Estimation of surface soil moisture from ASAR dual-polarized data in the middle stream of the Heihe River Basin

In this paper, a new approach was introduced to estimate surface soil moisture using alternating polarization (AP) data of advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR). First, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscattering characteristic of bare surface at C band was simulated using advanced integrated equation model (AIEM), and four bare surface backscattering models with different polarization were established. In addition, with simultaneous equations of the former four formulas, the surface roughness was eliminated, and models used to estimate soil moisture on bare surface were derived from simulated multipolarization and multiangle ASAR-AP data. Based on these, the best combination of polarization and incident angle was determined. Finally, soil moisture in the middle stream of the Heihe River Basin was estimated. The field measured data demonstrated that the proposed method was capable of retrieving surface soil moisture for both sparse grassland and homogeneous farmland area.     

基于土壤地形指数和下垫面水文分区的流域模型参数率定

针对流域水文响应会受到地质、地形、地貌、植被、土壤等自然地理因素以及土地利用等下垫面因素综合作用的特点,根据流域下垫面的地理特征进行水文响应分区。借助遥感资料对流域下垫面进行分类并获取土地覆盖/土地利用信息,结合流域土壤类型数据与地形指数推求流域的土壤地形指数。进一步地,利用遥感分类信息和土壤地形指数进行流域的水文分区,率定各个水文分区SCS模型的参数CN值并进行水文模拟,结果表明,屯溪流域21次和东湾流域32次洪水径流模拟相对误差均比传统方法的小。     

新疆阜康土壤微量元素的空间变异分析

运用地统计方法,研究了新疆阜康地区土壤表层微量元素的空间异质性特征.结果表明:4种微量元素的空间异质性主要是结构性因子和随机因子共同作用的结果.土壤微量元素的变异函数均可很好地拟合成高斯模型,块金值和基台值之比均为25%～75%,为中等强度的空间相关性.研究区土壤微量元素质量分数空间变异具有各向异性特征,表现为二阶趋势效应.Moran's I系数分析表明4种微量元素均呈现一定强度的空间自相关关系.土壤微量元素质量分数的等值线图分析表明,不论在什么方向上,土壤微量元素质量分数呈现一定规律分布.     

Contributions of microbial biofilms to ecosystem processes in stream mesocosms

In many aquatic ecosystems, most microbes live in matrix-enclosed biofilms and contribute substantially to energy flow and nutrient cycling. Little is known, however, about the coupling of structure and dynamics of these biofilms to ecosystem function. Here we show that microbial biofilms changed the physical and chemical microhabitat and contributed to ecosystem processes in 30-m-long stream mesocosms. Biofilm growth increased hydrodynamic transient storage-streamwater detained in quiescent zones, which is a major physical template for ecological processes in streams-by 300% and the retention of suspended particles by 120%. In addition, by enhancing the relative uptake of organic molecules of lower bioavailability, the interplay of biofilm microarchitecture and mass transfer changed their downstream linkage. As living zones of transient storage, biofilms bring hydrodynamic retention and biochemical processing into close spatial proximity and influence biogeochemical processes and patterns in streams. Thus, biofilms are highly efficient and successful ecological communities that may also contribute to the influence that headwater streams have on rivers, estuaries and even oceans through longitudinal linkages of local biogeochemical and hydrodynamic processes.     

表面对氢负离子在梯度电场中光剥离的调控研究

利用闭合轨道理论对氢负离子体系在梯度电场和弹性表面附近的光剥离进行了研究,重点探讨了弹性表面对氢负离子在梯度电场中光剥离截面的影响.研究结果表明,氢负离子体系在梯度电场和弹性表面附近的光剥离与弹性表面的位置有关.当弹性表面距离氢负离子的距离比较远时,弹性表面对光剥离截面的影响较小,光剥离截面和只有梯度电场时的截面基本吻合;但是随着弹性表面到氢负离子距离的减小,弹性表面的影响越来越明显,光剥离截面的振荡振幅越来越大.除此之外,我们还对弹性表面位于Z0的空间和位于Z0的空间的情况进行了比较.结果表明,当弹性表面到氢负离子之间的距离给定时,弹性表面位于Z0的空间时的光剥离截面的振荡要比位于Z0的空间的情况要复杂.因此,我们可以通过调整弹性表面的位置对氢负离子在梯度电场中的光剥离进行调控研究.本文的研究对于理解负离子体系在非匀强电场和表面附近的光剥离可以提供一定的参考价值.     

Rapid removal of Chernobyl fallout from Mediterranean surface waters by biological activity

The sinking of particulate organic matter from the euphotic zone is an important pathway for the vertical transport of many elements and organic compounds in the sea. Many natural and artificial radionuclides in surface waters are readily adsorbed onto suspended particles and are presumably scavenged and removed to depth on time scales commensurate with both particle sinking rate and retention time of the radionuclide on the particle. Previously, abyssal benthic organisms from the northeast Pacific were found to contain short-lived fission products which entered the sea surface as fallout from nuclear testing. The presence of these radionuclides at great depth could not be explained by Stokesian settling of small fallout particles and it was hypothesized that zooplankton grazing in the surface layers packaged these particle-reactive radionuclides into large, relatively dense faecal pellets which rapidly sank to depth. We report here data from a time-series sediment trap experiment and concomitant zooplankton collections which show conclusively that Chernobyl radioactivity, in particular the rare earth nuclides 141Ce and 144Ce, entering the Mediterranean as a single pulse, was rapidly removed from surface waters and transported to 200 m in a few days primarily by zooplankton grazing.     

Bacterial photosynthesis in surface waters of the open ocean

The oxidation of the global ocean by cyanobacterial oxygenic photosynthesis, about 2,100 Myr ago, is presumed to have limited anoxygenic bacterial photosynthesis to oceanic regions that are both anoxic and illuminated. The discovery of oxygen-requiring photosynthetic bacteria about 20 years ago changed this notion, indicating that anoxygenic bacterial photosynthesis could persist under oxidizing conditions. However, the distribution of aerobic photosynthetic bacteria in the world oceans, their photosynthetic competence and their relationship to oxygenic photoautotrophs on global scales are unknown. Here we report the first biophysical evidence demonstrating that aerobic bacterial photosynthesis is widespread in tropical surface waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean and in temperate coastal waters of the northwestern Atlantic. Our results indicate that these organisms account for 2-5% of the photosynthetic electron transport in the upper ocean.     

离心泵叶轮回转S1流面流函数方程的理论研究

根据离心泵叶轮Ｓ１流面的流体运动方程,推导了间接边界元法所需的流函数方程,它适用于不可压理想流体的绝对流动有旋或无旋流动．利用分离变量法从中分离出特解和通解．特解主要受流体的预旋、叶轮理论流量、叶轮旋转、流面形状和厚度的影响,通解主要受叶片形状的影响．     

Measurement of light polarization characteristics from an oil-polluted soil surface in near-infrared bands

Oil pollution can be monitored by infrared remote sensing technology. In this work, the degree of po-larization (DOP) was established as a quantitative index of oil pollution. The crude oil and the local typical surface soil from the Songyuan oil field in Jilin province were collected. Some soil samples with four levels of oil content and three levels of water content were prepared and measured. The DOP of the polluted soil and the clean soil in the field was also measured at 180° relative viewing azimuth a...     

辽西地区朝代小流域土地利用方式对土壤质量的影响

为探讨小流域不同土地利用方式对土壤质量的影响特征,采用野外调查、取样和室内实验分析相结合的方法,对辽西地区朝代小流域主要土地利用方式(坡耕地、梨园、林地)的土壤理化性状进行对比分析.结果表明:不同土地利用方式对土壤肥力具有较为明显的影响,土壤孔隙度、渗透率变化由大到小的次序为林地?梨园?坡耕地;土壤有机质和氮、磷、钾养分含量由大到小次序为林地?梨园?坡耕地.这与不同土地利用方式下人类耕作活动、对土地的劳力与经济投入不同密切相关.林地受人为扰动少,因而土壤质量高;梨园、坡耕地受人类耕作活动影响大,但因梨园经济产出效益较高,农户对土地的投入相应较高,使得柑梨园土壤质量高于坡耕地土壤.     

Pumping of nutrients to ocean surface waters by the action of propagating planetary waves

Primary productivity in the oceans is limited by the lack of nutrients in surface waters. These nutrients are mostly supplied from nutrient-rich subsurface waters through upwelling and vertical mixing, but in the ocean gyres these mechanisms do not fully account for the observed productivity. Recently, the upward pumping of nutrients, through the action of eddies, has been shown to account for the remainder of the primary productivity; however, these were regional studies which focused on mesoscale (100-km-scale) eddies. Here we analyse remotely sensed chlorophyll and sea-surface-height data collected over two years and show that 1,000-km-scale planetary waves, which propagate in a westward direction in the oceans, are associated with about 5 to 20% of the observed variability in chlorophyll concentration (after low-frequency and large-scale variations are removed from the data). Enhanced primary production is the likely explanation for this observation, and if that is the case, propagating disturbances introduce nutrients to surface waters on a global scale--similar to the nutrient pumping that occurs within distinct eddies.     

辽河流域土壤的多目标地球化学分区研究

以辽河流域表层土壤54项元素的测试指标为依据,利用自组织特征影射(SOM)神经网络和C-均值将辽河流域分成A、B、C、D、E 5个区域.A区土壤的有机质含量高,N和P含量充足,各种微量元素含量均衡且有较高的含量水平,土壤肥沃.B区土壤中的大多数元素平均含量整体均衡,略低于A区土壤,但高于C区.C区土壤的硅、钾含量高,但多数元素和微量含量低,农作物所需的营养元素含量低,是极度贫瘠的土地.D区是滨海高卤族元素地球化学区,土壤元素含量的总体特征是卤族元素Br、Cl和I的含量很高,是全国土壤背景值的几倍至上百倍.E区土壤受人为因素影响,重金属元素含量高,主要沿交通干线分布在大中城市地区,污染强度及面积与城市规模有相关性.该研究对辽河流域人体健康、经济作物开发、生态环境治理具有较大意义.     

西沙海域海水中溶解态重金属的含量及其影响因子

对采自西沙海域海水中溶解态重金属Ni,Cu,Hg,Zn,Cr,Mn,Fe,Cd,Pb和Co的含量进行了测定,结果表明除了Pb,Ni外,该区域其他重金属的含量都在国家一类海水的标准范围内,但是该区域海水仍然具有近岸海水的特性.运用多元统计法探讨了重金属间的相关性,由因子分析法提出了控制西沙海域重金属含量分布的4个主因子:盐度,大气沉降,上升流和天然地球化学来源.     

Switch of flow direction in an Antarctic ice stream

Fast-flowing ice streams transport ice from the interior of West Antarctica to the ocean, and fluctuations in their activity control the mass balance of the ice sheet. The mass balance of the Ross Sea sector of the West Antarctic ice sheet is now positive--that is, it is growing--mainly because one of the ice streams (ice stream C) slowed down about 150 years ago. Here we present evidence from both surface measurements and remote sensing that demonstrates the highly dynamic nature of the Ross drainage system. We show that the flow in an area that once discharged into ice stream C has changed direction, now draining into the Whillans ice stream (formerly ice stream B). This switch in flow direction is a result of continuing thinning of the Whillans ice stream and recent thickening of ice stream C. Further abrupt reorganization of the activity and configuration of the ice streams over short timescales is to be expected in the future as the surface topography of the ice sheet responds to the combined effects of internal dynamics and long-term climate change. We suggest that caution is needed when using observations of short-term mass changes to draw conclusions about the large-scale mass balance of the ice sheet.     

流域土壤侵蚀对椒江口悬浮泥沙时空分布的影响

利用通用土壤流失方程,对椒江流域1995年、2000年、2005年、2010年及2015年土壤侵蚀模数进行估算,椒江流域1995年、2000年、2005年、2010年及2015年均达到中等土壤侵蚀的强度,其中,1995年至2010年土壤侵蚀有逐年恶化的趋势,而2010年至2015年有所缓解.基于椒江及河口、近岸的野外实测数据,构建椒江及近岸水体悬浮泥沙浓度遥感定量反演模型,对椒江及近岸水体1995年、2000年、2005年、2010年及2015年悬浮泥沙浓度进行估算,对水体悬浮泥沙的空间分布进行分析,椒江口水体悬浮泥沙浓度表现出较强的空间分布规律及高时空动态性,其中,椒江悬浮泥沙浓度明显高于河口和台州湾;椒江中游累年悬浮泥沙浓度平均值最大,时空动态性最低,受陆相及海相输沙综合影响,易形成悬浮泥沙的最大浑浊带.流域土壤侵蚀量越大,水体悬浮泥沙浓度越高.最后,定量分析了降雨,日照时间和人类活动等因素对河口悬浮泥沙格局影响.降雨作为椒江地表径流的主要来源,对悬浮泥沙也起到一定的“稀释”作用.年内日照时长的增加,加剧了水体水量的损失,削弱水体的“稀释”作用.若以流域内居民地面积表征人类活动强度,其与水体年均悬浮泥沙浓度之间相关性较弱,但其年际变化表现出较高的相关性.     

响应面法优化微波修复萘污染土壤工艺参数的研究

为了探究石油污染土壤微波修复最适宜的工艺参数,选取石油污染土壤中典型的半挥发性有机物萘（naphthalene,NAP）为目标污染物,以模拟萘污染的土壤为供试土壤,采用微波（f=2.45 GHz）对其进行修复。在单因素试验基础上,采用响应面法Box-Behnken实验设计,以NAP去除率为响应值,建立了以微波功率、辐照时间、土层厚度和土壤含水率为影响因子的二次多元回归模型。结果表明：模型经方差分析（ANOVA）结果达到极显著水平,其中微波功率的影响最为显著;得到最佳的工艺参数为微波功率768 W、辐照时间19 min、土层厚度3.2 cm、含水率16%,此条件下NAP去除率为97.3%;验证实验结果NAP去除率为97.0%,与模型预测结果仅偏差0.31%。利用响应面法优化的微波修复NAP污染土壤的工艺参数合理可行,研究结果可为微波土壤修复技术的工业化应用提供数据支持。     

贵州典型铅锌矿区土壤阳离子交换量水平分析与施肥建议

研究贵州DX、DW典型铅锌矿区土壤的阳离子交换量,在DX、DW铅锌矿区采集土壤样品共88个,采用乙酸铵法测定土壤阳离子交换量。结果表明,矿区土壤样品的阳离子交换量大多数在10～20cmol/kg范围内,肥力保持水平为中等,且旱地土壤高于水田土壤。     

塔里木河干流地表水与地下水耦合模拟

基于流域水资源管理需求,揭示塔里木河地表水与地下水转化关系,以更好地发挥区域水资源整体性功能,采用HSPF-MODFLOW耦合模型对塔里木河流域进行日径流模拟,并选用纳什系数E_(ns)、确定性系数R~2、均方根误差σ对模拟结果进行率定,以明晰大气降水-地表水-地下水转化规律。结果表明:率定期和验证期地表水模拟纳什系数均大于0.7,对长期连续径流模拟效果较好;地下水位模拟随补给量变化与实测值基本一致,随着干流下游间歇性输水的延续,下游整体地下水位明显回升,但生态走廊以下河段抬升幅度较小,2004年下游地下水年平均埋深约6.21 m,而在规划年预计达到4.73 m;耦合模型能较为准确地模拟地表径流和地下水动态变化过程,对水资源联合评价与综合管理具有重要意义。     

化学预氧化对饮用水源水藻类的控制效果

对常规混凝沉淀工艺的处理效果和高锰酸盐复合药剂(PPC)、氯(Cl2)、氯氨(NH2 Cl)和臭氧(O3)预氧化除藻和除有机物效果进行了研究.结果表明,混凝除藻和除浊规律一致,但与除有机物不一致,传统混凝取得理想的除藻效果不经济.PPC在预氧化除藻、除有机物以及助凝中均表现了良好的性能,30 mg/L的Al2(SO4)3混凝条件下2mg/L PPc即可有效提高藻类和有机物去除效果.O3其次,而Cl2和NH2Cl预氧化除藻效果较差,而且基本没有助凝效果.