EGR对柴油机燃烧影响模拟

 废气再循环（EGR）作为控制缸内NOx生成的一项技术已广泛应用在现代直喷柴油发动机上。但EGR对氮氧化合物（NOx）、碳烟（Soot）排放的影响原因尚未被完全理解。为了全面分析EGR的特性,建立了基于GT-POWER的柴油机仿真模型。根据柴油机的基本结构,该模型为带有EGR系统的增压直喷柴油机一维流体动力学循环仿真模型。在分别固定进气压力和空燃比两种情况下,对EGR影响柴油机燃烧的特性进行了研究。结果表明,在恒定进气压力和EGR温度的情况下,随着EGR率的升高,缸内压力升高率减小,最高缸内爆发压力降低,燃烧放热始点推迟,燃烧峰值放热率升高。EGR导致Soot升高燃油经济性降低。在恒定进气空燃比和EGR温度的情况下,随着EGR率的升高,缸内压力的升高使燃烧放热始点提前,废气的惰性气体特性延缓燃烧成为次要因素。EGR的加入使燃烧恶化放热率降低。缸内的燃烧温度降低,减少了NOx的生成。小EGR率可以改善Soot的排放情况。所以在不同的边界条件下引入EGR的作用不同,在EGR控制策略中,利用控制进气空燃比的EGR控制方法并没有完全利用EGR特性,应该形成分别控制空气质量流量和EGR率的气路控制策略。在恒定EGR率的情况下,EGR温度的升高缩短了燃烧滞燃期,燃烧始点提前放热率峰值降低。最终缸内气体温度升高,NOx排放升高,Soot有轻微的改善,表明为了更好控制EGR系统,应对EGR温度进行控制。     

涡流室涡流比对涡流室式柴油机污染物生成影响的数值模拟

为了揭示涡流室涡流比对涡流室式柴油机污染物生成影响规律,采用标准k-ε-f湍流模型和LUENT动网格技术构建涡流室式柴油机燃烧仿真计算模型,并通过实验验证得到合理的仿真计算模型参数。对不同涡流室涡流比时涡流室式柴油机压力和温度分布以及污染物生成影响规律进行数值模拟。研究结果表明:涡流比Rs对涡流室式柴油机气缸燃烧及污染物生成的影响规律是NOx生成量随涡流比Rs的增大而下降,而Soot生成量随涡流比Rs的增大而增大;可以通过优化在Rs为2.5~3.1范围内找到1个合适的涡流比Rs,使涡流室式柴油机气缸NOx生成量和Soot生成量均为较小值。     

喷雾油滴粒径对柴油机NOx生成浓度的影响

利用KIVA-Ⅱ程序模拟了柴油机的燃烧过程,计算了缸内燃油蒸发量、燃烧温度和有害物质NOx的生成浓度.计算结果表明,当油滴粒径较小时,缸内温度变化平缓,高温区主要集中在喷油嘴附近;在油滴粒径增加的过程中,缸内逐渐出现明显的不均匀燃烧现象,产生了局部高温区,另一方面,局部高温区空气卷入量的不同,从而导致NOx排放量随着油滴粒径的增加而出现先增后减的变化趋势.     

喷雾油滴粒径对柴油机NOx生成浓度的影响

利用KIVA—Ⅱ程序模拟了柴油机的燃烧过程，计算了缸内燃油蒸发量、燃烧温度和有害物质NOx的生成浓度。计算结果表明，当油滴粒径较小时，缸内温度变化平缓，高温区主要集中在喷油喷附近；在油滴粒径增加的过程中，缸内逐渐出现明显的不均匀燃烧现象，产生了局部高温区，另一方面，局部高温区空气卷入量的不同．从而导致NOx排放量随着油滴粒径的增加而出现先增后减的变化趋势。     

汽车加热器内燃烧的数值模拟

利用AVL公司开发的FIRE软件,对一典型结构蒸发混合式汽车加热器燃烧室内的燃烧过程进行了数值模拟.其中,蒸发和燃烧分别采用Wall Film模型、Coherent Flame模型,氮氧化物(NOx)采用Zeldovich不平衡原理建模,碳烟(Soot)模型为FIRE模型.计算结果及分析表明,一层进气孔布置对燃油蒸汽浓度分布影响很大.加大进气孔直径使进气中心涡流增强,燃油在一级燃烧室中蒸发量增加.主要燃烧发生在二级燃烧室.进气孔切向进气能形成较强的中心涡流,使燃烧高温区主要集中在二级燃烧室的纵向轴心附近.一级燃烧室的周向涡区和二级燃烧室上半部的高温区是Soot生成速率最大的部位;最高燃烧温度未达NOx的生成温度条件,其生成量极少.     

油气混合参数对柴油机低温燃烧过程的影响

应用三维CFD模拟研究了喷油和进气参数包括喷油压力、喷孔直径和进气压力对柴油机低氧浓度低温燃烧(LTC)过程的影响.结果表明:随着喷油压力增加或喷孔直径的减小,各氧浓度下缸内燃烧压力和温度峰值都增大;相同氧浓度条件下预混燃烧的强度增大,出现明显预混燃烧的氧浓度增大;相同氧浓度条件下的soot排放降低;缸内局部温度最大值增大,NOx排放增大.进气压力增大,缸内压力上升更快,但缸内平均温度略有降低,相同氧浓度下着火时刻提前,滞燃期缩短;燃烧过程中局部缺氧的状况得到改善,相同氧浓度条件下燃油的燃烧更加完全,放出的总热量更多,燃烧效率明显提高;soot峰值和最终排放值都减小,NOx生成量进一步降低.     

柴油机燃烧过程的数值模拟及燃烧室改进

为了改善柴油机燃烧室内混合气的形成状态和燃烧质量,对改装DLH1105型直喷柴油机缸内喷雾和燃烧过程进行了动态数值模拟,并在压缩比不变的情况下设计了3种不同结构的燃烧室,分别为敞口型、直口型和缩口型.通过STAR-CD软件对3种结构的燃烧室进行了三维数值模拟,获得了柴油机的缸内流场、燃油质量分数分布和温度场.结果表明:模拟出的缸内喷雾和燃烧过程与可视化试验的结果吻合,计算模拟的方法可靠;缩口型燃烧室有较强的挤流强度,较长的涡流持续期,使混合气质量和燃烧性能优于直口燃烧室和敞口燃烧室,缸内压力和平均温度最高,Soot生成量最少,同时NO的生成量最大.     

后喷对轻型柴油机燃烧过程及排放性能的影响

以某轻型柴油机为样机,研究了常用转速1600r.min -1、小负荷率工况下,后喷对柴油机NOx和soot排放特性、燃烧过程及油耗的影响规律.结果表明:后喷会使缸内温度在主燃烧末期再次提升;随着后喷油量增加,主燃烧段缸内压力、最高燃烧温度、平均燃烧温度及主燃烧放热率峰值逐渐降低;随着喷间隔角增加,主燃烧段缸内压力及烧放热率峰值略微上升,但缸内平均温度降低.在小负荷率工况,后喷可以同时有效降低NOx和soot排放,随着后喷油量增加,NOx和soot排放逐渐减少;随着后喷间隔角的增加NOx排放不断减少,soot排放呈现先减小后增加趋势;后喷会增加柴油机的燃油消耗,且随着后喷油量和后喷间隔角的增加,燃油消耗不断上升.     

喷油压力和油束夹角对高强化柴油机的影响

本研究通过建立数学模型,采用移动的缸内燃烧模型,应用FIRE软件进行模拟仿真,并结合实验和缸内微观机制分析,从不同角度分析了喷油压力和油柬夹角对高强化柴油机性能的影响。针对所研究的柴油机,经实验和仿真分析得出：随着喷油压力的提高,燃油利用率升高,有效功率增加,燃油消耗率降低,降低Soot的排放效果明显,但会使NOx的排放增加;最佳油柬夹角和喷束落点范围出现在160°处,在这个角度时,油气混合最均匀,燃烧状况最好。     

HCCI条件下柴油机缸外喷射及燃烧的数值模拟

设计了在进气道处增加Laval喷管来改变喷油参数,促进燃油与空气混合,以实现HCCI的燃烧条件.使用Star-CD软件对此设计过程的柴油机喷射及燃烧进行数值模拟试验.计算结果表明:利用Laval管实现进气道超音速气流方式喷射燃油(称为前者)其粒子直径的分布范围比缸内直喷方式(称为后者)要均匀的多,也小得多;后者燃油蒸发速度比前者要快;前者因缸内燃油浓度过分均匀而导致压燃时温度较低.分析认为,此方法可使燃油雾化效果明显增强,但并未引起燃烧温度的剧烈变化.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that