乙酸戊酯合成条件的优化研究

以硫酸氢钠为催化剂,对以乙酸和正戊醇为原料合成乙酸戊酯的反应条件进行了研究,并分析了醇酸摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间、回流温度诸因素对收率的影响.实验结果表明,硫酸氢钠是合成乙酸戊酯的良好催化剂;最佳反应条件为:乙酸、正戊醇和硫酸氢钠的摩尔比为1∶1.25∶0.04,反应时间为45min,回流温度为112~140℃.满足上述条件酯收率可达96.4%.     

乙酸正丙酯装置回流工艺的优化与生产成本核算

针对传统工艺生产乙酸正丙酯存在反应时间过长、产量低和耗能大等缺点,用Aspen Plus软件模拟计算了3种降低能耗和成本的改进流程.在生产质量分数92.8％的乙酸正丙酯(粗酯)时,与水相回流流程比较,有机相全部回流(方案a)、副塔塔顶出料回流(方案b)和有机相部分回流(方案c)3种流程具有明显的优势,最多可使单位质量粗酯产品能耗降低52.4％.在生产质量分数为98.5％乙酸正丙酯时,从节能和成本两方面考虑,方案a流程是最佳的生产方式,单位质量产品生产成本比方案b和方案c分别降低1.6％和11.4％.     

对甲苯磺酸催化合成二乙酸乙二醇酯

利用对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,由乙二醇和乙酸合成了二乙酸乙二醇酯,当0.2mol乙二醇,0.5mol乙酸,15ml和1.0g催化剂一起加热回流分水1.5小时,酯收率达94.9%.     

硫酸氢钠催化合成二乙酸乙二醇酯

由硫酸氢钠为催化剂 ,由乙二醇和乙酸合成了二乙酸乙二醇酯 .当乙酸、乙二醇和硫酸氢钠的物质比为 3∶ 1∶ 0 .0 2 ,苯为溶剂 ,回流分水 70 min,酯收率达 81.5% .     

磷酸催化合成乙酸乙酯

磷酸能够代替硫酸催化合成乙酸乙酯,在磷酸存在下,由乙醇和乙酸合成了乙酸乙酯,探讨了乙醇、乙酸和磷酸的物质的量之比、反应时间对乙酸乙酯收率的影响.当乙酸、乙醇和磷酸的物质的量之比为1:1.65:0.26,回流1h,乙酸乙酯收率达59.7％.     

Lewis酸催化合成乙酸异丙酯的可行性分析

本文尝试了用结晶三氯化铁作为催化剂用正并交实验法优化设计合成乙酸异丙酯。实验表明结晶三氯化铁催化反应时间短,实验最终确定了最优反应条件为:催化剂用量为4．5g／0．4mol乙酸,回流分水时间为90min,酸醇摩尔比为1:1．5,反应温度为回流分水温度。在最佳条件下,反应的收率可以达到84．2％。     

硫酸氢钠催化合成二乙酸乙二醇酯

由硫酸氢钠为催化剂，由乙二醇和乙酸合成了二乙酸乙二醇酯，当乙酸、乙二醇和硫酸氢钠的物质比为3：1：0.02，苯为溶剂，回流分水70min，酯收率达81.5%。     

油茶根系有机酸提取方法的比较

以油茶根为材料,分别采用甲醇回流提取、甲醇超声、蒸馏水超声等3种方法提取有机酸,并进行HPLC测定。结果表明:在水提和醇提中草酸、酒石酸、琥珀酸无显著性差异,苹果酸、马来酸、柠檬酸等含量均以水提最高。水提回流提取除了乙酸含量其余6种有机酸含量均低于超声提取的。植物根系中有机酸均适合以水提,而乙酸也适合以醇提。     

二、五机部召开无氰电镀座谈会

为了进一步推动无氰电镀技术的推广与应用,五机部曾于六月在京召开了无氰电镀座谈会,有关所、厂介绍了无氰镀锌、无氰镀铜的经验。关于无氰镀锌,目前各厂主要应用氯化氨和氨三乙酸——氯化氨型微酸性镀液。此类镀液的优点是:成份稳定,分散能力好,不要求严格控制温度,外观与结合力基本上符合质量要求。当前存在的主要问题是:镀层具有脆性;钝化膜变色;设备腐蚀。代表们根据自己的实践,对这些问题进行分析。     

硫酸铁催化合成乙酸异戊酯

以乙酸和异戊醇为原料,采用硫酸铁作催化剂来合成乙酸异戊酯.考察了乙酸与异戊醇的物质的量比、催化剂用量及反应时间对乙酸酯化率的影响.结果表明：硫酸铁对合成乙酸异戊酯具有良好的催化活性,酯化反应的最佳条件为：酸醇物质的量比为1：1.3（乙酸用量为0.1mol）,催化剂用量为0.9 g,回流反应1 h,酯化率可达96.69%.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that