井冈山自然保护区猴头杜鹃花种群结构与动态

研究了井冈山国家级自然保护区猴头杜鹃花种群年龄级结构与种群动态.结果表明:井冈山的猴头杜鹃花种群总体属于增长型种群,种群中幼年阶段的个体向成年阶段的发育出现不连续性.该种群的存活曲线属于Deevey-Ⅲ型曲线,低龄级个体的存活率较低,而高龄级个体的存活率则相对较高.其生活史策略表现为r～K连续统上位于r端的对策者.人为干扰将导致种群出现衰退,因此要保持种群的持续发展,减少人为干扰是最重要的措施.     

井冈山自然保护区猴头杜鹃花种群结构与动态

研究了井冈山国家级自然保护区猴头杜鹃花种群年龄级结构与种群动态。结果表明：井冈山的猴头杜鹃花种群总体属于增长型种群，种群中幼年阶段的个体向成年阶段的发育出现不连续性。该种群的存活曲线属于Deevey—Ⅲ型曲线，低龄级个体的存活率较低，而高龄级个体的存活率则相对较高。其生活史策略表现为r-K连续统上位于r端的对策者。人为干扰将导致种群出现衰退，因此要保持种群的持续发展，减少人为干扰是最重要的措施。     

井冈山交让木种群结构与分布格局研究

采用样地调查法,对井冈山交让木种群的结构和分布格局进行了研究.结果表明:井冈山交让木种群Ⅱ级个体数最多,占样地交让木个体数的27.04%,VII级和Ⅷ级个体数最少,各占样地交让木个体数的3.14%,种群结构为金字塔型,属于增长型种群;交让木种群生命期望值基本随径级增加呈递减趋势,I 级个体的死亡率为负值;交让木种群的存活曲线为近直线型,生长较为稳定;交让木种群的分布格局呈集群分布;交让木的种群特征与交让木本身的生物学、生态学特性及其所处的群落环境条件等有密切关系.     

井冈山福建柏种群结构与分布格局的研究

采用样地调查法,对井冈山福建柏的种群结构和分布格局进行了研究。结果表明:井冈山福建柏种群Ⅰ级幼苗数最多,占样地内福建柏个体数的55.00%,III级中龄树和V级老龄树个体数最少,均占样地内福建柏个体数的6.67%,种群结构为金字塔型,属于增长型种群。福建柏种群生命期望值先随径级增加而增加,然后又随径级的增加而递减,Ⅲ级中龄树的死亡率为负值。福建柏种群的存活曲线为近直线型,生长较为稳定。福建柏种群的分布格局呈集群分布。福建柏的种群特征主要由福建柏本身的生物学特性、所处群落的环境条件和群落结构所决定。     

湖南高望界国家级自然保护区雪峰山梭罗种群结构与动态特征

【目的】雪峰山梭罗(Reevesia pubescens var. xuefengensis)为中国特有梭罗树属植物,研究其种群结构与动态特征,分析种群与环境之间的关系,为雪峰山梭罗的保护与利用提供依据。【方法】在湖南高望界国家级自然保护区,采用典型样地调查法对雪峰山梭罗群落进行调查,记录样地内每个雪峰山梭罗个体的胸径、树高、冠幅等指标,根据调查样地得到的数据,进行结构级划分和数量动态量化,编制静态生命表,得到存活曲线、死亡率曲线、消失率曲线、生存函数等,进行生存分析及时间序列预测,对湖南省高望界自然保护区内雪峰山梭罗种群结构及动态特征进行研究。【结果】雪峰山梭罗种群低龄级个体占优势,在向中龄级成长过程中大量死亡;种群对环境的抗干扰能力低,稳定性差;出现3次死亡高峰;符合Deevey-Ⅱ型曲线;动态生存特征整体表现为前期阶段减少、中期阶段较为稳定、后期阶段衰退;时间序列分析预测表明,未来雪峰山梭罗种群个体数量有上升趋势。【结论】该地区雪峰山梭罗种群相对稳定,总体呈增长趋势,如果幼龄级个体存活率不能提高,随时间推移,中龄级个体数得不到很好的补充,种群结构将会发生变化。建议加强该种群的保护应结合环境要素,减少人为干扰,促进其可持续发展。     

江西崇义钟花樱种群年龄结构及种群动态研究

通过分析江西崇义钟花樱(Cerasus serasoidesvar.campannlata)种群的年龄结构、编制静态生命表和绘制存活曲线,得出钟花樱种群的年龄结构主要分布在第Ⅲ和第Ⅳ立木级,个体数量比重占65.1%,这对维持其种群优势有重要意义。幼老年种群株数严重偏少,种群整体呈衰退状态。钟花樱种群数量的存活曲线呈偏正态分布,表明钟花樱幼苗死亡率高,其生境或种子存活率受到限制。因此,建议适度干扰或开辟林窗以利于钟花樱的自然繁衍,并着力对钟花樱种子进行人工采集及繁育试验。     

紫金山南麓枫香种群结构与动态特征

【目的】明晰自然演替下枫香(Liquidambar formosana)种群的数量动态特征，为南京紫金山地区森林的可持续经营提供参考。【方法】以南京紫金山南麓受人为干扰较小的固定样地中枫香种群为研究对象，记录样地内所有枫香个体的胸径、树高、冠幅等指标；根据调查样地内枫香个体胸径的大小，划分为9个径级(以0～7.5 cm径阶为径级Ⅰ,后每间隔5 cm划分径级直至径级Ⅸ),用径级来对应种群个体的龄级，绘制枫香种群年龄结构图，并用结构动态指数定量描述种群数量动态。通过编制植物种群静态生命表，绘制种群存活率、死亡率和消失率曲线，利用生存分析函数和线性平稳时间序列对该种群的结构特征现状及未来变化趋势进行分析和预测。【结果】(1)枫香种群个体年龄结构为“金字塔”型，在干扰下种群整体的龄级结构数量变化指数为0.02,表明种群个体数量在当前演替阶段能够维持正增长。(2)种群存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅰ型，种群个体生存率逐渐下降，死亡率、消失率、累积死亡率和危险率总体上逐渐上升，死亡密度则趋于稳定。(3)时间序列模型的预测结果表明枫香种群能够在未来较长的演替时间内仍呈增长趋势。(4)枫香树在胸径达到≥3...     

濒危植物缙云卫矛种群数量动态分析

运用静态生命表、种群年龄结构图及存活率曲线和死亡率曲线,研究了重庆特有濒危植物缙云卫矛在鸡公山和北温泉后山2个自然种群的数量动态变化过程,揭示了种群龄级的变化规律,预测了种群的发展趋势.结果表明:在这2个种群内,缙云卫矛的幼苗数量都较丰富,可以有效地进行种群更新,其年龄结构基本上呈钟型,属于稳定型的种群.种群的死亡率在9龄以前不高,比较稳定,以后死亡率开始升高,种群个体数急剧减少,到12～13龄时基本达到其最大生理寿命而死亡.通过调查研究发现,导致缙云卫矛濒危的主要原因可能是人为干扰因素以及由此产生的生境破碎化.     

海南濒危植物蕉木种群结构与动态特征

【目的】分析海南濒危植物蕉木的年龄结构和数量动态特征,探讨两种干扰程度下蕉木种群生存现状和动态变化趋势,揭示蕉木种群与环境之间的关系,探索蕉木种群濒临灭绝的原因,为维护和恢复蕉木种群提供依据。【方法】利用典型群落样方法对海南蕉木分布的9个典型样地进行群落学调查,详细记录各样地的海拔、坡度、坡向、林分郁闭度、植被群落等生境指标。同时,调查每个样地内和其他非典型群落分布点蕉木个体的树高、胸径等指标;在对蕉木典型群落组成和结构调查的基础上,将所有蕉木种群个体所在群落分为受人为干扰较强和较弱两种生境进行比较和分析;将蕉木胸径大小划分为7个径级,并以胸径代替龄级来反映种群结构;将龄级与胸径大小级对应,绘制蕉木种群的径级结构图;使用种群动态量化方法编制种群的静态生命表,分析其存活曲线、死亡率曲线等重要参数;运用时间序列模型模拟并推测蕉木种群的数量动态和发展趋势。【结果】①典型蕉木群落中乔木层和灌木层的物种多样性均较高;②两种干扰生境中的蕉木种群年龄结构有所差异,但幼龄和中龄植株总数量均占有一定优势,种群具有一定的恢复潜力;③两种干扰生境的蕉木幼苗数量均较少,Ⅱ龄级呈现衰退趋势,种群自我更新能力较差,对外界的干扰具有较高的敏感性;④种群生存呈Deevey-Ⅱ型存活曲线,曲线呈对角型,各龄级阶段具基本相同的死亡率;⑤人为干扰程度强的生境中蕉木种群存活能力比人为干扰程度弱的生境中低。【结论】人为活动导致的适宜生境地减少和种子自然萌发率低是蕉木种群濒危的主要原因。因此,应加强对蕉木种群及栖息地的保护,保护蕉木现有的成年个体;而对于蕉木植株分布较密集区域,在果实成熟季节应定期采收蕉木种子并加以一定的人工抚育促进种子萌发和幼苗的更新;可通过适当修剪老龄的蕉木个体促进其萌芽,提高开花结实率;对于干扰程度较强生境的蕉木种群应加强植物的保护宣教工作,降低人为干扰;而在干扰程度较弱生境,也应加强对中小径级蕉木个体的人工抚育,促进蕉木种群的自然更新和恢复。     

南充市微尾鼩种群空间分布的研究

利用4种聚集度测定指标和Taylor,Iwao检验法对微尾鼩种群空间分布进行研究.结果表明:微尾鼩种群空间分布格局属于典型的聚集分布,聚集的基本单位为个体群,一个个体群为一个家族,个体群为聚集分布且具有明显领域性.不同月份聚集程度不同,其平均密度与聚集指数呈极显著负相关(r=-0.913,|r|>r0.01,(12-2)=0.7079),表现为高密度、低聚集;低密度、高聚集的分布特征.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the