甘肃祁连山鸟类区系研究

作者于１９８５－１９８７、１９９２－１９９４年间对甘肃祁连山的鸟类进行了专项调查，经事理鉴定出１２８种另１１亚种。本地区文献有记录但未能采到的鸟类计有５４种另６亚种。据此，本地区鸟类总计１８２种另１７亚种，隶属于１４日３３科１０４属。在鸟类总数中已确定的繁殖鸟有１５５种，其中属古北界有１１３种，占繁殖鸟类总数的７２．９％；属东洋界的仅２种，占１．３％；两界兼有４０种，占２５．８％。显然古北界种类占     

花鼠种群生态学研究(Ⅱ)——繁殖特征

报道了山西省隰县地区花鼠（Ｅｕｔａｍｉａｓｓｉｂｉｒｉｃｕｓ）种群的繁殖特征．对繁殖期、年繁殖次数、性成熟速率，不同年龄组的性比、怀孕率、胎仔数和繁殖指数等做了分析研究．花鼠种群的总性比（♀／♂）为１．０７，雌性略多于雄性，但是也随季节和年龄的不同而变化．刚出生的仔鼠性比为１．００，而幼年组则升为１．４１，到成年组Ⅰ、Ⅱ组则降为０．９２和０．８８，老年组则为１．３３，说明雌性仔鼠的成活率较高，怀胎、产仔等行为会增加成年雌鼠的死亡率，但雌鼠比雄鼠寿命长．花鼠年繁殖一次，交配、妊娠时间在３月－６月上旬．当年鼠越冬后（从出生开始计算月龄１０个月左右）参与繁殖．成年Ⅱ组繁殖力最强，繁殖指数（５．５０）高于成年Ⅰ组（４．１７）和老年组（４．１６）．花鼠胎仔数３～７只，平均为５．０４±０．１３只．     

企鹅珍珠贝个体发生及人工育苗的研究

对企鹅珍珠贝胚胎及幼虫发生进行了显微观察．发现企鹅珍珠贝幼苗发生过程与其它双壳类相似．受精后,５５ｍｉｎ开始第 １次卵裂,其后为囊胚期和担轮幼虫期,在水温（２７±１）℃,２４ｈ出现Ｄ形幼虫,７ｄ进入壳顶幼虫期,２０ｄ成为眼点幼虫,大约在受精后２４ｄ变态和附着．文中还对幼苗培育过程的养殖管理及生产化人工育苗的有关问题进行了探讨．     

南极企鹅数量识别及变化趋势分析——基于无人机航拍的高分辨率影像

南极企鹅是南大洋环境变化的"生物指示剂",研究南极典型地区企鹅栖息地分布与种群数量,将为探讨气候变化对企鹅影响及气候变化条件下企鹅物种保护提供基础数据及理论指导.高分辨率无人机航拍技术为企鹅遥感识别提供了重要技术支撑,本文以南极半岛的阿德雷岛、拜尔斯半岛以及中山站附近的企鹅岛为研究对象,基于固定翼无人机航拍影像,采用面向对象法提取了企鹅数量与分布状况,并结合历史资料分析了南极典型区域企鹅数量变化趋势.结果表明,阿德雷岛、拜尔斯半岛和企鹅岛的企鹅总数分别为5 063、3 260和982对,识别精度分别为87%、98%和91%.结合历史资料发现,阿德雷岛企鹅数量总体呈现增长趋势,基于2016年无人机遥感识别的企鹅数量与10年前企鹅总数基本持平,企鹅聚集区主要分布在海拔较低的东部沿海地区;阿德雷岛主要企鹅类型是金图企鹅(Pygoscelis papua),数量呈逐渐升高的趋势,而对海冰较为依赖的阿德利企鹅(Pygoscelis adeliae)呈现下降的趋势.拜尔斯半岛帽带企鹅(Pygoscelis antarctica)逐渐减少,金图企鹅数量则在增加.发展南极典型区域长时间序列无人机航拍企鹅栖息地技术与企鹅数量识别方法对完善企鹅制图意义重大.     

企鹅取暖大有学问

在南极，企鹅为了取暖挤在一起，可是最外边的企鹅不是更冷吗？现在研究者发现，企鹅会进行一种周期性的波动运动，这种摇摆运动十分微妙，每只企鹅都有机会移动到温暖的中心区域。在这种生存行为中，企鹅们相当地无私、利他。     

雷公藤内酯甲和异雷公藤内脂甲共结晶的晶体结构

雷公藤酯甲和异雷公藤酯甲共结晶的晶体结构被直接法测定。晶体的空间群为Ｐ２１２１２１晶胞参数α＝１．２９９（３）ｎｍ，ｂ＝１．５９００（３）ｎｍ，ｃ＝１．１１４３（３）ｎｍ，Ｖｃ＝２．５３３（１）ｎｍ３；Ｚ＝４，Ｄｃ＝１．１９ｇ／ｃｍ３，Ｆ（０００）＝１０００，μ（Ｍｏ－ｋａ）＝０．６９ｃｍ－１用Ⅰ≥３σ（Ⅰ）的１６８１个反射修正结构，最后的Ｒ＝０．０６６．晶体中２种分子是由于Ｃ３－Ｏ３α型和Ｃ３－Ｏ３β型的不同，它们采用统计分布。     

企鹅图诱导B介子衰变过程中的弱电企鹅图效应

从次邻头阶低能有效哈密顿及ＢＳＷ方案出发，研究了企鹅图诱导的Ｂ介子两体非轻弱衰变过程中弱电企鹅图效应。通过计算发现，对于ＰＰ和ＰＶ末态，凡是涉及到外企鹅图的过程，弱电企鹅效应不可忽略，甚至占主导及统治地位，此结论同样适用于Ｂ介子其它非粲弱衰变过程。     

企鹅山群火山岩的地球化学特征和构造环境

目的研究东天山地区企鹅山群火山岩形成的构造环境。方法采用元素地球化学方法。结果东天山地区广泛分布的石炭纪企鹅山群火山岩为拉斑系列火山岩,基性火山岩稀土分配型式表现为LREE富集型,Hf/Th值为3.04~8.28,Ce/Nb值为6.09~7.4;在微量元素构造环境判别图上,基性熔岩均位于板内玄武岩区。结论东天山企鹅山群火山岩形成于大陆裂谷环境。     

藏山羊生长发育及繁殖性能研究

在青藏高原测定高原型和山谷型藏山羊的生长发育和繁殖性能。高原型藏山羊初生重为１．５３±０，１ｋｇ、母羔为１．４１±０．１ｋｇ，２月龄断奶体重公羔为８．８４±１．４１ｋｇ母羔为８．７１±２．１２ｋｇ，周岁公羊为１２．２０±３．２０ｋｇ，母羊为１０．４０±３．１２ｋｇ，成年公羊为２４．０±６．９ｋｇ，母羊为２１．６±３．８２ｋｇ；山谷型藏山羊相应为１．６４±０．３０ｋｇ，１．５６±０．３０ｋｇ，６．４９±１．２７ｋｇ，６．３３±１．１２ｋｇ，１５．５２±２．７６ｋｇ，１４．８６±３．１３ｋｇ，２７．６０±７．７８ｋｇ，２３．２３±４．１８ｋｇ．藏山羊体格较小，高原型大于山谷型。藏山羊的繁殖规律受分布地区气候的影响。在高寒地区高原型藏山羊母羊８～１０月龄出现性行为，初配年龄１８月龄。在气候温暖地区山谷型藏山羊４～６月龄出现性行为，初配年龄８～９月龄。高原型藏山羊发情周期为１４～２０天，发情持续期为１～３天，妊娠期１４５～１５９天，产羔率为８５．６１％，繁殖成活率５４．２４％；山谷型藏山羊相应为１５～２３天、２～４天、１３６～１５７天、１３５．５３％、和１１８．４２％。     

酵母菌多糖对肉鸡促长增重的作用

酵母菌多糖（ＹＰＳ）是一种具有生物活性的新型微生态调节剂。用适量的ＹＰＳ对肉鸡进行肌注和饮服，均可使鸡增重，在喂给含喹乙醇添加剂的全价商品饲料中，１－２组（饮服ＹＰＳ剂量为２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）和３－４组（肌注ＹＰＳ剂量为２ｍｇ／只）肉鸡的增重效果显著，分别为４．００％和３．４５％；在喂给不含喹乙醇添加剂的全价商品饲料中，２－２组（饮服ＹＰＳ剂量为４０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）和２－３组（肌注ＹＰＳ剂量为２ｍｇ／只）肉鸡的增重效果显著，分别为６．３０％６．０３％。此外，２－２组的肉料比最低（１：２．０８），饲料报酬比对照组提高６．７２％。     

Population dynamics of Pygoscelis penguins(1980–2012) and penguin dropping records(1916–2001) on Ardley Island of West Antarctica,in response to ENSO

El Nio-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)has affected penguins and their habitats in the western Antarctic Peninsula.We used both historical penguin population dynamics data(1980–2012)and sedimentary lipids in penguin droppings(1916–2001)on Ardley Island to examine the responses of the Antarctic ecosystem to ENSO(El Nin o/La Nin a)events.The results showed that during the last 30 years,climate,marine food chain changes,and human activity have significantly affected penguin population sizes on Ardley Island.The Chinstrap(Pygoscelis antarctica)and Ade′lie(P.adeliae)penguin populations showed a good correlation with ENSO events.The Chinstrap penguin population decreased significantly because it was more sensitive to increasing human disturbance(e.g.,scientific activity and tourism)than Ade′lie and Gentoo(P.papua),particularly during the breeding season.Compositional features of n-alkanes in penguin dropping sediments revealed that organic matter came from lower terrestrial plants,bacteria and algae.C23was the main nalkane heavy hydrocarbon indicating mosses and lichens in the penguin’s diet.Variation in the ratio of nC23/nC17was closely correlated with ENSO events.The bacteria intrusion index(ratio of(iC15:0?aC15:0)/nC15:0for fatty acids)reflected significant increases in microorganism activity during several periods in this area.Meanwhile,the CPIA value for fatty acids decreased because micro-organisms contributed light hydrocarbon fatty acids to penguin droppings.Our results showed that the fine structure and molecular indices of fatty acids and n-alkanes in penguin dropping sediments can be used to explain climate-driven microbial processes,and to reveal the important role that microbes and bacteria play in the relatively simple Antarctic ecosystem.     

南极典型鸟类骨骼中的Ca、P、Sr的含量及Ca/P和Ca/Sr特征

应用同步辐射加速器X荧光技术(SR-XRF)和原子荧光光谱(AFS)对南极雪海燕(Pagodroma nivea)、贼鸥(Catharacta maccormicki)和三种典型企鹅(阿德利企鹅PygoscelisAdeliae、南极企鹅Pygoscelis antarctica、金图企鹅Pygoscelis gentoo)的新鲜翅骨和腿骨以及沉积物中的残骨进行微区扫描和定量分析,并使用AXIL软件对扫描图谱进行解读,获取骨骼中主要元素Ca、P和微量元素Sr的相对含量.元素Ca、P和Sr在骨骼皮质骨不同部位分布不均,Ca/P计数比变异系数为4.7%,Ca/Sr计数比和质量比变异系数都超过了70%.相比其他海鸟,企鹅骨骼中的Sr含量异常偏高,Ca/Sr计数比显著小于其他海鸟骨骼,表明该比值可能是一个识别企鹅和其他海鸟骨骼的替代性指标,并初步探讨了Sr含量异常的原因.     

Paleodietary changes by penguins and seals in association with Antarctic climate and sea ice extent

Positioned near the top of the food web, the dietary composition of Antarctic penguins and seals can be an excellent indicator of the regional food web and thus the status of the marine ecosystem. The dietary composition of modern penguins and seals has been well investigated; a long-term time series of data on penguin and seal diets, however, are rare. Such data, especially any predating the initiation of human harvesting of fish, whales and seals in Antarctica, are crucial for understanding and predicting responses of regional marine food webs to natural climate changes. Here we review recent progress on research of paleodietary change in Antarctic penguins and seals, specifically the Adelie penguin （Pygoscelis adeliae） and Antarctic fur seal （Arctocephalus gazella）. These studies indicate that the dietary changes of penguins correspond quite well with fluctuations in climate and sea ice extent during the Holocene. The depleted δ15N ratios found in modern Adelie penguins support the ＂krill surplus hypothesis＂ in relation to historic human depletion of krilleating fish, seals and whales.     

Reliability of flipper-banded penguins as indicators of climate change

In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change highlighted an urgent need to assess the responses of marine ecosystems to climate change. Because they lie in a high-latitude region, the Southern Ocean ecosystems are expected to be strongly affected by global warming. Using top predators of this highly productive ocean (such as penguins) as integrative indicators may help us assess the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems. Yet most available information on penguin population dynamics is based on the controversial use of flipper banding. Although some reports have found the effects of flipper bands to be deleterious, some short-term (one-year) studies have concluded otherwise, resulting in the continuation of extensive banding schemes and the use of data sets thus collected to predict climate impact on natural populations. Here we show that banding of free-ranging king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) impairs both survival and reproduction, ultimately affecting population growth rate. Over the course of a 10-year longitudinal study, banded birds produced 41% [corrected] fewer chicks and had a survival rate 16 percentage points [corrected] lower than non-banded birds, demonstrating a massive long-term impact of banding and thus refuting the assumption that birds will ultimately adapt to being banded. Indeed, banded birds still arrived later for breeding at the study site and had longer foraging trips even after 10?years. One of our major findings is that responses of flipper-banded penguins to climate variability (that is, changes in sea surface temperature and in the Southern Oscillation index) differ from those of non-banded birds. We show that only long-term investigations may allow an evaluation of the impact of flipper bands and that every major life-history trait can be affected, calling into question the banding schemes still going on. In addition, our understanding of the effects of climate change on marine ecosystems based on flipper-band data should be reconsidered.     

嵊泗列岛岩相潮间带底栖生物种类组成及区系特点

１９９３年４月至１９９４年１月，对嵊泗列岛岩相潮间带底栖生物进行调查。对该区域内的生物种类及区系特点做了概述与分析     

Human population in the biodiversity hotspots

Biologists have identified 25 areas, called biodiversity hotspots, that are especially rich in endemic species and particularly threatened by human activities. The human population dynamics of these areas, however, are not well quantified. Here we report estimates of key demographic variables for each hotspot, and for three extensive tropical forest areas that are less immediately threatened. We estimate that in 1995 more than 1.1 billion people, nearly 20% of world population, were living within the hotspots, an area covering about 12% of Earth's terrestrial surface. We estimate that the population growth rate in the hotspots (1995-2000) is 1.8% yr(-1), substantially higher than the population growth rate of the world as a whole (1.3% yr(-1)) and above that of the developing countries (1.6% yr(-1)). These results suggest that substantial human-induced environmental changes are likely to continue in the hotspots and that demographic change remains an important factor in global biodiversity conservation. The results also underline the potential conservation significance of the continuing worldwide declines in human fertility and of policies and programs that influence human migration.     

河北省皿蛛一新记录种记述

本文记述了河北省皿蛛科微蛛亚科一新记录种：淀江葡蛛Loghommayodoensisoi，1960。     

厦门海滨湿地鸟类的研究(1999～2000)

1999年7月至2000年5月对厦门海滨湿地12个样区鸟类的种类和数量进行了调查。结果显示：厦门海滨湿地鸟类共有21科77种.其优势种有白鹭（Egretta garzetta)、黑腹滨鹬（Calidris alpina)、环颈Liao（Caradrius alexandrinus)、普通颅鹚（Phalacrocorax carbo)、凤头潜鸭（Aythya ferina)和红嘴鸥（Larus ridibundus)。常见种有白鹭（Egretta garzetta)、池鹭（Ardeola bacchus) 、环颈Liao(Charadrius alexandrinus)和肌鹬（Tringa hypoleucos)。在厦门的滨海湿地鸟类组成中，有小杓鹬(Numenius minutus)、黄嘴白鹭（Egretta eulophotes)、黑嘴鸥（Larus saundersi)和小青脚鹬（Tringa guttifer)4种国际濒危鸟类，有14种国家2级保护鸟类。本次调查第一次发现白脸鹭在中国的新记录。本文对厦门滨海湿地鸟类的地理区系、居留情况以及种群数量季节变动也进行分析讨论。     

厦门滨海湿地鸟类群落多样性研究

秋季对厦门滨海湿地12个样区的鸟类种类和数量进行了调查.结果说明:厦门滨海湿地鸟类共有19科52种.其中,白鹭、环颈、苍鹭、普通鸬鹚和中白鹭为数量优势种,反映出厦门滨海湿地主要作为水鸟的越冬栖息场所.鸟类群落多样性指数以杏林湾水库和湖两个样区较高,分别为3.66和3.35,西堤和高浦的多样性指数较低,分别为1.42和1.17,群落多样性指数的高低主要受物种数量和各物种种群数量均匀度的影响.     

Monitoring the concentration of N2O in the Fildes Peninsula, maritime Antarctica

Gases in the marine boundary layer in Fildes Peninsula, maritime Antarctica were sampled and analyzed for the first time. Sampling sites included areas covered by moss and lichen growth, penguin colonies and an area where scientific research stations are located. A total of 211 samples were analyzed for N2O concentrations, with an average of (321.33±3.07) nL/L. This is above the global average value of 314 nL/L. It is found that the N2O concentrations evidently increase during the summer months. Concentrations around the research stations are higher than at remote areas, indicating a potential source from human activities on the island. N2O concentrations at a large penguin colony on Barton Peninsula are the highest among the sampled areas. This may explain why N2O concentrations in Fildes Peninsula are higher than the global average. Our preliminary conclusions are that human activities and emissions from penguin dropping-amended soil and vegetation soil constitute the major sources of N2O in the maritime Antarctic atmosphere.