Zur Synthese des Batrachotoxinins: Synthese von 3β-Acetoxy-16β, 20β-dihydroxy-4′-methyl-18-nor-5β, 14β-pregnano[13,14-f]hexahydro-1′,4'-oxazepin-3′-on(20a)

Summary The synthesis of 3-acetoxy-16, 20-dihydroxy-4-methyl-18-nor-5, 14-pregnano[13,14-f]hexahydro-1, 4-oxazepin-3-one (20a) is described.     

Artificial lung ventilation during diaphragmatic paralysis

ÿe , CO₂ . CO₂ ÿe . , ÿe , .     

The peculiarities of capacitance vessel reflex responses

Conclusion Changes of the vessel capacity resulted from the pressor synocarotid reflexes, intestinal chemoreflexes and reflexes from the right atrium or ventricle and electric stimulation of the somatic nerve afferents can be either similarly or differently directed as compared with the responses of the resistance vessels.

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Protein biosynthesis and hyperpolarization of cells

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Interaction of polyene antibiotics and serum lipoproteins

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Über die Zytologie der Parthenogenese und der Geschlechtsbestimmung bei der GallmückeOligarces paradoxus Mein

Summary InOligarces paradoxus, the chromosomal behaviour was compared during pedogenetic development of and . The -egg undergoes a single non-reductional maturation division, the -egg shows two divisions which result in reduced nuclei. After maturation in the -egg, the number of chromosomes is restored by endomitosis. The nuclei of germ-line cells contain a high number of chromosomes (: 74\2-82; : at least 58) in both sexes. In somatic nuclei, the number is diminished by elimination to 10 in , to 5 in .     

Normalization by nucleotides of impairments in deamination of nitrogenous compounds in liver of tumor-bearing mice

-2 (3)--3- - .     

The tonically acting pulmonary receptors innervated by C fibres

. , , , , . (, ) . . .     

Isoforms of baker's yeast transketolase

. .     

The “day of Brahman” in the work of Āryabhata

Summary In the astronomical treatise ryabhatya of ryabhata several verses are interpolated, namely all those verses in which either Brahman was mentioned or extremely large periods were introduced. The interpolator was known to AlBrn as ryabhata of Kusumapura, who belongs to the school of the elder ryabhata. The aim of the interpolator was to bring the teaching of the elder ryabhata into accordance with the revelation of Svayambh. Svayambh is another name for Brahm.     

Structural changes accompanying the reversible cold inactivation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from rat skeletal muscle

qm -3- , 4° 0,15M NaCl, 5M , 4M - pH=7,6, ( 275–295 , –b _o , A ₁₉₃ , –A₂₂₅). , +20° 0.15M H₂PO₄.     

Discovery of toxicogenicStachybotrys chartarum strains in Finland

Stachybotrys chartarum, , , .S. chartarum .S. chartarum .

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The authors wish to thank the National Research Councils for Medical Sciences and for Agriculture and Forestry for supporting the work with a grant.     

Versuche zum enzymatischen Abbau der «gebundenen» gibberelline vonPharbitis purpurea

Summary Seeds and fruit walls ofPharbitis purpurea contain in addition to the free gibberellins A₈, A₃, A₅, more polar gibberellin-like substances, so-called bound gibberellins tentatively namedPharbitis and. After purification by thin layer chromatography, these 2 substances were treated with both Ficin and Emulsin in buffered solutions of pH 6.2. After treatment with Emulsin, the free gibberellins A₈ and A₅, after treatment with Ficin the gibberellins A₃ and A₅, were detectable in thin layer chromatograms.     

“The True” in Gottlob Frege's “Über die Grundlagen der Geometrie”

In this essay, I examine the metaphysical and metalogical ramifications of Gottlob Frege's controversy with David Hilbert and Alwin Korselt, over Hilbert's Grundlagen der Geometrie. These ramifications include(1) Korselt's original appeals to general metatheoretic Deutungen (interpretations);(2) Hilbert's puzzling belief that whatever is consistent in some sense exists; and(3) Frege's semantic monist conviction that theoretical sense and reference (mathematical and other) must be eindeutig lösbar (uniquely solvable).My principal conclusions are(4) that Frege's position in (3) represented a pervasively dogmatic presumption that his newly discovered quantification theory must have a propositional metatheory (the True; the False); and(5) that this needless assumption adversely affected not only his polemic against the moderate semantic relativism of Hilbert and Korselt, but also his reception of type-theoretic ideas, and greatly facilitated his vulnerability to the sort of self-referential inconsistency Russell discovered in Grundgesetz V.These conclusions also seem to me to provide a conceptual framework for several of Frege's other arguments and reactions which might seem more particular and disparate. These include(6) his arbitrary restrictions on the range of second-order quantification, which undercut his own tentative attempts to give accounts of independence and semantic consequence;(7) his uncharacteristic hesitation, even dismay, at the prospect that such accounts might eventuate in a genuinely quantificational metamathematics, whose Gegenstände (objects) might themselves be Gedanken (thoughts); and, perhaps most revealingly(8) his otherwise quite enigmatic, quasi-stoic doctrine that genuine formal deduction must be from premises that are true.A deep reluctance to pluralize or iterate the transition from theory to meta-theory would also be consonant, of course, with Frege's vigorous insistence that there can be only one level each of linguistic Begriffe (concepts) and Gegenstände (objects). With hindsight, such an assumption may seem more gratuitous in the philosophy of language (where it contributed, I would argue, to Wittgenstein's famous transition to the mystical in 6.45 and 6.522 of the Tractatus); but its more implausible implications in this wider context seemed to emerge more slowly.In the mathematical test-case discussed here, however, such strains were immediately and painfully apparent; the first models of hyperbolic geometry were described some thirty years before Frege drafted his polemic against Hilbert's pioneering exposition. It is my hope that a careful study of Frege's lines of argument in this relatively straightforward mathematical controversy may suggest other, parallel approaches to the richer and more ambiguous problems of his philosophy of language.Niemand kann zwei Herren dienen. Man kann nicht der Wahrheit dienen und der Unwahrheit. Wenn die euklidische Geometrie wahr ist, so ist die nichteuklidische Geometrie falsch, und wenn die nichteuklidische wahr ist, so ist die euklidische Geometrie falsch.No one can serve two masters. One cannot serve truth and untruth. If Euclidean geometry is true, non-Euclidean geometry is false, and if non-Euclidean [geometry] is true, Euclidean geometry is false. Über Euklidische Geometrie [Frege 1969], p. 183.     

The in vivo expression of the globin genes of theβ cistron in γ-,δ-, andδβ-thalassemia heterozygotes

There is considerable evidence suggesting that the switch from to and chain production after birth is due, in part, to silencing of the genes by stage-specific factors which bind to their promoters and to the competition from the adult ( and ) genes for a common enhancer element located in the locus control region. As a consequence one can expect that the increased Hb F production in adults with hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin or -thalassemia is directed mainly by -globin genes in cis to the deletion(s) responsible for these conditions. Here we review data on heterozygotes with -, -, or -thalassemia, who also had an^AT mutation, in cis or in trans, which was used as a marker of gene expression. The results show that a deletion affecting adult genes favors the expression of genes in cis, while the deletion of a single gene does not affect the expression of the gene in cis but leads to a faster switch postnatally.     

Inhibition of human testicular glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase by unsaturated C19-steroids

Zusammenfassung Die Bebrütung einer gereinigten G-6-PDH aus menschlichem Testisgewebe mit 3-substituierten ⁴- oder ⁵-C₁₉-Steroiden zeigte, dass 3-Hydroxy-⁴-oder ⁵-androsten-17-on auch wirksame Inhibitoren der testikulären G-6-PDH darstellen. Zur gleichen Zeit konnten die früher gefundenen Zusammenhänge zwischen chemischer Struktur eines Steroids und seiner biologischen Aktivität im G-6-PDH-Hemmtest uneingeschränkt bestätigt werden.     

Deamination by ‘Transformed’ mitochondrial amine oxidase of the ε-amino group of lysine and selective inhibition of this reaction by β-aminopropionitrile

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Effect of some monoamine oxidase inhibitors on deamination of biogenic monoamines by rat liver mitochondrial monoamine oxidase

N--N- MAO , , .     

Konstitution des Cinobufagins

Summary The structure of Cinobufagin is shown to be 3-Hydroxy-14, 15-epoxy-16-acetoxy-5-bufa-20, 22-dienolide.

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Die ausführliche Publikation erscheint demnächst in den Helv. chim. Acta.     

(−)-Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol: Two novel in vitro metabolites

Zusammenfassung (–)-⁸-Tetrahydrocannabinol ist einer der Aktivstoffe in Marihuana (Cannabis sativa L.). Inkubation dieser Verbindung mit der überstehenden Zentrifugationsfraktion (9000g) aus männlicher Hundeleber ergab zwei Hauptmetaboliten, welche durch Massenspektrometrie und Kernresonanzspektroskopie identifiziert wurden. Den beiden Verbindungen werden die Strukturen des 1-Hydroxy-⁸-tetrahydrocannabinols und des 3-Hydroxy-⁸-tetrahydrocannabinols zugeordnet.