永磁同步电动机中永磁体的三维涡流分析

有效准确地分析在正弦电压驱动下永磁同步电动机中永磁体的涡流损耗是研究实际电机发热及温升的关键。该文利用有限元方法,建立了场路紧密耦合的三维模型,对一台500 kW/60 H z内嵌式永磁同步电动机进行仿真研究,分析了在三相正弦电压源驱动下的气隙旋转磁场、转矩及考虑时间谐波作用下永磁体的涡流损耗,并阐明了电流的不同谐波分量对永磁体涡流损耗的影响。分析结果表明,轴向分割永磁块能将永磁体中涡流损耗降低至50%,并且减小齿槽谐波电流也能有效地降低永磁体中涡流损耗。     

采用石蜡基粘结剂体系制备注射成形Sm_2Co_(17)永磁体

选择石蜡基热塑性粘结剂,采用粉末注射成形(PIM)工艺制备烧结Sm2Co17永磁体. 粘结剂由PW、HEPE、LEPE、PP和SA组成,通过分析喂料流变性能和磁体残碳含量,确定合适的组元配比(质量比)为PW∶LEPE∶PP∶SA＝7∶1∶1∶1. 在氩气和氢气混合气氛下热脱脂,永磁体的碳、氧含量较低. 最终得到永磁体的磁性能为:剩磁Br=0.51T,内禀矫顽力Hcj=168kA·m-1,最大磁能积BHmax=21.3kJ·m-3. 与传统方法制备的永磁体相比,PIM永磁体退磁曲线的方形度较差,磁性较低. 造成磁体性能较差的原因是残碳的质量分数较高(≥0.33%),较高的碳含量导致磁体中出现高熔点的非磁性相ZrC,使Zr的有效含量降低,片状相和1∶5相体积分数减少,胞状显微组织和微观结构被破坏,磁性能下降. 因此,采用PIM工艺制备高性能烧结钐钴永磁体,其关键是降低磁体中的残余碳含量.     

Effects of the grain alignment on the coercivity and its angular dependence for NdCoFeB permanent magnets

The dependence of the macroscopic magnetism for NdCoFeB permanent magnet on the degree of grain alignment has been studied. With an increase in grain alignment degree, the coercivity of the permanent magnet decreases and the remanence increases. The decrease rate of the coercivity is smaller than the increase rate of the remanence. The coercivity H c(θ) increases with increasing angle θ between the applied field and the texture axis, and for the permanent magnets with good grain alignment the increase rate of H c(θ) is large. These experimental results can be interpreted by using the starting field theory of coercivity.     

永磁体与超导体之间水平间距对磁悬浮力的影响

研究了长方体永磁体与超导体之间不同水平间距对磁悬浮力的影响,当长方体永磁体与超导体之间处于5个不同水平间距时,永磁体组合和长方体永磁体在竖直方向往返运动一次测量磁悬浮力.结果表明,长方体永磁体与超导体之间水平间距从10mm减小到2mm时,最大磁悬浮力从92.3N减小到10.5N,衰减为原来的11.4%.这与永磁体磁场分布和超导体捕获磁通紧密相关,对磁悬浮应用系统设计提供一些可参考的实验依据.     

非稀土金属及合金化合物改性烧结NdFeB磁体的研究进展

研究发现,烧结钕铁硼(NdFeB)磁体的矫顽力(H_C)、腐蚀性与晶界相成分、微观结构息息相关.传统熔炼添加重稀土元素虽可改善晶界相提高磁体的H_C及抗蚀性,但同时也使添加物均匀地分布于主相,引起稀磁效应并使成本增加.通过晶界添加非稀土物质调控磁体晶界相,可优化晶界相微观结构,提高其电极电位及润湿性,从而在磁体H_C和耐蚀性得以改善的同时,降低磁体中重稀土元素的用量及成本.对近些年晶界添加非稀土金属及合金化合物调控烧结NdFeB晶界相成分、微观结构及其对磁体H_C、抗蚀性影响的部分研究进行了归纳.     

高温Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z永磁体的设计原则

为了提出制造具有较高的最高使用温度的高温Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z永磁体的设计要求,根据最高使用温度公式中影响TMO的Hci,TR及β值,提出了高温Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z永磁体的成分设计要求为∶Cu含量高,Fe含量低,Zr含量适当,z值小.用粉末冶金方法分别制造了4种成分不同的合金.其中Cu含量高、Fe含量低、Zr含量适当、z值小的C样品Sm(CobalFe0.1Cu0.08Zr0.03)7永磁体的室温内禀矫顽力Hci为1 830.8 kA/m,温度系数β(20～200 ℃)为-0.20%/℃,估算其使用温度能超过400 ℃;Fe含量高,Cu含量低,z值大的B样品Sm(CobalFe0.2Cu0.06Zr0.02)8.5永磁体的Hci为2 388 kA/m,β为-0.33%/℃(20～200 ℃),其tMO仅为270 ℃;而A,D样品的性能及使用温度介于B与C之间.实验结果表明,Cu含量高、Fe含量低、Zr含量适当、z值小是制造高温Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z永磁体的必要条件.为制造高温Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z永磁体提供了成分设计的参考.     

不同场冷高度对永磁体组合和超导体间电磁作用力的影响

阐述了永磁体与超导体间电磁作用力(悬浮力或吸引力)受永磁体磁场分布和超导体性能等的影响。研究了不同场冷高度对永磁体组合和超导体间电磁作用力的影响,利用永磁体组合和超导体,在77 K温度下测量了二者之间的电磁作用力,场冷高度Zfc分别为60、50、40、30、20、10、5、3、2 mm。结果表明:场冷高度Zfc从60 mm减小到2 mm时最大悬浮力Fmlf从22.3 N减小到7.3 N,最大吸引力Fmaf从0.12 N增加到4.37 N,悬浮力刚度随场冷高度的减小而增大;最大悬浮力在场冷高度60～10 mm缓慢减小,10 mm以下迅速减小;最大吸引力绝对值在场冷高度60～10 mm缓慢增大,10 mm以下迅速增大。     

Sm(CobalFe0.1CuxZr0.033)7.4(x=0.06,0.08,0.10)永磁体的磁性能

以粉末冶金法制备了2∶17型Sm(Cobal Fe0.1 CuxZr0.033)7.4 (x=0.06,0.08,0.10)永磁体,研究了Cu含量对Sm(Cobal Fe0.1CuxZr0.033)7.4永磁合金的退磁曲线、磁能积、矫顽力、矫顽力温度系数等的影响.结果发现,Cu含量超过0.08以后会导致磁体的退磁曲线方形度降低,并进而导致磁体的磁能积降低;同时发现提高Cu含量,有利于提高2∶17型Sm(Cobal Fe0.1CuxZr0.033)74永磁体的室温及高温500℃的矫顽力,但高Cu含量也会导致矫顽力温度系数增大,使矫顽力在高温下衰减较快,这表明2∶17型SmCo永磁体的矫顽力与Cu元素的微化学成分分布密切相关.     

高温稀土永磁合金Sm_2(Co,Cu,Fe,Zr)_(17)

利用粉末冶金的方法研制了 3种成分为Sm (CobalFe0 .2 4Cu0 .0 8Zr0 .0 2 7) 7.0 ,Sm (CobalFe0 .2 7Cu0 .0 5Zr0 .0 2 7) 7.0 ,Sm(CobalFe0 .2 6Cu0 .0 5Zr0 .0 2 6) 7.0 的高温永磁合金 ,并对其磁性能、温度稳定性和显微结构进行了分析 .研究结果表明 :常温时 ,3种永磁合金都具有较高的磁性能 ,其中 ,合金样品Sm (CobalFe0 .2 7Cu0 .0 5Zr0 .0 2 7) 7.0 的内禀矫顽力 (2 16 5 .6kA·m- 1 )和磁能积 (2 12 .0kA·m- 3 )最大 ;2 0 0℃时 ,3种合金的磁性能降低 ,但仍具有较大值 ;增加Co和Fe的含量 ,可提高材料的剩磁 ,当Zr的含量较大时 ,合金的矫顽力较高 ;3种磁体的温度系数都较低 ,最高使用温度均在 40 0℃以上 ,大大高于一般商用磁体的使用温度 ;增加Sm ,Co ,Cu的含量和减少Fe的含量可以提高材料的温度稳定性 ;合金中含有Sm2 (Co,Fe) 1 7主相、Sm(Co,Cu) 5相、Zr的化合物等 ;Sm(Co,Cu) 5相、单质Zr、晶粒边界等钉扎畴壁 ,使合金具有较高的矫顽力 .     

SmTbCo交换耦合双层膜的制备及特性研究

采用射频磁控溅射方法制备SmTbCo交换耦合双层膜并对其磁特性进行研究．所制备的SmTbCo双层膜,是由饱和磁化强度为340emu／cm^3的富过渡金属读出层和矫顽力为5．80kOe的富稀土写入层构成．通过交换耦合,具有大的饱和磁化强度SmTbCo读出层的矫顽力,可以由1．85kOe提高到5．96kOe．双层薄膜的交换耦合及其在外场中的磁化行为,可以由微磁模型得到合理的解释．     

High-temperature metal-organic magnets

For over two decades there have been intense efforts aimed at the development of alternatives to conventional magnets, particularly materials comprised in part or wholly of molecular components. Such alternatives offer the prospect of realizing magnets fabricated through controlled, low-temperature, solution-based chemistry, as opposed to high-temperature metallurgical routes, and also the possibility of tuning magnetic properties through synthesis. However, examples of magnetically ordered molecular materials at or near room temperature are extremely rare, and the properties of these materials are often capricious and difficult to reproduce. Here we present a versatile solution-based route to a new class of metal-organic materials exhibiting magnetic order well above room temperature. Reactions of the metal (M) precursor complex bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel with three different organics A-TCNE (tetracyanoethylene), TCNQ (7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane) or DDQ (2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone)--proceed via electron transfer from nickel to A and lead to materials containing Ni(II) ions and reduced forms of A in a 2:1 Ni:A ratio--that is, opposite to that of conventional (low Curie temperature) MA(2)-type magnets. These materials also contain oxygen-based species within their architectures. Magnetic characterization of the three compounds reveals spontaneous field-dependent magnetization and hysteresis at room temperature, with ordering temperatures well above ambient. The unusual stoichiometry and striking magnetic properties highlight these three compounds as members of a class of stable magnets that are at the interface between conventional inorganic magnets and genuine molecule-based magnets.     

热处理工艺对Nd·Pr-Fe-B永磁合金组织形态和矫顽力的影响

在制取适当成分的钕铁硼永磁合金的基础上,研究了退火温度、退火时间与退欠级数对合金组织形态与矫顽力的影响。运用粉末冶金液相烧结理论和热处理原理,解释了不同退火温度对合金组织与性能所造成的差别,初步确定了富钕液相对主相表面的润湿关系,同时依据组织的变化探讨了矫顽力机理,从而指出,要形成具有高矫顽力的组织,就必须进行多级退火。本实验还首次发现,在共晶温度下过长时间的退火会导致富钕相聚集成团。通过研究,笔者提出了一套实用的热处理工艺。     

氧对Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z永磁体性能和显微组织的影响

研究了氧对Sm(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr)z永磁体性能的影响,并借助SEM、EDS和TEM等方法分析了永磁体的显微组织变化,讨论了影响磁体性能的原因.结果表明:在氧含量不高时(质量分数＜0.32%)对磁性能的影响不明显,永磁体具有良好的磁性能;在0.32%～0.4%时,随氧含量的增加磁性能开始下降;氧含量大于0.4%后,磁性能急剧恶化;当大于0.7%后,磁性能基本消失.随着氧含量的增加,磁体的晶粒尺寸减小,以Sm2O3为主的白色析出物增多.非磁性相的增多和有效Sm含量的减少是影响磁性能的主要原因.     

高温稀土永磁合金Sm2(Co,Cu,Fe,Zr)17

利用粉末冶金的方法研制了3种成分为Sm(Cobal Fe0.24 Cu0.08 Zr0.027)70,Sm(Cobal Fe0.27 Cu0.05 Zr0.027)7.0,Sm(Cobal Fe0.36 Cu0.05 Zr0.026)7.0的高温永磁合金,并对其磁性能、温度稳定性和显微结构进行了分析.研究结果表明常温时,3种永磁合金都具有较高的磁性能,其中,合金样品Sm(Cobal Fe0.27 Cu0.05 Zr0.027)7.0的内禀矫顽力(2 165.6kA.m-1)和磁能积(212.0 kA.m-3)最大;200℃时,3种合金的磁性能降低,但仍具有较大值;增加Co和Fe的含量,可提高材料的剩磁,当Zr的含量较大时,合金的矫顽力较高;3种磁体的温度系数都较低,最高使用温度均在400℃以上,大大高于一般商用磁体的使用温度;增加Sm,Co,Cu的含量和减少Fe的含量可以提高材料的温度稳定性;合金中含有Sm2(Co,Fe)17主相、Sm(Co,Cu)5相、Zr的化合物等;Sm(Co,Cu)5相、单质Zr、晶粒边界等钉扎畴壁,使合金具有较高的矫顽力.     

Quantum computing in molecular magnets

Shor and Grover demonstrated that a quantum computer can outperform any classical computer in factoring numbers and in searching a database by exploiting the parallelism of quantum mechanics. Whereas Shor's algorithm requires both superposition and entanglement of a many-particle system, the superposition of single-particle quantum states is sufficient for Grover's algorithm. Recently, the latter has been successfully implemented using Rydberg atoms. Here we propose an implementation of Grover's algorithm that uses molecular magnets, which are solid-state systems with a large spin; their spin eigenstates make them natural candidates for single-particle systems. We show theoretically that molecular magnets can be used to build dense and efficient memory devices based on the Grover algorithm. In particular, one single crystal can serve as a storage unit of a dynamic random access memory device. Fast electron spin resonance pulses can be used to decode and read out stored numbers of up to 105, with access times as short as 10-10 seconds. We show that our proposal should be feasible using the molecular magnets Fe8 and Mn12.     

Exchange-coupled nanocomposite magnets by nanoparticle self-assembly

Exchange-spring magnets are nanocomposites that are composed of magnetically hard and soft phases that interact by magnetic exchange coupling. Such systems are promising for advanced permanent magnetic applications, as they have a large energy product--the combination of permanent magnet field and magnetization--compared to traditional, single-phase materials. Conventional techniques, including melt-spinning, mechanical milling and sputtering, have been explored to prepare exchange-spring magnets. However, the requirement that both the hard and soft phases are controlled at the nanometre scale, to ensure efficient exchange coupling, has posed significant preparation challenges. Here we report the fabrication of exchange-coupled nanocomposites using nanoparticle self-assembly. In this approach, both FePt and Fe3O4 particles are incorporated as nanometre-scale building blocks into binary assemblies. Subsequent annealing converts the assembly into FePt-Fe3Pt nanocomposites, where FePt is a magnetically hard phase and Fe3Pt a soft phase. An optimum exchange coupling, and therefore an optimum energy product, can be obtained by independently tuning the size and composition of the individual building blocks. We have produced exchange-coupled isotropic FePt-Fe3Pt nanocomposites with an energy product of 20.1 MG Oe, which exceeds the theoretical limit of 13 MG Oe for non-exchange-coupled isotropic FePt by over 50 per cent.     

纳米Si薄膜的光致发光模型

报导了纳米Ｓｉ 薄膜材料的光致发光现象．并根据纳米Ｓｉ 在１ ．６３ｅＶ 的发光峰值,讨论了发光与纳米微粒尺寸的关系,提出了一个模型,该模型能解释纳米Ｓｉ 光致发光现象,并研究了光致发光与限制激子的关系．