ＣaＭ激酶及其在植物体内的功能

介绍了CaM激酶的结构和生化特点,以及植物体内CaM激酶的研究进展。从植物细胞信号转导、发育和基因表达等３个方面讨论了CaM激酶激酶在植物体内的生理功能。     

17β-雌二醇诱导小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡过程中信号转导的初步研究

研究了17β－雌二醇（17β－雌二醇（17β－E2）诱导的小鼠细胞凋亡与第二信使分子Ca^2 ／CaM的关系,17β－E2能诱导胸腺细胞亡,用EGTA螯合细胞外Ca^2 时,17β－E2所诱导的细胞凋亡则受到抑制;17β－E2能导致胸腺细胞内游离Ca^2 的浓度声速而持久地升高;相对正常对照组而言,17β-E2处理细胞内CaM含量显著下降,结果表明：17β－E2诱导小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡过程中,可能是通过Ca^2/CaM这个信号转导途径发挥作用。     

植物Ca2+CaM信号系统及其调控研究进展

Ca2 信号通路是植物中信号转导已确认的主要途径.CaM(钙调蛋白)是目前已知胞内Ca2 信号受体中最重要的一种,它参与了多种生理活动的调节.文章对钙在植物细胞中的存在形式、钙作为植物信号转导中第二信使的作用、植物钙调蛋白的结构和生理功能等问题进行了综述和探讨.     

Ca2+、CaM及CaM拮抗剂对粟酒裂殖酵母质膜H+-ATP酶活性的影响

经差速离心,酸处理,蔗糖密度梯度离心制备粟酒裂殖酵母（Schizosaccharomyces pombe）质膜H^＋-ATP酶,以研究Ca^2＋、CaM以及CaM拮抗剂对纯化的质膜H＋-ATP酶活性的影响.结果表明Ca^2＋强烈的抑制该酶的活性,而CaM对该酶的活性没有影响,但TFP与Compound R24571这两类CaM拮抗剂又都能强烈地抑制该酶的活性.推测TEP等抑制该酶的活性不是通过与CaM结合作为CaM的拮抗剂竞争性抑制该酶的活性,而是直接对该酶发生作用或者通过磷脂或其它的CaM依赖性的膜蛋白间接对该酶产生作用.     

Ca^2＋ is involved in muscarine-acetylcholine-receptor-mediated acetylcholine signal transduction in guard cells of Vicia faba L.

Acetyicholine (ACh) is an important neuro-chemical transmitter in animals; it also exists in plants and plays a significant role in various kinds of physiological functions in plants. ACh has been known to induce the stomatal opening. By monitoring the changes of cytusolic Ca^2 with fluorescent probe Fiuo-3 AM under the confocal microscopy, we found that exogenous ACh increased cytosolic Ca^2 concentration of guard cells of Vicia faba L. Muscarlne, an agonist of muscarine acetyicholine receptor (mAChR), could do so as well. In contrast, atropine, the antagonist of mAChR abolished the ability of ACh to increase Ca^2 in guard cells. This mechanism is similar to mAChR in animals. When EGTA was used to chelate Ca^2 or ruthenium red to block Ca^2 released from vacuole respectively, the results showed that the increased cytosolic Ca^2 mainly come from intracellular Ca^2 store. The evidence supports that Ca^2 is involved in guard-cell response to ACh and that Ca^2 sigual is coupled to mAChRs in ACh signal transduction in guard cells.     

蚯蚓钙调素二级结构的研究及Ca^2＋,Tb^3＋的影响

运用ＦＴ－ＩＲ方法的分辨率增强及曲线拟合技术对水化膜中蚯蚓钙调素ＣａＭ的二级结构以及加入不同比例Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｔｂ＾３＋后ＣａＭ二级结构的变化进行了研究。结果表明，水化膜中ＣａＭ及含不同比例Ｃａ＾２＋或Ｔｂ＾３＋的蛋白复合物的α－ｈｅｌｉｘ的含量较晶体和溶液中为低，而β－ｓｈｅｅｔ和ｔｕｒｎ结构的含量相对较高。研究发现不同比例金属离子的加入，引起了ＣａＭ二级结构不同程度的变化，但各类结构在总量上观察     

Ca2+在H2O2促进蚕豆气孔关闭过程中的作用

利用表皮生物分析法,通过表皮条缓冲液中加CaCl2研究了Ca＾2＋在H2O2促进蚕豆气孔关闭过程中的作用．研究发现在不同浓度的H2O2溶液中加入0．05mol/L和0．005mol/L CaCl2均能加强H2O2对蚕豆气孔关闭的促进作用,H2O2和Ca^2 浓度越高,气孔开度减小越明显．推测在H2O2促进蚕豆气孔关闭过程中,保卫细胞质中Ca^2 浓度升高时的来源可能是质外体中的Ca^2＋．     

Rearrangements of microtubule cytoskeleton in stomatal closure of Arabidopsis induced by nitric oxide

NO (nitric oxide), known as a key signal molecule in plant, plays important roles in regulation of stomatal movement. In this study, microtubule dynamics and its possible mechanism in the NO signal pathway were investigated. The results were as follows: (i) In vivo stomatal aperture assays revealed that both vinblastine (microtubule-disrupting drug) and SNP (exogenous NO donor) prevented stomatal opening in the light, and vinblastine even could enhance the inhibitory effect of SNP, whereas taxol (a microtubule-stabilizing agent) was able to reduce this effect; (ii) microtubules in the opening Arabi- dopsis guard cells expressing GFP:α-tubulin-6 (AtGFP:α-tubulin-6) were organized in parallel, straight and dense bundles, radiating from the ventral side to the dorsal side, and most of them were localized perpendicularly to the ventral wall; (iii) under the same environmental conditions, treated with SNP for 30 min, the radial arrays of microtubules in guard cells began to break down, twisted partially and be- came oblique or exhibited a random pattern; (iv) furthermore, the involvement of cytosolic Ca2 in this event was tested. Stomatal aperture assays revealed that BAPTA-AM (a chelator of Ca2 ) greatly sup- pressed the effect of NO on stomatal closure; however, it did not show the same function on stomatal closure induced by vinblastine. When BAPTA-AM was added to the SNP-pretreated solution, the SNP-induced disordered microtubulue cytoskeleton in guard cells underwent rearrangement in a time-dependent manner. After 30 min of treatment with BAPTA-AM, the cortical microtubules resumed the original radial distribution, almost the same as the control. All this indicates that NO may promote rearrangement of microtubule cytoskeleton via elevation of [Ca2 ]cyt (free Ca2 concentration in the cy- toplasm), finally leading to stomatal closure.     

头孢噻肟对人外周血淋巴细胞钙信号转导作用的研究

以人外周血淋巴细胞为模型,利用稳态荧光法研究该模型在外源药物头孢噻肟刺激下,细胞钙稳态的变化,同时考察了钙-ATP酶活性与钙稳态之间的关系.研究发现,在低浓度组的头孢噻肟钠（0.005g/L）刺激下,淋巴细胞内钙离子浓度略有增加,而胞外的钙离子浓度几乎没有发生变化.当药物浓度继续增加,胞内钙离子浓度逐渐减少,药物浓度与胞内钙离子浓度呈现出一定的剂量-效应关系.不同药物处理组的钙-ATP酶活性与对照组相比均降低,呈现出一定的剂量-效应关系.     

活性氧与NO在SO2诱导蚕豆气孔运动中的作用

以蚕豆叶表皮为材料,研究SO2胁迫时叶面气孔运动及其调节途径.研究发现,用浓度1～200μmol/L的SO2衍生物(亚硫酸钠与亚硫酸氢钠混合液)处理蚕豆叶下表皮后,气孔开度明显减小,气孔保卫细胞内活性氧(ROS)、一氧化氮(NO)和钙离子(Ca2+)水平显著升高.采用抗氧化剂抗坏血酸和过氧化氢酶,钙离子干扰剂EGTA和LaCl3,以及NO合成抑制剂NaN3与NO清除剂c-PTIO,分别与SO2衍生物同时作用时,SO2诱发的气孔关闭效应得到有效缓解,保卫细胞内ROS、NO和Ca2+水平随之改变.抗氧化剂和NO干扰剂能阻止SO2诱导的胞内ROS、NO和Ca2+水平升高;EGTA和LaCl3能降低SO2诱导的胞内NO和Ca2+升高,但不影响ROS水平.研究结果表明,较高浓度SO2能诱导气孔关闭,SO2胁迫诱导ROS和NO合成增加,ROS和NO通过钙信号系统调节气孔开度.     

Nitric oxide involved in signal transduction of Jasmonic acid-induced stomatal closure of Vicia faba L.

Nitric oxide (NO) and Jasmonic acid (JA) are two key signaling molecules involved in many and diverse biological pathways in plants. Growing evidence suggested that NO signaling interacts with JA signaling. In this work, Our experiment showed that NO exists in guard cell of Vicia faba L., and NO is involved in signal transduction of JAinduced stomata closuring: ( i ) JA enhances NO synthesis in guard cell; ( ii ) both JA and NO induced stomatal closure, and had dose response to their effects; ( iU ) there are synergetic correlation between JA and lower NO concentration in regulation of stomatal movement; (iV) JA-induced stomatal closure was largely prevented by 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-l-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO), a specific NO scavenger. An inhibitor of NO synthase (NOS) in mammalian cells, N^G-nitro-L-Arg-methyl eater (L-NAME) also inhibits plant NOS, repressing JA-induced NO generation and JA-induced stomatal closure. We presumed that NO mainly comes from NOS after JA treatment.     

Relationship between calcium and atmospheric dust recorded in Guliya ice core

By the analyses of Guliya ice core on the Tibetan Plateau, it was found that the calcium (Ca^2 ) originated from the terrestrial source is the main cation of soluble aerosol and a good proxy of the atmospheric component and environment in the mountain ice core located in the mid-low latitude arid regions. Evident variation of Ca^2 concentration has been found in the Guliya ice core since the Last lnterglaciation with two relatively strong increase periods and two weak increase periods. These variations are generally related to climatic changes: high Ca^2 concentration periods coincide with cold periods and low Ca^2 concentration periods coincide with warm periods. However, Ca^2 concentration does not always decrease (increase) with climate warming (cooling). The magnitude and phase of Ca^2 concentration does not always match temperature either. The changes of atmospheric circulation, land surface condition and atmospheric humidity might be important factors which influence Ca^2 concentration besides temperature.     

Mitochondrial response and calcium ion change in apoptotic insect cells induced by SfaMNPV

Mitochondrial responses and changes of calcium ions in apoptotic insect SL-1 cells induced by Syngrapha falcifera multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (SfaMNPV) are reported in this paper. By using Rhodamine 123 as a fluorescent labeling probe, flow cytometry analysis and confocal laser scanning microscope observation we observed that the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (△ψm) began to decrease in SL-1 cells at 4 h post infection and △ψm reduced continuously with the extension of virus infection. Western blotting indicated that the Bcl-2 level in the mitochondria gradually declined and was down- regulated. Cells undergoing apoptosis were found to have an elevation of cytochrome c in the cytosol and a corresponding decrease in the mitochondria, which indicated that cytochrome c was released from mitochondria into cytosol. These results suggest that mitochondrion-mediated apoptotic signal transduction pathway exists in apoptotic insect cell induced by SfaMNPV. Cytosolic free calcium ([Ca^2 ]i) concentration rapidly increased after SfaMNPV infection and the elevated calcium was tested to come partly from extracelllular calcium ion influx. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that the apoptosis in SL-1 cells was not influenced by established cytosolic calcium clamped conditions and the EGTA inhibiting calcium influx. Therefore, neither the elevation of cytosolic calcium ion nor extracellular calcium entry was the inducing factor of apoptosis, which hinted that the depletion of ER Ca^2 store contributed to SL-1 cell apoptosis induced by SfaMNPV.     

Zn2+、Ca2+及其相互作用对大蒜根尖生长和细胞分裂的影响

用不同浓度的Zn2+、Ca2+和Zn2++Ca2+溶液处理大蒜鳞茎发现;Ca2+能抑制Zn2+的毒害,明显提高细胞分裂比率,促进根尖生长,降低异常细胞比率.基本趋势为根的长度和细胞分裂比率为Ca2+>Zn2++Ca2+>Zn2+,异常细胞比率为Ca2+>Zn2+>Ca2++Zn2+.     

甜菜碱通过钙通道升高鼠脾淋巴细胞内[Ca^2＋]i研究

研究甜菜碱对小鼠脾淋巴细胞内钙离子浓度的变化及相关钙通道的研究．应用激光共聚焦显微镜（LSCM）测小鼠脾淋巴细胞内钙浓度的变化,应用不同钙通道阻滞剂研究甜菜碱影响细胞内钙浓度变化途径．对终浓度4mmol／L甜菜碱作用淋巴细胞不同时间的细胞内钙离子浓度值分析表明：甜菜碱可以使淋巴细胞内Ca^2＋浓度升高,6h后效果最明显;对加入不同阻滞剂细胞内钙离子浓度变化分析表明：钙通道及蛋白阻滞剂硝苯地平、地尔硫卓、咪贝地尔、金雀异黄素对甜菜碱升高淋巴细胞内钙离子浓度没有影响;维拉帕米、新霉素、肝素、普鲁卡因能阻断甜菜碱对淋巴细胞内钙离子浓度的升高作用．由此可知：细胞内钙离子浓度升高主要通过以下途径：在G蛋白介导下通过影响L-型电压门控钙通道的仅。亚单位而引起外钙内流;通过影响胞内钙库的ILR钙通道和RyR钙通道而引起内钙外排．其共同引起胞质钙离子浓度增加．     

Phosphatidylglycerol effect on oxygen-evolving activity in Ca2+-depleted photosystem Ⅱ

The effect of anionic phosphatidylglycerol (PG) on oxygen evolution in a photosystem Ⅱ (PSⅡ) particle depleted of Ca2+ (designated dCaPSⅡ) has been investigated. The major finding is the observation of a new role of PG in the PSⅡ function. That is, PG restores nearly the lost oxygen evolution in dCaPSⅡ particle owing to Ca2+ depletion to the levels in intact PSⅡ. Furthermore, there is a stimulation of oxygen-evolving activity in the dCaPSⅡ complexed with PG in the presence of exogenous CaCl2, which PG enhances increasingly oxygen evolution with increasing CaCl2 concentration. It is suggested that PG-induced oxygen evolution recovery of dCa PSⅡ particle results from resumption of normal structure in protein by PG effect, whereas the enhancement of oxygen evolution in complex subject to CaCl2 is ascribed to the optimization of such a structure due to coordination complex formation of Ca2+ ions with PG.     

生物钙化作用

研究发现Ca2+的主要作用分为三种:第一种是生物调控作用;第二种是结构作用;第三种是生物钙化作用.本文论述了生物钙化作用的模式及无机化学基础.