论避免“被精神病”的法律规制

分析了我国＂被精神病＂现象频发的原因,介绍了域外预防＂被精神病＂的法律规制,并就我国避免＂被精神病＂的法律完善提出相关建议。     

感染与尿毒症脑病的临床分析

目的探讨尿毒症脑病的临床因素，提高临床诊治水平。方法经神经精神科医师确诊后，将20例慢性肾功能不全患者分为神经精神症状阳性组和阴性组，回顾性分析其临床资料，对比两组的一般资料，生化指标，透析剂量，并作统计学分析。结果感染能诱发和加重尿毒症脑病。结论对慢性肾功能不全尿毒症期患者出现感染应及早使用强有力抗生素，并加强血液透析治疗。     

Mental illness--who cares?

Public policies on psychiatric disability have increasingly centred on community care as an alternative to hospitalization. In the process, those most in need are being neglected.     

Neurogenic hypothesis and psychiatric disorders

Psychiatric illness, such as affective disorders, anxiety disorders and schizophrenia, exerts exceptional personal burden on affected individuals. Although not physically noticeable, these disorders cost enormously on ones’ family and society. Currently pharma-ceutical and psychological treatments are generally accepted as effective for psychiatric disorders, while the exact mechanisms underlying the treatment efficacy, etiology and neurobiology of the disorders remain elusive. In the past decade, "neurogenic hy-pothesis" emerged as an attempt to explain the nature of psychiatric illness. The origination of the hypothesis is based on several pre-clinical and clinical observations. First, stress, which is a common risk factor of the disorders, was found to suppress neurogenesis; second, treatment for the illnesses like antidepressants and antipsychotics were shown to improve neurogenesis and behavioral deficits simultaneously; and third, the therapeutic effect of antidepressants was abolished in animal models when neuro-genesis was blocked. Increasing efforts were invested to determine whether neurogenesis is a key to the understanding and treatment of psychiatric disorders, although contrasting results are also found and thus the importance of neurogenesis remains a matter of debate. The present chapter will discuss the recent findings about the involvement of neurogenesis in major depression, anxiety disorders and schizophrenia, and whether neurogenesis would be a potential target for development of the treatment in the future.     

审美能力的研究与探讨

通过对人审美能力的挖掘和培养，从审美教育、审美心理导向、审美感受能力、审美情操等方面进行了探讨，提出了学生应正确地感知音乐审美情趣，才能充分发挥学生审美想像力。     

急性期治疗对精神分裂症认知功能的影响及与症状变化的相关性

为了探讨精神分裂症患者急性期治疗后认知功能的变化以及与精神症状变化之间的关系。通过收集精神分裂症患者37例,给予利培酮治疗3个月,应用阳性和阴性症状量表(positive and nequtive syndrome scale,PANSS)及精神分裂症认知功能成套测验共识版(MATRICS consesuscognitive battery,MCCB)分别评估患者治疗前后的临床症状及认知功能的方法研究了精神分裂症患者急性期治疗后认知功能的变化以及与精神症状变化之间的关系。结果表明治疗后患者的处理速度(P 0. 01)、工作记忆(P 0. 01)及推理与解决问题能力(P 0. 01)均较治疗前显著性升高,言语学习和记忆、视觉学习和记忆及社会认知功能较治疗前无明显变化;治疗后患者PANSS总分(P 0. 01)、阳性症状评分(P 0. 01)、阴性症状评分(P 0. 01)及一般病理症状评分(P 0. 01)均较治疗前显著降低;治疗后认知功能中处理速度(r=0. 55,P 0. 01)及工作记忆(r=0. 42,P 0. 05)的改善与阴性症状的缓解正相关,与总症状、阳性症状及一般病理症状的改善无相关性,推理与解决问题能力的改善与总症状、阳性症状、阴性症状及一般病理症状的改善均无相关性。可见急性期药物治疗可改善精神分裂症患者认知功能中的处理速度、工作记忆及推理与解决问题能力,处理速度及工作记忆的改善与阴性症状的缓解相关。     

A population-specific HTR2B stop codon predisposes to severe impulsivity

Impulsivity, describing action without foresight, is an important feature of several psychiatric diseases, suicidality and violent behaviour. The complex origins of impulsivity hinder identification of the genes influencing it and the diseases with which it is associated. Here we perform exon-focused sequencing of impulsive individuals in a founder population, targeting fourteen genes belonging to the serotonin and dopamine domain. A stop codon in HTR2B was identified that is common (minor allele frequency >?1%) but exclusive to Finnish people. Expression of the gene in the human brain was assessed, as well as the molecular functionality of the stop codon, which was associated with psychiatric diseases marked by impulsivity in both population and family-based analyses. Knockout of Htr2b increased impulsive behaviours in mice, indicative of predictive validity. Our study shows the potential for identifying and tracing effects of rare alleles in complex behavioural phenotypes using founder populations, and indicates a role for HTR2B in impulsivity.     

Soviet psychiatry: pre-emptive resignation?

The Soviet All-Union Society of Neurologists and Psychiatrists has resigned from the World Psychiatric Association (WPA). The resignation was not unexpected in the face of a growing move by Western psychiatric associations to expel the Soviet society because of its refusal to cooperate with the WPA's committee to monitor political misuse of psychiatry.     

精神疾病鉴定档案的整理与归档

精神疾病的鉴定是精神病专科医院一项重要的医疗业务。阐述了司法鉴定档案、医学鉴定档案、残疾鉴定档案的收集整理,指出了在档案整理时通常要注意的问题。     

抗精神病药物的临床应用

精神药物治疗是当今精神病治疗的最重要的内容,本文对2类10种抗精神病药物的作用、副作用、适应证、禁忌证等方面作了综述,以指导精神科医师在临床中正确用药,提高精神病人的治疗效果．     

儿童群体PTSD的相关研究

近年来,由自然灾害引起的心理创伤逐渐为我国精神医学界和心理学界所重视,其中以有关地震、洪灾等灾后PTSD的流行病学研究报告居多。本文就儿童群体灾后PTSD的影响因素及干预等方面加以论述。     

血管性痴呆的研究进展

介绍血管性痴呆的定义及多种类型下的病因.阐述了由皮质下缺血性小血管病变引起的发病机制及由多发性腔隙性梗死或大面积脑梗死引起的病理改变、血管性痴呆继发的神经症状及精神症状、CT与MRI检查.总结了我国的血管性痴呆诊断与鉴别诊断以及治疗的进展.     

Why endophenotype development requires families

Endophenotypes are heritable quantitative traits that are associated with disease liability, can be measured in both affected and unaffected individuals, and provide much greater power to localize and identify risk genes for mental illness than does affection status alone. Traditionally, endophenotypic markers for psychiatric illnesses include in vivo neuroanatomic and functional magnetic resonance imaging measurements and indices of neurocognitive abilities. However, neurocognitive and neuroimaging measure...     

合理情绪疗法在大学生心理咨询中的应用

大学生的不健康心理往往都与一些不合理的信念或观念有关。不合理的信念正是大学生产生情绪和行为问题的认知根源。合理情绪治疗就是要帮助大学生改变不合理的思维方式,帮助他们学会以合理的方式看待自己和周围的人与事物,以减少他们陷入情绪障碍的可能性。该方法简便,易操作,适合大学生的特点,值得在大学生心理咨询中推广使用。     

Soviet psychiatric abuse: allegations met by red tape

Responding to accusations by human rights groups concerning the confinement of dissidents in mental hospitals, the Soviet All-Union Society of Psychiatrists (AUSP) has supplied the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) with data on two alleged cases of abuse and promised information on four more. Some member societies are suspicious that the move is simply a delaying tactic to forestall possible ouster of the AUSP from the WPA. Some members are also concerned that the WPA executive council's "overscrupulous" stance on confidentiality has hindered investigation of complaints of psychiatric abuse.     

用心护理—为围绝经期妇女提供人文关怀

围绝经期（perimenopausal period）是指妇女绝经前后的一段时期,在这段时期中,由于雌性激素水平下降而导致接受雌性激素直接作用的器官和组织发生功能上的变化,有的患者出现全身精神症状,非常痛苦。近年来,我们较注重对这些人群提供精心护理,为她们提供一些心理指导,循序渐进地帮助她们了解一些医学生理方面的知识,为帮助她们度过这一难关,减轻她们生理和心理上的痛苦提供了一些人文关怀,取得比较满意的效果。     

Why endophenotype development requires families

Endophenotypes are heritable quantitative traits that are associated with disease liability, can be measured in both affected and unaffected individuals, and provide much greater power to localize and identify risk genes for mental illness than does affection status alone. Traditionally, endophenotypic markers for psychiatric illnesses include in vivo neuroanatomic and functional magnetic resonance imaging measurements and indices of neurocognitive abilities. However, neurocognitive and neuroimaging measures are by no means the only classes of endophenotypes that could be useful for identifying genes for mental illness. Given the advantages of endophenotype-based strategies for elucidating the genetic underpinnings of psychiatric disorders, it would seem prudent to develop a wide range of putative endophenotypes. In order for a measure to be considered a valid endophenotype, it must meet a number of criteria. Specifically, the trait must (1) have moderate to high heritability, (2) be associated with the illness, (3) be independent of clinical state, and (4) impairment must co-segregate with the illness within a family, with non-affected family members showing impairment relative to the general population. While each of these criteria is critical, the heritability and co-segregation requirements are really what differentiate an endophenotype from a simple biomarker. At this time, one requires an experimental design that includes families to demonstrate both heritability and co-segregation. The assertion that novel endophenotypes can not be fully established without family data does not preclude work in unrelated individuals, rather that unrelated samples will only be able to nominate potential candidate endophenotypes that subsequently need to be confirmed in family-based experiments.     

Generation of neuronal variability and complexity

The production of specialized differentiated neurons derived from stem cells has been proposed as a revolutionary technology for regenerative medicine. However, few examples of specific neuronal cell differentiation have been described so far. Although stem-cell tissue replacement might be seemingly straightforward in other cases, the high degree of complexity of the nervous system raises the challenge of tissue replacement substantially. Understanding mechanisms of neuronal diversification will not only be relevant for therapeutic purposes but might also shed light on the differences in cognitive abilities, personality traits and psychiatric conditions observed in humans.     

基于光学脑成像的抑郁症前额皮层静息态网络的研究

抑郁症患者通常表现出心境低落，并且伴随许多认知和生理症状. 文中使用功能性近红外光谱成像技术(fNIRS)来测量28名抑郁症患者和30名对照组8 min前额皮层的自发血液动力活动. 通过图论和拓扑分析对大脑前额皮层静息态网络属性进行分析，结果表明，抑郁症患者前额皮层网络表现出异常的模式:显著降低的网络密度（低的平均节点等级）、显著降低的聚集程度（低的聚类系数）、显著降低的网络信息传输效率（高的平均路径长度）以及显著增加的随机性（低的小世界属性）. 这些结果表明使用近红外光谱技术能够揭示抑郁症患者脑网络的异常特性.     

Induction of an illusory shadow person

Stimulation of a site on the brain's left hemisphere prompts the creepy feeling that somebody is close by. The strange sensation that somebody is nearby when no one is actually present has been described by psychiatric and neurological patients, as well as by healthy subjects, but it is not understood how the illusion is triggered by the brain. Here we describe the repeated induction of this sensation in a patient who was undergoing presurgical evaluation for epilepsy treatment, as a result of focal electrical stimulation of the left temporoparietal junction: the illusory person closely 'shadowed' changes in the patient's body position and posture. These perceptions may have been due to a disturbance in the multisensory processing of body and self at the temporoparietal junction.