ESR dates for the hominid burial site of Es Skhul in Israel

The Middle East has been critical to our understanding of recent human evolution ever since the recovery of Neanderthal and early anatomically modern fossils from the caves of Tabun and Skhul (Mount Carmel) over 50 years ago. It was generally believed, on archaeological and morphological grounds, that middle eastern Neanderthals (such as those from Tabun, Amud and Kebara) probably dated from more than 50,000 years ago, whereas the earliest anatomically modern specimens (from Skhul and Qafzeh) probably dated from about 40,000 years. Recent thermoluminescence and electron spin resonance (ESR) determinations, however, have supported biostratigraphy in dating the Qafzeh deposits to an earlier part of the late Pleistocene, probably more than 90,000 years ago. These dates have been questioned on unspecified technical grounds, and it has also been argued that they create explanatory problems by separating the morphologically similar Qafzeh and Skhul samples by some 50,000 years, thus implying a long-term coexistence of early modern humans and Neanderthals in the area. Here we report the first radiometric dating analysis for Skhul, using ESR on bovine teeth from the hominid burial levels. Early uptake and linear uptake ages average 81 +/- 15 and 101 +/- 12 kyr respectively. These analyses suggest that the Skhul and Qafzeh samples are of a similar age and therefore it is possible that the presence of early modern humans in the area was episodic, rather than long-term during the early late Pleistocene.     

Trace element geochemistry of the Lower Cambrian black rock series from northwestern Hunan, South China

Samples of black rock series collected from the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation, northwestern Hunan Province, China, were analyzed for trace elements.The trace element geochemical characteristics of the ore layer (high enrichments of Ni, Mo, V, U, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Tl and Ba; high U/Th ratios and LREE-enriched patterns with positive Eu and Y anomalies) support the assumption that the Ni-Mo polymetallic layer is of submarine hydrothermal origin.High field strength elements (HFSE) and lithophile elements such as Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Li, Be, Rb, Cs, Th and Sc are remarkably higher in the upper unit than those in the lower unit of the Niutitang Formation.These features may reflect that hydrothermal contributions were diminished, and terrigenous constituents were increased in the sediments of the upper unit of the Niutitang Formation.     

贵州龙井洞和白龙洞裸灶螽对重金属的富集

调查贵州省龙井洞和白龙洞裸灶螽部分环境因子,对2个洞穴的裸灶螽、土壤和水中重金属(Cu、Cr、Ni、Zn、Hg和As)含量进行测定,研究两洞穴裸灶螽的富集系数,对两洞穴土壤中重金属的污染指数及生态风险进行评价,结果表明:两洞穴有光带、弱光带和黑暗带土壤中重金属Cu、Cr、Ni、Zn、Hg及As的平均含量超过我国土壤背景值;两洞穴裸灶螽对Cu和Zn明显富集;龙井洞土壤中6种重金属潜在生态风险处于较高生态危害水平,且潜在生态风险系数大小排列为Hg＞As＞Cu＞Ni＞Zn＞Cr;白龙洞土壤中6种重金属潜在生态风险处于高生态危害水平,且潜在生态风险系数大小排列为Hg＞As＞Cu＞Ni＞Zn＞Cr,其中Hg是两洞穴最主要的生态风险因子.     

Palaeolithic ivory sculptures from southwestern Germany and the origins of figurative art

Archaeologists have always viewed the origin of figurative art as a crucial threshold in human evolution. Here I report the discovery of three figurines carved from mammoth ivory at Hohle Fels Cave in the Swabian Jura of southwestern Germany, which provides new evidence for the appearance of figurative art more than 30,000 years ago. The finds include the oldest known representation of a bird, a therianthropic sculpture and an animal that most closely resembles a horse. The Aurignacian sculptures of the Swabian Jura belong to one of the oldest traditions of figurative art known worldwide and point to the Upper Danube as an important centre of cultural innovation during the early Upper Palaeolithic period.     

Newly discovered Palaeolithic artefacts from loess deposits and their ages in Lantian,central China

Eight new Palaeolithic open-air sites were identified and 770 stone artefacts were collected from 2009 to 2011 in the Lantian area of the Bahe River valley, central China. Because the famous Homo erectus fossils were unearthed at the Gongwangling and Chenjiawo localities, and more than 30 Palaeolithic open-air sites were investigated in the 1960s in this region, the catchment of Bahe River is regarded as one of the most important hominin sites from the late early Pleistocene to the middle Pleistocene. These eight newly discovered open-air sites are located at the second(n = 6), third(n = 1) or higher terraces(n = 1) of the Bahe River. The Diaozhai section on the second terrace was sampled in detail. Two samples were collected for optically stimulated luminescence dating(OSL). The OSL results suggest that a buried lithic artefact layer at the Diaozhai site spans approximately 70–30 ka. The lithic assemblage analysis suggests that the stone artefacts were made of local pebbles/cobbles such as greywacke, quartz, sandstone and igneous rocks. The main percussion techniques that were used were direct hard hammer percussion and bi-polar techniques. The lithic artefacts comprise hammer stones, cores, flakes, retouched tools and flaking debris. Acheulian-type large cutting tools(LCTs) such as hand-axes, picks and cleavers were indentified in the Lantian region as well. This is the first time Acheulian-type LCTs from the late Pleistocene have been identified in this region. This study distinguishes age gaps between Western world and East Asian Acheulian-type tools.     

贵州省洞穴高原鳅属一新种

描记采于贵州省盘县保田镇一地下洞穴高原鳅属一新种,命名保田高原鳅Triplophysa baotianensis sp. nov..新种是贵州省南盘江水系的首个高原鳅发现.与贵州已记载的5种高原鳅比较,新种与北盘江水系的贞丰高原鳅性状相近,但有明显特征可区别.（1）新种胸腹鳍平展与躯体呈“十”字形,贞丰高原鳅胸腹鳍走向正常;（2）新种背鳍起点在腹鳍起点之前上方,贞丰高原鳅在腹鳍起点之后上方;（3）新种体表裸露无鳞,贞丰高原鳅体被明显细鳞;（4）新种鼻瓣发育成短须状,贞丰高原鳅鼻瓣不呈须状;（5）新种属于南盘江水系,贞丰高原鳅属于北盘江水系.     

稳定同位素技术对贵州青菜洞和癞子洞营养级关系的研究

本文应用稳定同位素技术对贵州喀斯特洞穴青菜洞和癞子洞生态系统的营养级关系进行研究。结果表明,青菜洞和癞子洞食物链的碳源主要为洞穴内土壤有机质,为第一营养级(即初级生产者);洞穴内软体动物的螺类和节肢动物的裸灶螽、马陆等主要以土壤有机质和颗粒有机物为食,为第二营养级(即初级消费者);洞穴内的节肢动物的蜘蛛类和脊椎动物主要以其他动物为食物,为第三营养级(即次级消费者)。本文中青菜洞Δδ15 N的富集因子为2.9‰,癞子洞Δδ15 N的富集因子为2.46‰。     

河北青龙铀矿田铀矿物特征

为研究青龙铀矿田铀矿物特征,通过岩矿测试、放射性照相、X射线粉晶分析和电子探针分析等方法,对矿田中铀矿石的铀存在形式、结构构造、化学组成进行了研究。结果显示,铀以吸附、单矿物、铀酰络合物形式存在,形态有超显微粒状、显微粒状、似细脉状三种。沥青铀矿富集Th、TREE等,而其他化学成分如H_2O、SiO_2、Pb等的含量,因不同矿床而差异明显。铀矿石中沥青铀矿为主要铀矿物,其成分单一,铀含量均较高,但433矿床和434矿床中沥青铀矿Pb含量相差很大,反映了该矿田存在多物源、多成矿作用。本研究成果为铀矿选冶及铀成矿研究提供依据。     

Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis (Rhinocerotidae, Mammalia) from the Rhino Cave in Shennongjia, Hubei

The Rhino Cave,a Paleolithic site in Shennongjia,is the highest altitude locality of rhinoceros in the Middle-South part of China,and it is also the southernmost and the richest locality in Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis fossils which include cranium,mandibles,isolated teeth and postcranials.These materials can be referred to the species Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis according to the following characters:incisorless,mandibular symphysis contracted,occiput high,subaural channel closed,with nasal and frontal h...     

Evidence of fire use of late Pleistocene humans from the Huanglong Cave, Hubei Province, China

Since 2004, three excavations have been carried out at a late Pleistocene human fossil site of Huanglong Cave in Yunxi County, Hubei Province of China, which unearthed seven human teeth, dozens of stone tools, mammal fossils and other evidence indicating human activities. During the third excavation in 2006, in the same layer as the human teeth, we found some patches of black materials embedded in the deposit. We doubted that this black deposit layer is the remains of burning or even human use of fire at the cave. To further explore the possibility of human fire use at the Huanglong Cave, we examined samples directly taken from the black deposit layer and compared them with samples taken from several places in the cave using three methods: micromorphology, element content determination and deposit temperature analysis. Our results indicate that the contents of carbon element in the black deposit reach 64.59%―73.29%. In contrast, contents of carbon element of the comparative samples from other parts in the cave are only 5.82%―9.49%. The micromorphology analysis of the black deposit samples reveals a plant structure like axial parenchyma, fibrocyte, uniseriate ray and vessel. High-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements suggest that the stratum possibly underwent a high temperature in the nature. Based on these lab analyses, we are sure that the black layer in the Huanglong Cave is the remains of fire and combustion did occur in the cave 100000 years ago. Taking other evidence of human activities found in the Huanglong Cave into consideration, we believe that the evidence of fire from the Huanglong Cave was caused by the human activities of controlled use of fire.     

甘肃景泰地区早石炭世小个体动物群

在甘肃景泰地区典型剖面(红水堡和黑山剖面)早石炭世地层中,发现由珊瑚、腕足类、苔藓虫和海百合茎组成的小个体动物群,其中各门类化石个体普遍较小,通常只能用毫米级尺度来度量.经研究发现这一动物群既非灾害性死亡群体,也非水流分选堆积物,而是由于其生存环境异于寻常导致生长停滞所形成的特殊动物群."巴彦浩特地区石炭纪生态地层学研究"项目的研究结果提供了沉积环境信息,丰富了找矿资料,对找矿实践具有一定意义.     

青海省查查香卡铀矿床矿石特征及铀的存在形式研究

铀矿石特征和铀存在形式有助于查查香卡铀矿床成因和成矿过程的研究。查查香卡铀矿石地质特征分析和显微研究表明铀矿石主要为糜棱岩化斜长角闪岩、碎裂岩、角砾岩及正长花岗岩,矿石经历了韧性和脆性变形,铀矿物与长英质脉体关系密切,呈脉状分布。矿石放射性径迹、化学分析显示,矿石中铀矿物主要以铌钛铀矿为主,其次为晶质铀矿、铀钍矿及钍铀矿物,矿石U含量与Th、Nb、Ce、La和稀土总量呈正相关性,其中Nb、Ce、La、Th含量可达工业品位。综合分析,查查香卡铀矿床至少发育两期铀矿化,前期为独立铀矿化期或者铀钍矿化期,后期为铀、钍稀土综合矿化期。     

准噶尔盆地西北缘车排子地区下白垩统层序地层与沉积演化

以层序地层学理论为依据,综合运用地震、钻井、测井、野外露头和古生物资料,在井—震联合标定的基础上,对准噶尔盆地西北缘车排子地区下白垩统层序地层及沉积演化进行研究.结果表明:下白垩统可划分为2个三级层序;下部层序KSI结构发育完整,低位体系域以辫状河和扇三角洲沉积为主,下切谷特征明显,水进体系域发育滨浅湖沉积,高位体系域发育扇三角洲、滨浅湖沉积;上部层序KSII低位体系域不发育,水进体系域主要发育滨浅湖沉积,高位体系域在湖平面缓慢下降、陆源碎屑物质供给不断减少的环境下发育曲流河、扇三角洲、滨浅湖沉积;下白垩统沉积建造反映研究区的沉积演化具有一定旋回性,早白垩世古气候变化对层序的发育起重要的控制作用.     

某难处理多金属矿石综合浸出铀、铜、银试验研究

针对某难浸铀矿石,采用“氯化焙烧-硫酸浸出”工艺进行处理提取铀、铜、银。研究结果表明,最佳氯化焙烧实验条件为氯化钠用量6%,氯化焙烧温度 460 ℃,氯化焙烧时间2 h,焙烧液固比0.2∶1。对氯化焙烧后的矿样进行硫酸浸出,浸出条件为:硫酸浓度30 g/L、浸出时间30 min、浸出温度70 ℃、液固比2∶1,此时金属离子铀、铜、银的浸出率分别为铀85.08%、铜95.82%、银91.80%。     

含铀土壤中苏云金芽胞杆菌的分离与鉴定

从新疆某铀矿厂采集土样,通过光学显微镜观察其伴胞晶体,并经生理生化特征和cry基因的鉴定确认为苏云金芽胞杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,简称Bt）,将其命名为BRC-ZYR4。利用PCR．RFLP方法和SDS—PAGE方法对该菌株进行了cry基因型和杀虫晶体蛋白（Insecticidal Crystal Proteins,简称ICPs）的鉴定。结果表明,BRC-ZYR4可能含有crylAd、crylcb和crylEa基因,含有约130、75、50、30和25kDa ICPs。     

由几何级数的扭曲生成的艾森斯坦级数（英文）

本文借助狄利克雷特征处理了几何级数的扭曲.结合傅里叶变换的基本工具,生成了一族算术群的所有艾森斯坦级数.     

新疆某砂岩铀矿含矿层孔隙结构的分形特征

以新疆某砂岩铀矿含矿层为研究对象,利用压汞实验数据,采用分形理论研究含矿层孔隙结构特征,并探讨其与渗透性的关系及成因.含矿层孔隙结构总体上具类似的分形特征和形成机理.孔隙结构表现出双分形特征,大孔隙结构的分维值明显大于小孔隙结构的分维值,表明大孔隙结构的复杂程度明显大于小孔隙结构的复杂程度.大孔隙结构的分维值可判定含矿层的渗透性,并且其高值指示渗透性低,而小孔隙结构的分维值不能判定含矿层的渗透性.流体对不同孔径孔隙结构的改造程度存在差异可能是导致本砂岩铀矿含矿层孔隙结构具双分形特征的一个重要因素.     

重庆梁天湾14号石笋沉积特征与同位素年龄

对采自重庆金佛山梁天湾洞穴的一根长290mm的14号石笋进行了高精度的定年和稳定同位素分析．在此基础上，对石笋的沉积结构、层面构造、沉积间断等特征标志进行了研究，阐述了重庆梁天湾涧石笋的沉积特征以及洞穴占滴水的动态变化．TIMS-U系测年结果表明：该石笋形成于31．9KaB．P．，结束于15．21Ka B．P．，属于末次冰期晚期的产物．石笋的沉积基本连续。没有明显的沉积间断，共分为4个旋回，沉积速率从老到新分别为65．22mm/Ka,8．37mm／Ka，97．09mm／Ka,24．39mm／Ka．