4 receptor, and to cause cytopathic changes in infected cells. Some of these in vitro properties correlate with pathogenicity of the virus in vivo. To map the viral determinants of the cellular host range of HIV-1, recombinant viruses were generated between biologically active molecular clones of HIV-1 isolates showing differences in infection of primary peripheral blood macrophages and established T-cell lines. We report here that a specific region of the envelope gp120 gene representing 159 amino-acid residues of glycoprotein gp120 seems to determine macrophage tropism, whereas an overlapping region representing 321 amino-acid residues determines T cell-line tropism. These studies provide a basis for relating functional domains of the HIV-1 env gene to pathogenic potential.     

团簇V3B2的结构与成键的DFT研究

为深入了解团簇V_3B_2的结构和性质,基于密度泛函理论,在Becke3LYP/Lanl2dz量子水平下对团簇V_3B_2的几何结构及成键进行了系统的研究。对团簇V_3B_2的可能构型分别在二、四重态下进行全参数优化计算和频率验证,并结合E_(ZPE)数据表明构型1(4)最稳定;在合成路线3V+2B→V_3B_2中,各构型均能自发进行。对团簇各构型中各原子间成键行为分析发现,团簇中可能存在B-B近距离接触,金属原子V是体系的潜在活性位点。     

Antibody and HIV-1 gp120 recognition of CD4 undermines the concept of mimicry between antibodies and receptors.

It has been proposed that antibodies can mimic the binding of a receptor to its ligand and that anti-idiotype antibodies raised against such antibodies can be used to identify the receptor. A large number of antibodies have been raised against CD4, the receptor on T cells for the envelope glycoprotein gp120 of the human immunodeficiency virus, and the site at which gp120 binds to CD4 has been delineated. It has therefore become possible to contrast the fine specificities of a natural ligand (gp120) and antibodies that interact with the receptor at the same site. Here we report that out of a panel of 225 anti-CD4 antibodies, only one showed fine binding specificity that was broadly like that of gp120, but the evidence was against this being an exact mimic. Thus the data indicate that the production of antibody mimics will occur very rarely or not at all and that the anti-idiotype approach is unlikely to be useful. This contention is supported by a review of the results of attempts to use this approach. Taking strict criteria for success, there is no example for which the anti-idiotype approach has led to the discovery of a previously undescribed receptor or other protein of interest.     

层状LiNi1/3Mn1/3CO1/3O2正极材料的合成

用碳酸盐同沉淀法合成了LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2正极材料,采用XRD(X-RayDiffraction)、SEM(ScanningElectronMicroscope)、差分计时电位法和充放电循环等对材料的物理化学性质及电化学性能进行了测试分析。XRD分析表明在合成温度为800℃或更高时,所合成的产物均为α-NaFeO2型的层状结构,SEM分析表明在合成温度为800或850℃时,产物为微小晶粒团聚成的球形颗粒,合成温度为900℃以上时,产物颗粒发生破碎,形状不规则。950℃合成的LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2材料在2·5~4·4V电位区间内,首次放电容量为162mAh·g-1,并具有良好的循环性能。随着充放电电压的升高,首次不可逆放电容量增大,循环稳定性减弱。在低温(800,850℃)下合成的LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2材料与高温下(900,950℃)得到的材料性能有很大差别,这是由于在高温和低温下得到材料的结构差别所造成的。