改进的多版本软件扩展表决系统

本文提出了一种改进的扩展表决系统，该系统是利用自动分析表决系统可靠性等参数的工具来构建的。在软件容错中采用N模块冗余(N Modular Redundancy NMR)及N版本编程(N version Programming)，应用表决技术，可以屏蔽整个软件系统中出错的部分。在实践中直接应用理论的表决模型会发现很难得到理论分析的结果。针对这样的问题，本文提出一种基于多数(plurality)的扩展表决系统：使用构造决策树的方法和进行DFT遍历作为自动化的计算工具；通过对基本的多数表决系统进行模型扩展，加入指导性规则对决策树进行重构，以自动计算工具的结果作为参考，从而选择更加可靠的表决结果作为输出。最终的模拟测试表明，所提出的扩展表决系统能够提高系统输出的正确率。     

SAM和决策树结合的Hyperion数据分类方法

在地面实测波谱分析的基础上，采用决策树对波谱角（SAM）分类方法进行改进，自动地进行波谱角阂值选择，提出一种新的基于SAM和决策树相结合的综合分类模型。该模型用于云南鹤庆地区土地覆被信息提取，并与最大似然分类法（MIC）的分类结果进行比较。结果表明，就每一类型而言，SAM结合决策树分类的分类精度较高；最大似然法监督分类总体精度为79．4％，SAM结合决策树分类的综合分类模型总体精度为88．5％，比监督分类精度高9．9％。     

基于机器学习高通量筛选吸附甲烷的金属有机框架材料

采用决策树（DT）模型及其衍生的随机森林（RF）模型、极端随机树（ET）模型和梯度提升树（GBDT）模型，对用于甲烷吸附的金属有机框架材料（MOFs）进行了高通量的计算筛选。利用1 800种材料的特征向量数据，计算了特征向量之间的相关性并进行重要度分析，发现材料的结构特征与化学信息特征的相关性不大，但是结构特征的重要度较高。将数据库中的1 260种材料作为训练集并使用上述4种机器学习模型进行训练，再将剩余的540种材料作为测试集对模型的筛选结果进行比较和评估。接收者操作特征（ROC）曲线和查准率-查全率（PR）曲线结果表明，GBDT模型自身稳定性强且预测结果精度高，因而成为筛选吸附甲烷的高性能金属有机框架材料的最佳模型。针对RF模型和GBDT模型进行参数优化，发现协调单个决策树的个数和决策树节点的分裂特征数量能够有效改善RF模型的性能，而调节回归树的学习速率和迭代次数可有效改善GBDT模型性能。最后基于540种材料的测试集，利用GBDT模型筛选出前20种高性能吸附材料，分析了它们的主要特征向量与甲烷吸附量之间的关系。     

基于三重容错自校验按字表决算法

表决逻辑算法决定了容错型控制器是否能准确判断通道的故障信息。针对按位表决算法容错性差的特点,提出了一种按字表决的算法。按字表决算法对系统通道中每一个输出字进行比较,可以解决按位表决算法只能产生异常无法输出结果的问题。在开发三重容错控制器的应用研究中,以按字表决算法为基础,同时在控制器中增加了自动转换环节、自校验监测电路,进一步提高了系统的可靠性。研究结果表明:按字表决算法的可靠性比按位表决算法高,提高了系统的容错性能。     

基于有限状态机的预期功能安全危害识别方法

针对自动驾驶系统危害与场景不可分割的特点,提出了一种基于有限状态机模型（FSM）的整车级预期功能安全危害识别方法。首先,明确危害事件组成要素;其次,将自动驾驶系统抽象为有限状态机模型以明确车辆状态和运行环境;最后,通过识别车辆状态与运行环境的冲突情况,系统性识别自动驾驶系统预期功能安全危害事件,减少对专家知识的依赖。为验证所提出方法的有效性,在某SAE L3级自动驾驶汽车上应用了该方法进行危害识别。结果表明,相较于系统理论过程分析（STPA）方法,有限状态机模型包含更加详细且系统化的环境信息,且由有限状态机模型直接输出危害事件要素,提高了危害识别的系统性。     

考虑故障检测率的可维修k/n(G)系统的可靠性研究

针对可修系统提出故障检测率的概念,研究了考虑故障检测率的可修ｋ／ｎ（Ｇ）表决系统。首先考察系统的状态转移图,建立了系统的马尔可夫模型,并进行瞬态和稳态分析,提出系统状态概率及可用度的简化算法,对简化算法与传统算法的计算复杂度作了比较。给出了几个可修ｋ／ｎ（Ｇ）表决系统的稳态分析结果,表明了故障检测率的概念对于分析和设计系统（尤其是自测试系统）的重要意义。最后阐明了由可靠性指标确定故障检测率、进而确定系统自检周期的方法。     

基于结构光图像法的三维曲面重构技术

提出了一种基于编码结构光的新型三维重构技术的原理和系统的标定方法．这种技术以条纹变形作为物体三维信息的加载和传递工具，以CCD摄像机作为图像获取器件，通过计算机软件处理，对颜色信息进行分析、解码，通过已标定的系统计算来获取物体的三维面形数据．对该系统进行了理论分析，并以石膏像模型为对象进行了具体实验，得到了较满意的结果．     

基于改进U-Net模型的二维电介质目标重构

提出了一种基于改进U-Net（M-Net）模型的电磁逆散射算法.M-Net模型主要由多尺度输入层、U型卷积神经网络（CNN）、多尺度均值输出层组成.将散射场数据作为网络输入,能够在保证计算精度与计算效率的同时,减少人工计算工作量.以二维电介质为重构目标的仿真实验表明：与U-Net模型对比,应用M-Net模型求解电磁逆散射问题较为高效,输出结果误差更小.     

马缨杜鹃种群密度的GM(1,1)模型

应用灰色系统理论，以种群基径大小作为时间序列，建立马缨杜鹃种群密度的ＧＭ（１，１）模型，并对其精度进行了分析。结果表明，ＧＭ（１，１）模型是一种较为理想的种群动态模型。     

多种属性选取标准“多数表决”优化决策树研究

测试属性的选取即属性选择标准是构建决策树的关键及核心,对于同样的数据集,不同的属性选取标准构建的决策树有可能差别很大。对于不知采用何种属性选择标准或者没有一种标准适合所处理的数据集,本文提出了一种解决的方法,即多种属性选取标准多数表决优化决策树算法,该算法利用"专家会诊"的思想,构建决策树,具有更广的适应性和更可能高的准确率。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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