A universal scaling relation in high-temperature superconductors

Since the discovery of superconductivity at elevated temperatures in the copper oxide materials there has been a considerable effort to find universal trends and correlations amongst physical quantities, as a clue to the origin of the superconductivity. One of the earliest patterns that emerged was the linear scaling of the superfluid density (rho(s)) with the superconducting transition temperature (T(c)), which marks the onset of phase coherence. This is referred to as the Uemura relation, and it works reasonably well for the underdoped materials. It does not, however, describe optimally doped (where T(c) is a maximum) or overdoped materials. Similarly, an attempt to scale the superfluid density with the d.c. conductivity (sigma(dc)) was only partially successful. Here we report a simple scaling relation (rho(s) proportional, variant sigma(dc)T(c), with sigma(dc) measured at approximately T(c)) that holds for all tested high-T(c) materials. It holds regardless of doping level, nature of dopant (electrons versus holes), crystal structure and type of disorder, and direction (parallel or perpendicular to the copper-oxygen planes).     

Zn元素在高TC氧化物超导体中的作用

元素替代效应是研究高TC氧化物超导体的电子结构、晶体结构变化及宏观物性间相互关联、相互制约的重要途径,是获得高TC超导氧化物的重要手段。本文就高TC氧化物超导体中的Zn元素替代效应,尤其对Y系、Bi系高TC氧化物超导体的CuO2平面上Cu(2)位部分取代,导致TC被强烈抑制的机理进行了分析研究,讨论了从中给出的有关高温氧化物超导电性微观机制的信息。     

Evidence for ubiquitous strong electron-phonon coupling in high-temperature superconductors

Coupling between electrons and phonons (lattice vibrations) drives the formation of the electron pairs responsible for conventional superconductivity. The lack of direct evidence for electron-phonon coupling in the electron dynamics of the high-transition-temperature superconductors has driven an intensive search for an alternative mechanism. A coupling of an electron with a phonon would result in an abrupt change of its velocity and scattering rate near the phonon energy. Here we use angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy to probe electron dynamics-velocity and scattering rate-for three different families of copper oxide superconductors. We see in all of these materials an abrupt change of electron velocity at 50-80 meV, which we cannot explain by any known process other than to invoke coupling with the phonons associated with the movement of the oxygen atoms. This suggests that electron-phonon coupling strongly influences the electron dynamics in the high-temperature superconductors, and must therefore be included in any microscopic theory of superconductivity.     

Coupling strength of charge carriers to spin fluctuations in high-temperature superconductors

In conventional superconductors, the most direct evidence of the mechanism responsible for superconductivity comes from tunnelling experiments, which provide a clear picture of the underlying electron-phonon interactions. As the coherence length in conventional superconductors is large, the tunnelling process probes several atomic layers into the bulk of the material; the observed structure in the current-voltage characteristics at the phonon energies gives, through inversion of the Eliashberg equations, the electron-phonon spectral density alpha2F(omega). The situation is different for the high-temperature copper oxide superconductors, where the coherence length (particularly for c-axis tunnelling) can be very short. Because of this, methods such as optical spectroscopy and neutron scattering provide a better route for investigating the underlying mechanism, as they probe bulk properties. Accurate reflection measurements at infrared wavelengths and precise polarized neutron-scattering data are now available for a variety of the copper oxides, and here we show that the conducting carriers (probed by infrared spectroscopy) are strongly coupled to a resonance structure in the spectrum of spin fluctuations (measured by neutron scattering). The coupling strength inferred from those results is sufficient to account for the high transition temperatures of the copper oxides, highlighting a prominent role for spin fluctuations in driving superconductivity in these materials.     

铜氧化物高温超导体的晶体结构和物理性能研究

阐述了铜氧化物高温超导体的晶体结构 ,指出导电区、蓄电区的划分和电子相图是铜氧化物高温超导体重要的共性特征 .介绍了分块模型及其在研究晶体结合能、弹性模量中的应用 ,对铜氧化物高温超导体结构和性能之间的关系作了探讨 .最后对当前高温超导体研究的几个热点问题及其应用前景予以简介 .     

A hidden pseudogap under the 'dome' of superconductivity in electron-doped high-temperature superconductors

The ground state of superconductors is characterized by the long-range order of condensed Cooper pairs: this is the only order present in conventional superconductors. The high-transition-temperature (high-T(c)) superconductors, in contrast, exhibit more complex phase behaviour, which might indicate the presence of other competing ground states. For example, the pseudogap--a suppression of the accessible electronic states at the Fermi level in the normal state of high-T(c) superconductors-has been interpreted as either a precursor to superconductivity or as tracer of a nearby ground state that can be separated from the superconducting state by a quantum critical point. Here we report the existence of a second order parameter hidden within the superconducting phase of the underdoped (electron-doped) high-T(c) superconductor Pr2-xCe(x)CuO4-y and the newly synthesized electron-doped material La2-xCe(x)CuO4-y (ref. 8). The existence of a pseudogap when superconductivity is suppressed excludes precursor superconductivity as its origin. Our observation is consistent with the presence of a (quantum) phase transition at T = 0, which may be a key to understanding high-T(c) superconductivity. This supports the picture that the physics of high-T(c) superconductors is determined by the interplay between competing and coexisting ground states.     

Observation of entanglement between a single trapped atom and a single photon

An outstanding goal in quantum information science is the faithful mapping of quantum information between a stable quantum memory and a reliable quantum communication channel. This would allow, for example, quantum communication over remote distances, quantum teleportation of matter and distributed quantum computing over a 'quantum internet'. Because quantum states cannot in general be copied, quantum information can only be distributed in these and other applications by entangling the quantum memory with the communication channel. Here we report quantum entanglement between an ideal quantum memory--represented by a single trapped 111Cd+ ion--and an ideal quantum communication channel, provided by a single photon that is emitted spontaneously from the ion. Appropriate coincidence measurements between the quantum states of the photon polarization and the trapped ion memory are used to verify their entanglement directly. Our direct observation of entanglement between stationary and 'flying' qubits is accomplished without using cavity quantum electrodynamic techniques or prepared non-classical light sources. We envision that this source of entanglement may be used for a variety of quantum communication protocols and for seeding large-scale entangled states of trapped ion qubits for scalable quantum computing.     

Inhomogeneity, dynamical symmetry, and complexity in high-temperature superconductors: Reconciling a universal phase diagram with rich local disorder

A model for high-temperature superconductors incorporating antiferromagnetism, d-wave superconductivity, and no double latticesite occupancy can give energy surfaces delicately balanced between antiferromagnetic and superconducting order for specific ranges of doping and temperature. The resulting properties can reconcile a universal cuprate phase diagram with rich inhomogeneity, relate that inhomogeneity to pseudogaps, give a fundamental rationale for giant proximity effects and other emergent behavior, and provide an objective framework to separate essential from peripheral in the superconducting mechanism. high-temperature superconductivity, pseudogap, critical dynamical symmetry, inhomogeneity, complexity, emergent behavior     

Inhomogeneity,dynamical symmetry,and complexity in high-temperature superconductors:Reconciling a universal phase diagram with rich local disorder

A model for high-temperature superconductors incorporating antiferromagnetism,d-wave superconductivity,and no double lattice-site occupancy can give energy surfaces delicately balanced between antiferromagnetic and superconducting order for specific ranges of doping and temperature. The resulting properties can reconcile a universal cuprate phase diagram with rich inhomogeneity,relate that inhomogeneity to pseudogaps,give a fundamental rationale for giant proximity eects and other emergent behavior,and provide an objective framework to separate essential from peripheral in the superconducting mechanism.     

双辊薄带连铸柱状晶组织模拟

鉴于双辊薄带连铸等轴晶区半固态铸轧组织对产品性能的重要性,应用Calcosoft软件中的FE-CA方法对薄带柱状晶组织进行模拟,模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合,实现了柱状晶区的可视化. 应用建立的微观组织模型,研究了三种工艺参数对柱状晶区宽度的影响. 结果表明:随着熔池液面高度的增加,薄带柱状晶区宽度增加;随着浇铸温度和铸辊转速的增加,薄带柱状晶区宽度减小.     

Symmetry-induced formation of antivortices in mesoscopic superconductors

Recent progress in nanotechnology has stimulated interest in mesoscopic superconductors as components for quantum computing and cryoelectronics. The critical parameters for superconductivity (current and field) of a mesoscopic sample are determined by the pattern of vortices in it, which in turn is controlled by the symmetry imposed by the shape of the sample (see ref. 1 and references therein). Hitherto it has been unclear what happens when the number of vortices is not consistent with the natural symmetry. Here we show that additional vortex-antivortex pairs nucleate spontaneously so as to preserve the symmetry of the sample. For example, in a square with three vortices, the spontaneously generated pair, along with the original three vortices, distribute themselves so that the four vortices sit in the four corners, with the antivortex in the centre. The measured superconducting phase boundary (of superconducting transition temperature Tc versus magnetic field strength) is in very good agreement with the calculations, giving direct experimental evidence for these symmetry-induced vortex-antivortex pairs. Vortex entry into the sample is also changed: vortices enter a square in fours, with antivortices generated to preserve the imposed vorticity. The symmetry-induced nucleation of antivortices is not restricted to superconductors, but should also apply to symmetrically confined superfluids and Bose-Einstein condensates.     

驻涡燃烧室内涡系分布研究

为清晰了解驻涡燃烧室内流场的涡系分布,对中心驻体为67%燃烧室当量宽度的驻涡燃烧室流场,在驻涡腔无喷射和有喷射两种状况下分别进行冷态数值模拟,详细研究流场内旋涡分布情况.结果表明:流道前部存在4个影响很小、沿流动方向运动、分布于驻体与端壁角区的螺旋状旋涡;流道后部存在1个由2个旋涡构成、面积较大的回流区;流道中部的驻涡区旋涡情况复杂,在驻涡腔无喷射情况下,主流与驻涡区之间悬挂驻留2个稳定的驻涡,驻涡腔内存在不稳定且数目不确定的旋涡;当驻涡腔前驻体有喷射存在时,驻涡腔内形成4个均匀且稳定的旋涡.     

CsCl和CsBr中自陷态激子的研究

在单电子Ｈａｒｔｒｅｅ－Ｆｏｃｋ近似的基础上采用扩展离子方法研究了ＣｓＣｌ型晶体中自陷态激子（ＳＴＥ）的结构，研究表明ＣｓＣｌ中三重态ＳＴＥ的位形是较强的ｏｆｆ－ｃｅｎｔｅｒ，ＣｓＢｒ中三重态ＳＴＥ的位形是较弱的ｏｆｆ－ｃｅｎｔｅｒ，ＣｓＢｒ中单重态ＳＴＥ的位形是ｏｎ－ｃｅｎｔｅｒ。对ＳＴＥ及Ｆ心的发光研究结果与实验符合较好。     

单轴压强技术在超导研究中的应用

近年来,随着相关技术的快速发展,单轴应变或单轴压强技术在研究非常规超导体中被广泛地应用.在单轴压强或单轴应变研究中,样品沿着某个晶轴的方向发生应变,其物理性质也会发生相应的改变.通过研究这种改变,就可能获得超导或其他序的重要信息.和静水压相比,单轴压强对物理性质的改变主要和对称性有关,这使得单轴压强和单轴应变的研究特别适用于与对称性相关联的物理性质,例如,与旋转对称性相关的电子向列相.更重要的是,单轴压强技术也能够用于超导电性性质的研究.本文将介绍常用的单轴压强和单轴应变装置和技术,并介绍其在铁基超导体和其他超导体中的一些典型应用.表明单轴压强和单轴应变技术在研究电子向列相、超导序参量和其他一些竞争序方面具有独特的优势,并将随着相关技术的发展在超导及其他强关联电子体系研究中发挥更重要的作用.     

超导在现代移动通信系统基站中的应用

在简要介绍现代移动通信系统的基础上．描述了在移动通信系统的基站中高温超导的一个应用事例——高温超导接收机前端。此项应用可以明显提高基站的灵敏度并增强其选择性。     

Electron pockets in the Fermi surface of hole-doped high-Tc superconductors

High-temperature superconductivity in copper oxides occurs when the materials are chemically tuned to have a carrier concentration intermediate between their metallic state at high doping and their insulating state at zero doping. The underlying evolution of the electron system in the absence of superconductivity is still unclear, and a question of central importance is whether it involves any intermediate phase with broken symmetry. The Fermi surface of the electronic states in the underdoped 'YBCO' materials YBa2Cu3O(y) and YBa2Cu4O8 was recently shown to include small pockets, in contrast with the large cylinder that characterizes the overdoped regime, pointing to a topological change in the Fermi surface. Here we report the observation of a negative Hall resistance in the magnetic-field-induced normal state of YBa2Cu3O(y) and YBa2Cu4O8, which reveals that these pockets are electron-like rather than hole-like. We propose that these electron pockets most probably arise from a reconstruction of the Fermi surface caused by the onset of a density-wave phase, as is thought to occur in the electron-doped copper oxides near the onset of antiferromagnetic order. Comparison with materials of the La2CuO4 family that exhibit spin/charge density-wave order suggests that a Fermi surface reconstruction also occurs in those materials, pointing to a generic property of high-transition-temperature (T(c)) superconductors.     

在中空纤维膜中Dean涡降低浓差极化的试验研究

膜污染与浓差极化是不同的概念，两者是相互关联、相互影响的，浓差极化使膜表面被截留组分浓度提高，从而加速了膜污染过程的，而膜污染使部分膜孔堵塞，又会促使局部浓差极化的加剧．因而，膜污染与浓差极化成因果关系，浓差极化是导致膜渗流量下降和分离效率降低的原因．在中空纤维膜中，Dean涡这种不稳定流能有效地将膜靠近膜壁的浓差极化现象大大消除．通过设计一组试验，证明了浓差极化的危害性和Dean涡能较大程度的降低浓差极化．从能耗的观点上说，试验结果表明，有Dean涡存在的编织型中空纤维膜，其能耗低于直线型，其渗透流量和回收率高．图12．参19．     

高温超导体不可逆线的本质

基于 Anderson磁通蠕动模型 ,考虑磁通的反跳对磁通蠕动速度的影响 ,得出了超导体中不可逆线的一般表达式。进一步分析了所得结论与其他类似讨论结果的不同之处 ,认为不可逆线的实质是反映磁通钉扎势中外场 H和温度 T之间的关系 ,而与磁通格子的融化可能没有关系。并给出了验证这种解释是否合理的一种实验方案