烧结铁矿中FeO含量对其在富氢高炉中还原行为的影响

Japan started the national project “COURSE 50” for CO₂ reduction in the 2000s. This project aimed to establish novel technologies to reduce CO₂ emissions with partially utilization of hydrogen in blast furnace-based ironmaking by 30% by around 2030 and use it for practical applications by 2050. The idea is that instead of coke, hydrogen is used as the reducing agent, leading to lower fossil fuel consumption in the process. It has been reported that the reduction behavior of hematite, magnetite, calcium ferrite, and slag in the sinter is different, and it is also considerably influenced by the sinter morphology. This study aimed to investigate the reduction behavior of sinters in hydrogen enriched blast furnace with different mineral morphologies in CO–CO₂–H₂ mixed gas. As an experimental sample, two sinter samples with significantly different hematite and magnetite ratios were prepared to compare their reduction behaviors. The reduction of wustite to iron was carried out at 1000, 900, and 800°C in a CO–CO₂–H₂ atmosphere for the mineral morphology-controlled sinter, and the following findings were obtained. The reduction rate of smaller amount of FeO led to faster increase of the reduction rate curve at the initial stage of reduction. Macro-observations of reduced samples showed that the reaction proceeded from the outer periphery of the sample toward the inside, and a reaction interface was observed where reduced iron and wustite coexisted. Micro-observations revealed three layers, namely, wustite single phase in the center zone of the sample, iron single phase in the outer periphery zone of the sample, and iron oxide-derived wustite FeO and iron, or calcium ferrite-derived wustite 'FeO' and iron in the reaction interface zone. A two-interface unreacted core model was successfully applied for the kinetic analysis of the reduction reaction, and obtained temperature dependent expressions of the chemical reaction coefficients from each mineral phases.     

Mg和La对Ca–Ti 处理钢中夹杂物演变和组织的影响

The evolution of inclusions and the formation of acicular ferrite (AF) in Ca–Ti treated steel was systematically investigated after Mg and La addition. The inclusions in the molten steel were Ca–Al–O, Ca–Al–Mg–O, and La–Mg–Ca–Al–O after Ca, Mg, and La addition, respectively. The type of oxide inclusion in the final quenched samples was the same as that in the molten steel. However, unlike those in molten steel, the inclusions were Ca–Al–Ti–O + MnS, Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS, and La–Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS in Mg-free, Mg-containing, and La-containing samples, respectively. The inclusions distributed dispersedly in the La-containing sample. In addition, the average size of the inclusions in the La-containing sample was the smallest, while the number density of inclusions was the highest. The size of effective inclusions (nucleus of AF formation) was mainly in the range of 1–3 μm. In addition, the content of ferrite side plates (FSP) decreased, while the percentage of AF increased by 16.2% due to the increase in the number of effective inclusions in the La-containing sample in this study.     

具有良好可再生性的新型二氧化硅磁性氧化石墨烯纳米复合材料

Graphene oxide (GO) wrapped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by coating the Fe₃O₄ NPs with a SiO₂ layer, and then modifying by amino groups, which interact with the GO nanosheets to form covalent bonding. The SiO₂ coating layer plays a key role in integrating the magnetic nanoparticles with the GO nanosheets. The effect of the amount of SiO₂ on the morphology, structure, adsorption, and regenerability of the composites was studied in detail. An appropriate SiO₂ layer can effectively induce the GO nanosheets to completely wrap the Fe₃O₄ NPs, forming a core-shell Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO composite where Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ NPs are firmly encapsulated by GO nanosheets. The optimized Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO sample exhibits a high saturated adsorption capacity of 253 mg·g?1 Pb(II) cations from wastewater, and the adsorption process is well fitted by Langmuir adsorption model. Notably, the composite displays excellent regeneration, maintaining a ~90% adsorption capacity for five cycles, while other samples decrease their adsorption capacity rapidly. This work provides a theoretical guidance to improve the regeneration of the GO-based adsorbents.     

摩擦焊接碳钢（EN24）和镍基高温合金（IN718）的显微组织和力学性能

Continuous-drive rotary friction welding was performed to join cylindrical specimens of carbon steel (EN24) and nickel-based superalloy (IN718), and the microstructures of three distinct weld zones—the weld interface (WI)/thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), the heat-affected zone (HAZ), and the base metal—were examined. The joint was observed to be free of defects but featured uneven flash formation. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis showed substantial changes in high-angle grain boundaries, low-angle grain boundaries, and twin boundaries in the TMAZ and HAZ. Moreover, significant refinement in grain size (2–5 μm) was observed at the WI/TMAZ with reference to the base metal. The possible causes of these are discussed. The microhardness profile across the welded joint shows variation in hardness. The changes in hardness are ascribed to grain refinement, phase transformation, and the dissolution of strengthening precipitates. The tensile test results reveal that a joint efficiency of 100% can be achieved using this method.     

汽车暴露面板带有表面条状缺陷的夹杂物分布特征分析:一种定量电解方法

The specific distribution characteristics of inclusions along with the sliver defect were analyzed in detail to explain the formation mechanism of the sliver defect on the automobile exposed panel surface. A quantitative electrolysis method was used to compare and evaluate the three-dimensional morphology, size, composition, quantity, and distribution of inclusions in the defect and non-defect zone of automobile exposed panel. The Al₂O₃ inclusions were observed to be aggregated or chain-like shape along with the sliver defect of about 3–10 μm. The aggregation sections of the Al₂O₃ inclusions are distributed discretely along the rolling direction, with a spacing of 3–7 mm, a length of 6–7 mm, and a width of about 3 mm. The inclusion area part is 0.04%–0.16% with an average value of 0.08%, the inclusion number density is 40 mm?2 and the inclusion average spacing is 25.13 μm. The inclusion spacing is approximately 40–160 μm, with an average value of 68.76 μm in chain-like inclusion parts. The average area fraction and number density of inclusions in the non-defect region were reduced to about 0.002% and 1–2 mm?2, respectively, with the inclusion spacing of 400 μm and the size of Al₂O₃ being 1–3 μm.     

在酸性溶液中加压氧化三价砷离子和二价铁离子

The co-oxidation of As(III) and Fe(II) in acidic solutions by pressured oxygen was studied under an oxygen pressure between 0.5 and 2.0 MPa at a temperature of 150°C. It was confirmed that without Fe(II) ions, As(III) ions in the solutions are virtually non-oxidizable by pressured oxygen even at a temperature as high as 200°C and an oxygen pressure up to 2.0 MPa. Fe(II) ions in the solutions did have a catalysis effect on the oxidation of As(III), possibly attributable to the production of such strong oxidants as hydroxyl free radicals (OH·) and Fe(IV) in the oxidation process of Fe(II). The effects of such factors as the initial molar ratio of Fe(II)/As(III), initial pH value of the solution, oxygen pressure, and the addition of radical scavengers on the oxidation efficiencies of As(III) and Fe(II) were studied. It was found that the oxidation of As(III) was limited in the co-oxidation process due to the accumulation of the As(III) oxidation product, As(V), in the solutions.     

活化天然矿石选择性还原二氧化碳为无定形碳

Natural magnetite formed by the isomorphism substitutions of transition metals, including Fe, Ti, Co, etc., was activated by mechanical grinding followed by H₂ reduction. The temperature-programmed reduction of hydrogen (H₂-TPR) and temperature-programmed surface reaction of carbon dioxide (CO₂-TPSR) were carried out to investigate the processes of oxygen loss and CO₂ reduction. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that the stability of spinel phases and oxygen-deficient degree significantly increased after natural magnetite was mechanically milled and reduced in H₂ atmosphere. Meanwhile, the activity and selectivity of CO₂ reduction into carbon were enhanced. The deposited carbon on the activated natural magnetite was confirmed as amorphous. The amount of carbon after CO₂ reduction at 300°C for 90 min over the activated natural magnetite was 2.87wt% higher than that over the natural magnetite.     

含钛高炉炉渣微波合成碳化钛及其介电性能测定

The preparation of functional material titanium carbide by the carbothermal reduction of Ti-bearing blast furnace slag with microwave heating is an effective method for valuable metals recovery; it can alleviate the environmental pressure caused by slag stocking. The dynamic dielectric parameters of Ti-bearing blast furnace slag/pulverized coal mixture under high-temperature heating are measured by the cylindrical resonant cavity perturbation method. Combining the transient dipole and large π bond delocalization polarization phenomena, the interaction mechanism of the microwave macroscopic non-thermal effect on the titanium carbide synthesis reaction was revealed. The material thickness range during microwave heating was optimized by the joint analysis of penetration depth and reflection loss, which is of great significance to the design of the microwave reactor for the carbothermal reduction of Ti-bearing blast furnace slag.     

用于高速网络安全协处理器的抗功耗攻击AES算法引擎设计

为提高密码算法芯片抵抗侧信道攻击,尤其是功耗攻击技术的能力,针对一款用于高速网络安全协处理器中的AES(高级加密标准)算法引擎,采用了软件级数据掩模方法进行了抗功耗攻击的电路设计。该设计中的AES算法引擎的原始模块是一种加解密共用S-box的结构,采用2种完全不同的方法实现了抗功耗攻击电路:一种采用SRAM(static random access memory)方式来实现数据掩盖,另一种基于硬件复制方式。通过产生随机功耗或虚假功耗以掩盖实际功耗与加解密数据运算之间的关系。使用功耗仿真软件PrimePower进行仿真的结果表明,未加保护的电路在1 000条功耗曲线内就可以被攻破,采用了本设计的电路可以抵抗10 000条以上的功耗曲线,可见AES算法引擎的安全性有显著的提高。经FPGA(field programmable gate array)验证,证明本文提出的2种设计均是可行的。     

Switched-mode AGC circuits with internally created reset module for burst-mode unbalanced data optical receiver

This paper presents an innovative switched-mode auto gain control (AGC) circuit with internally created reset module for DC-10Mb/s burst-mode unbalanced (BMU) optical data transmission.Conventional AGC circuit is inappropriate for BMU data transmission because it is based on average level detection and requires considerable time to settle on a predefined gain.Therefore,we adopt a fast switched-mode AGC based on peak level detection.After the gain is adjusted,the peak level detectors need to re-detect the peak level of the input signal.Thus,we develop an internally created reset module.This AGC with reset module exhibits a fast operation and achieves an adjusted stable gain within one-bit,avoiding any bit loss up to 10Mb/s data rate.During power-up,the peak level detectors possibly hold an uncertain level resulting in the bit-errors.We propose a power-up reset circuit to solve this problem.Designed in a 0.5 μm CMOS technology,the circuit achieves an optical sensitivity of better than - 30dBm and a wide dynamic range of over 30dB with a power dissipation of only 30 mW from a 5V supply.     

基于PSPICE的光接收机电路设计与仿真

文章基于PSPICE通用软件,设计了一个由金属-半导体-金属Schottky势垒光探测器(MSM-PD)组成的GaAs光接收机电路,并对其进行了电路级仿真,仿真结果显示达到了设计目的。     

软开关的单开关三相功率因数校正整流器的研究

提出了一种零电流开关结构的单开关管的三相升压功率因数校正整流器 .软开关动作可用低功率的辅助电路来实现 .文中分析了ZCT电路的工作原理 ,给出了电路设计的准则 ,并对一个1kW、50kHz的整流器进行了仿真 .结果显示总谐波失真小于 9% .     

A low-cost compact AES architecture for wireless sensor network

The implementation of small size cryptography algorithm is a critical problem for wireless sensor network. A low cost compact intellectual property (IP) core of the entire advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm for wireless sensor network is presented in this paper. A compact encryption and decryption system using only four sharing S-Boxes is obtained, employing sharing between the encryption and decryption processes. Our design proposes use of composite field data path for the SubBytes and InvSubBytes transformations. With an implementation of the AES block cipher with Virtex Ⅱ Pro FPGA using 0.13μm and 90nm process technology, our area optimized consumes 16.8k equivalent gates. The speed of this implementation is also reduced to 0.45Gbits/s. Compared with previous implementations, our design achieves significant low-cost area with acceptable throughput.     

电力系统故障时静止无功发生器的运行分析

静止无功发生器 (ASVG)在电力系统投运之后 ,为了协调装置自身安全及其对系统贡献二者之间的关系 ,必须深入研究系统在故障情况下对 ASVG的影响。用对称分量法给出了电力系统故障期间 ASVG的等效电路。对电路中的主要参数进行了分析。在理论分析的基础上 ,指出了在对称调制方式下 ,通过控制器可以调节流过装置的正序电流以及直流侧电容电压的直流分量 ,而流过装置的负序和零序电流以及直流侧电压的交流分量和装置主电路的参数及其变压器与系统的连接方式有关。     

Low-Power CMOS VCO with Dual-Band Local Oscillating Signal Outputs for 5/2. 5-GHz WLAN Transceivers

The paper describes a novel low-power CMOS voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with dual-band local oscillating (LO) signal outputs for 5/2. 5-GHz wireless local area network (WLAN) transceivers. The VCO is based on an on-chip symmetrical spiral inductor and a differential varactor. The 2. 5-GHz quadrature LO signals are generated using the injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD) technique. The ILFD structure is similar to the VCO structure with its wide tracking range. The design tool ASITIC was used to optimize all on-chip symmetrical inductors. The power consumption was kept low with differential LC tanks and the ILFD technique. The circuit was implemented in a 0.18-fim CMOS process. Hspice and SpectreRF simulations show the proposed circuit could generate low phase noise 5/2. 5-GHz dual band LO signals with a wide tuning range. The 2. 5-GHz LO signals are quadrature with almost no phase and amplitude errors. The circuit consumes less than 5. 3mW in the tuning range with a power supply voltage of 1     

一种用于脉冲超宽带接收机的0.18-μm CMOS工艺的高增益检波器

设计了一个用于非相干脉冲超宽带接收机的0.18-μm CMOS工艺的能量检波器.该检波器包含了输入匹配模块、平方电路、翻转电压跟随器-电流检测电路、跨导级以及输出缓冲器.平方电路运用饱和区晶体管的平方律特性对输入差分信号进行平方,所得到的输出电流由翻转电压跟随器-电流检测电路转换成电压.跨导级对该信号进行放大并积分得到所接受的能量.测试结果可以看出,当输入信号的峰峰值超过60mV时,在高达300 MHz的频率下检波增益可以达到10 dB.而最小检测幅度为13 mV,此时的检波增益为5 dB.在移除输出缓冲器之后,输出脉冲的幅度将增加一倍.不计及测试焊盘,芯片面积为0.23 mm×0.3 mm.电路由一个1.8 V的电源供电,核心电路电流为3.5 mA.该检波器已成功应用于开关键控方式的接收机以实现高速宽带通信.     

采用在系统可编程逻辑器件实现HDB3编解码

在系统可编程技术是通信专用集成电路设计的一种最新设计方法,它使得数字电路设计、生产良生革命性的变化。     

An asynchronous pipeline architecture for the low-power AES S-box

To obtain a low-power and compact implementation of the advanced encryption standard （AES） S- box, an asynchronous pipeline architecture over composite field arithmetic was proposed in this paper. In the presented S-box, some improvements were made as follows. （1） Level-sensitive latches were inserted in data path to block the propagation Of the dynamic hazards, which lowered the power of data path circuit. （2） Operations of latches were controlled by latch controllers based on presented asynchronous sequence element： LC-element, which utilized static asymmetric C-element to construct a simple and power-efficient circuit structure. （3） Implementation of the data path circuit was a semi-custom standard-cell circuit on 0.25μm complementary mental oxide semiconductor （CMOS） process; and the full-custom design methodology was adopted in the handshake circuit design. Experimental results show that the resulting circuit achieves nearly 46% improvement with moderate area penalty （ 11.7% ） compared with the related composite field S-box in power performance. The presented S-box circuit can be a hardware intelli-gent property （IP） embedded in the targeted systems such as wireless sensor networks （WSN）, smart-cards and radio frequency identification （RFID）.