Mycorrhizal weathering of apatite as an important calcium source in base-poor forest ecosystems

The depletion of calcium in forest ecosystems of the northeastern USA is thought to be a consequence of acidic deposition and to be at present restricting the recovery of forest and aquatic systems now that acidic deposition itself is declining. This depletion of calcium has been inferred from studies showing that sources of calcium in forest ecosystems namely, atmospheric deposition and mineral weathering of silicate rocks such as plagioclase, a calcium-sodium silicate do not match calcium outputs observed in forest streams. It is therefore thought that calcium is being lost from exchangeable and organically bound calcium in forest soils. Here we investigate the sources of calcium in the Hubbard Brook experimental forest, through analysis of calcium and strontium abundances and strontium isotope ratios within various soil, vegetation and hydrological pools. We show that the dissolution of apatite (calcium phosphate) represents a source of calcium that is comparable in size to known inputs from atmospheric sources and silicate weathering. Moreover, apatite-derived calcium was utilized largely by ectomycorrhizal tree species, suggesting that mycorrhizae may weather apatite and absorb the released ions directly, without the ions entering the exchangeable soil pool. Therefore, it seems that apatite weathering can compensate for some of the calcium lost from base-poor ecosystems, and should be considered when estimating soil acidification impacts and calcium cycling.     

Recuperation of nitrogen cycling in Amazonian forests following agricultural abandonment

Phosphorus (P) is generally considered the most common limiting nutrient for productivity of mature tropical lowland forests growing on highly weathered soils. It is often assumed that P limitation also applies to young tropical forests, but nitrogen (N) losses during land-use change may alter the stoichiometric balance of nutrient cycling processes. In the Amazon basin, about 16% of the original forest area has been cleared, and about 30-50% of cleared land is estimated now to be in some stage of secondary forest succession following agricultural abandonment. Here we use forest age chronosequences to demonstrate that young successional forests growing after agricultural abandonment on highly weathered lowland tropical soils exhibit conservative N-cycling properties much like those of N-limited forests on younger soils in temperate latitudes. As secondary succession progresses, N-cycling properties recover and the dominance of a conservative P cycle typical of mature lowland tropical forests re-emerges. These successional shifts in N:P cycling ratios with forest age provide a mechanistic explanation for initially lower and then gradually increasing soil emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N(2)O). The patterns of N and P cycling during secondary forest succession, demonstrated here over decadal timescales, are similar to N- and P-cycling patterns during primary succession as soils age over thousands and millions of years, thus revealing that N availability in terrestrial ecosystems is ephemeral and can be disrupted by either natural or anthropogenic disturbances at several timescales.     

Nitrogen loss from unpolluted South American forests mainly via dissolved organic compounds.

Conceptual and numerical models of nitrogen cycling in temperate forests assume that nitrogen is lost from these ecosystems predominantly by way of inorganic forms, such as nitrate and ammonium ions. Of these, nitrate is thought to be particularly mobile, being responsible for nitrogen loss to deep soil and stream waters. But human activities-such as fossil fuel combustion, fertilizer production and land-use change-have substantially altered the nitrogen cycle over large regions, making it difficult to separate natural aspects of nitrogen cycling from those induced by human perturbations. Here we report stream chemistry data from 100 unpolluted primary forests in temperate South America. Although the sites exhibit a broad range of environmental factors that influence ecosystem nutrient cycles (such as climate, parent material, time of ecosystem development, topography and biotic diversity), we observed a remarkably consistent pattern of nitrogen loss across all forests. In contrast to findings from forests in polluted regions, streamwater nitrate concentrations are exceedingly low, such that nitrate to ammonium ratios were less than unity, and dissolved organic nitrogen is responsible for the majority of nitrogen losses from these forests. We therefore suggest that organic nitrogen losses should be considered in models of forest nutrient cycling, which could help to explain observations of nutrient limitation in temperate forest ecosystems.     

中国南方红壤演化的矿物学特征

中国南方大面积的红壤是由母岩风化、淋溶、未经搬运残余形成的,其中尤以花岗岩、玄武岩上风化残存最为典型。通过对砖红壤、赤红壤、红壤的矿物学特性的分析,明显看出它们之间是通过一系列过渡而联系起来的,风化强度依次降低。发育于玄武岩的红壤较发育于花岗岩的红壤富铝化程度更高,质地更粘重,原生矿物较少。从母岩风化的角度来看,基性母岩比酸性母岩更易于风化。     

美东地区罗德河流域地下水中铝形态分布的化学平衡模式计算

美东地区的罗德河流域遭受着严重的酸沉降侵蚀．在酸性条件下,铝从土壤中大量溶解并迁移到水环境中．地表水中升高的铝浓度对鱼类产生毒害,监测地表水和土壤水中的铝形态及浓度变化已成为问题的关键．本文报导了用化学平衡模式计算法分析美东地区罗德河流域地下水中的铝形态分布,获得了有价值的结论     

鼎湖山不同演替阶段土壤酸性阳离子淋溶动态研究

 采用室内土柱模拟实验,对鼎湖山不同演替阶段(演替早期的针叶林、演替中期的混交林和演替后期的阔叶林)森林土壤酸性阳离子的淋溶动态及机理进行研究。结果表明,土壤滤出液酸性阳离子的释放浓度及电导率(EC)与土壤所处的演替阶段密切相关,即与本底值密切相关。随着模拟酸雨处理时间的增加,滤液EC呈下降趋势,pH逐渐上升,在淋溶的第6天略有下降,且滤液pH和EC呈极显著负相关(P< 0.001;R= -0.81)。滤液中H⁺浓度及EC变幅均以演替早期针叶林最大,混交林最小。各演替阶段土壤Al³⁺溶出随着淋溶时间的延长迅速下降,但在第6天有进一步被活化的趋势。针叶林和混交林Fe³⁺和Mn²⁺比较相似的释放;而阔叶林则较为复杂。与模拟酸雨的酸度相比,离子的浓度对测定指标起着更重要的作用。对不同演替阶段土壤酸性阳离子的释放动态分析表明,各演替阶段土壤均处于铝氧化物缓冲阶段;同时,演替后期阔叶林土壤还处于铁氧化物和锰氧化物(氢氧化物)缓冲阶段。     

长江中上游土壤资源保护与林业可持续发展

长江中上游地区土壤资源保护是一个关系到全局的重大问题,也是我国长江流域治理的关键,更是关系到当地人民生存和社会发展的根本性问题。从生态系统演替和土壤养分生物地球化学循环的角度出发,讨论了中上游地区林业生产及社会可持续发展的问题。     

Biological control of terrestrial silica cycling and export fluxes to watersheds

Silicon has a crucial role in many biogeochemical processes--for example, as a nutrient for marine and terrestrial biota, in buffering soil acidification and in the regulation of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Traditionally, silica fluxes to soil solutions and stream waters are thought to be controlled by the weathering and subsequent dissolution of silicate minerals. Rates of mineral dissolution can be enhanced by biological processes. But plants also take up considerable quantities of silica from soil solution, which is recycled into the soil from falling litter in a separate soil-plant silica cycle that can be significant in comparison with weathering input and hydrologic output. Here we analyse soil water in basaltic soils across the Hawaiian islands to assess the relative contributions of weathering and biogenic silica cycling by using the distinct signatures of the two processes in germanium/silicon ratios. Our data imply that most of the silica released to Hawaiian stream water has passed through the biogenic silica pool, whereas direct mineral-water reactions account for a smaller fraction of the stream silica flux. We expect that other systems exhibiting strong Si depletion of the mineral soils and/or high Si uptake rates by biomass will also have strong biological control on silica cycling and export.     

闽粤沿海花岗岩风化分带方法及地基承载力的研究

本文在现场调查和大量现场测试的基础上,探讨了闽粤沿海花岗岩风化程度的分带方法,建立了以定性分带为开端、模糊模式识别为终端的划分风化程度的分带系统,在此基础上,研究了花岗岩残积土及风化花岗岩的工程地质特性.研究结果表明:(a)花岗岩残积土是一种强度较高、压缩性较低的土体,可作为20层以下中高层建筑的天然地基;(b)风化花岗岩的承载力高于规范的取值.文中还给出了地基承载力的两种估算方法及风化花岗岩(土)体地基容许承载力的经验值     

地衣和地衣酸与岩石矿物风化及其机制研究进展

岩石矿物风化是地球表面发生的最重要化学现象之一,其中生物风化备受关注。对地衣及地衣真菌分泌的地衣酸类物质(简称地衣酸)在岩石矿物风化中的作用及机制进行综合述评,从而为科学评价地衣和地衣酸在森林(特别是寒温带)生态系统中的作用提供理论依据。地衣通过物理和化学方式显著诱导并加速岩石矿物的风化进程,即同时具有生物物理风化和生物化学风化两方面作用,而后者更为重要。在地衣诱导的岩石矿物风化过程中,地衣依其共生真菌/藻类特异性分泌的地衣酸起主导作用,无论是在野外还是实验室条件下,地衣酸都是岩石矿物生物风化的主要作用力。地衣酸对岩石矿物的风化机制包括质子促进效应和络合促进效应两方面,特别是地衣酸能与岩石矿物中的盐基离子形成可溶性螯合物,从而引起岩石矿物的强烈溶蚀。     

煤样浸水过程中水化学效应研究

为研究地下煤层开采中,水化学作用对预留安全煤柱的化学影响,对取自大柳塔5~(-2)煤样进行完全静态浸泡试验,浸泡时长以溶液pH波动变化幅度而定,通过对浸泡煤样溶液的pH及氧化还原电位值动态变化监测,分析盐水溶液pH及氧化还原电位与煤样水化学过程的对应关系,并结合非平衡态热力学理论判定,解释煤样水化学作用的根本原因;结果表明:煤样浸水初期溶液pH(0～4 h)降低,煤岩矿物及有机碳氧化反应产生大量酸性水,随浸泡时间的增加,煤岩长石类矿物及方解石、白云石等消耗大量的H~+,生成稳定的黏土矿物,同时长石类矿物溶解的阳离子与黏土矿物裸露表面产生离子反应,引起pH总体上升;结合非平衡态热力学理论,浸水煤样与外部环境的存在温差、水岩之间相互作用及渗流力的产生等,加快熵产生率,因此煤样浸水水化学效应所导致溶液pH及氧化还原电位值变化均属于煤样化学风化自发体系。     

福建同安郭山高岭土矿床微观矿物成因信息

通过对风化残余型高岭土矿床的形成机理和物质成分特征的研究，试图从微观矿物和矿物的 微观特征的角度提供其成因信息。     

我国北亚热带白浆化土壤的成土环境

运用孢粉分析、石英砂表面电镜观察和土壤微形态等手段，阐述了土体内部物质来源及成土环境的差异性、上部漂白层为多种成因堆积物，为低能化学环境；下部粘淀层发育在黄土母质上，经历了高能化学环境，土体中存在粘化淀积作用。     

花岗岩地区地下水溶质的形成机制探讨

通过对可寺省东部花岗岩地区水－土壤－岩石相互作用过程中地质地球化学特征的研究分析,阐明了花岗石地区地下水的水化学特征,并指出花岗岩工区地下水溶质主要来源于土壤与水的相互作用。     

氮磷添加对温带和亚热带森林土壤碳氮矿化的影响

选取黑龙江五营温带森林和福建武夷山亚热带森林两个站点, 通过120天室内培养实验, 探讨氮磷(NH₄NO₃和NaH₂PO₄)添加对两种森林表层土壤(0~20 cm)碳氮矿化的影响。结果表明, 氮添加通过降低土壤微生物的生物量及其碳氮比来降低亚热带森林的土壤碳矿化, 但对温带森林的土壤碳矿化没有显著影响; 磷添加对两种森林的土壤碳矿化均没有显著影响。磷添加显著地增加温带森林的土壤净氮矿化, 氮添加显著地降低温带森林的土壤净氮矿化, 氮添加和磷添加均对亚热带森林的土壤净氮矿化没有显著影响。总体而言, 可能由于养分可利用性和土壤性质的区别, 温带森林和亚热带森林土壤碳氮矿化对氮磷添加的响应存在区别。     

峰峰煤矿塌陷区典型农田土壤剖面重金素元素化学风化规律

采集峰峰煤矿塌陷区典型农田剖面土壤,通过测定分析不同埋深土壤重金属元素(As、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cr、Cd、Zn和Hg)分布特征,利用质量平衡理论进行化学风化规律研究,探究塌陷驱动下剖面土壤重金属元素化学风化过程.结果 表明:峰峰煤矿塌陷区典型农田剖面土壤重金属元素Pb、Cd和As的含量超过国家农用地土壤污染风险管控标准,最大超标倍数分别为3.86、59.77、3.82;元素Cu、Ni、Zn、Cr和Hg未超标.重金属元素Cd和As可能在塌陷驱动下,受地表径流和雨水淋滤下渗影响,使得其含量自表层向下逐渐增加.表层土壤元素Cu、Pb、Cr、Hg迁入富集,元素Ni、As、Zn和Cd迁出淋滤;犁底层元素Cu、Ni、Zn和Pb迁出淋滤,Hg迁入富集,其余元素规律变化不明显.累积元素存在潜在风险,需要监控;淋滤元素存在直接风险,需要高度管控.实验结论为全面评估煤矿开采对土壤化学性能的影响,防治流域水土流失和保护区域生态环境提供科学依据.     

模拟酸雨对林地黄壤汞溶出的影响

以缙云山上的3种森林林被黄壤为供试土壤,通过模拟pH 2.0、pH 3.0、pH 4.0、pH 5.0的酸雨对上述土壤的动态淋溶试验,研究酸雨对林地土壤汞溶出的影响.结果表明:阔叶林地汞的溶出总量在酸雨pH 3.0、4.0时最低,但各pH的酸雨对阔叶林地汞的溶出量之间的差异不显著.针叶林地和竹林地汞的溶出总量随pH降低而升高,在pH 2.0的酸雨作用下,与pH 3.0、4.0、5.0的酸雨间的差异达极显著水平.在强酸雨的作用下,针叶林和竹林土壤的汞更易迁出土壤而污染水体.因此应加强森林土壤的管理,禁止取材,以提高土壤有机质,抑制汞的水迁移.     

Increased forest ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage from nitrogen rich bedrock

Nitrogen (N) limits the productivity of many ecosystems worldwide, thereby restricting the ability of terrestrial ecosystems to offset the effects of rising atmospheric CO(2) emissions naturally. Understanding input pathways of bioavailable N is therefore paramount for predicting carbon (C) storage on land, particularly in temperate and boreal forests. Paradigms of nutrient cycling and limitation posit that new N enters terrestrial ecosystems solely from the atmosphere. Here we show that bedrock comprises a hitherto overlooked source of ecologically available N to forests. We report that the N content of soils and forest foliage on N-rich metasedimentary rocks (350-950?mg?N?kg(-1)) is elevated by more than 50% compared with similar temperate forest sites underlain by N-poor igneous parent material (30-70?mg?N?kg(-1)). Natural abundance N isotopes attribute this difference to rock-derived N: (15)N/(14)N values for rock, soils and plants are indistinguishable in sites underlain by N-rich lithology, in marked contrast to sites on N-poor substrates. Furthermore, forests associated with N-rich parent material contain on average 42% more carbon in above-ground tree biomass and 60% more carbon in the upper 30?cm of the soil than similar sites underlain by N-poor rocks. Our results raise the possibility that bedrock N input may represent an important and overlooked component of ecosystem N and C cycling elsewhere.     

贵州六枝煤矸石复垦土壤及农作物中汞分布规律研究

使用Lumex测汞仪,测定了贵州六枝煤矿不同风化年限的煤矸石风化土壤及农作物中总Hg含量,并对此矿区煤矸石风化土壤—农作物系统中汞的分布规律进行了研究.结果表明,煤矸石及受煤矸石淋滤液影响的土壤样中汞含量范围在0.045 -0.474 mg·kg-1之间;煤矸石汞含量随着风化年限的延长逐渐降低,风化时间较短的煤矸石及受...     

埋藏风化壳结构的矿物学与地球化学特征及其控藏作用

通过岩心观察、矿物及元素分析等手段,分析了济阳坳陷义和庄凸起前第三系埋藏风化壳结构的矿物学与元素地球化学特征.结果表明:义和庄凸起前第三系坶藏风化壳具有风化黏土层和半风化岩石的二层结构;由半风化岩石到风化黏土层,抗风化能力弱的长石等原生矿物逐渐减少,次生黏土矿物逐渐富集,半风化岩石上部与风化黏土层为Fe,Al元素的富集带,Ca,Na元素大量流失,K,Mg元素由于交代作用变化较复杂;义和庄凸起埋藏风化壳结构在油气成藏过程中起主要作用的是半风化岩层中部的孔缝连通体,它既为油气运移的良好通道,也可成为有效储层;风化黏土层与上覆岩层一起形成了复合型盖层.