超前注水区块非线性渗流数值模拟及经济评价

流体在超低渗透油藏中渗流偏离达西定律,符合非线性渗流规律,据此研制了超低渗透非线性渗流数值模拟软件.建立了考虑非线性弯曲段影响的渗流数学模型,并结合矿场实际和室内岩心数据建立了大45超前注水区块地质模型.然后根据此模型进行了数值模拟.结果表明,超前注水区块开发过程中压力梯度大部分位于非线性弯曲段,非线性渗流区域占据主导地位.现有井网条件下,超前注水区块剩余油饱和度高,储层大部分区域水驱未能波及,储层动用效果较差,没有建立有效的驱动压力体系.对现有井网的预测表明,现有井网适应性较差,需要通过井网调整或加密措施进一步完善井网系统.通过对不同开发方案的经济评价和优选,认为角井直接转注为最优方案.     

大45超低渗透油藏非线性渗流数值模拟

为了评价非线性渗流规律下的井网适应性,以大45超低渗透区块为例,应用研制的非线性渗流数值模拟软件进行数值模拟研究.设计6套井网转注方案研究不同转注时机对油田开发的影响,并优选最优方案.研究表明:非线性渗流数值模拟软件适用于超低渗透油藏;大45油藏现有菱形反九点500 m×100 m井网动用程度低,井网适应性差,需通过井网调整改善油藏动用程度;越早转注,采出程度越高;综合含水率60%左右为最佳转注时机;井网转注提高了地层压力梯度,增大了流动区域,进而改善了油田的开发效果;超低渗透油藏开发过程中,非线性渗流占据了流体渗流的主导地位,以非线性渗流规律为基础的数值模拟软件能够更准确地预测该类型油藏的开发特征.     

降压开采对低渗储层渗透性的影响

笔者将渗流力学与弹塑性力学相结合,考虑地下流体和岩土骨架之间的相互作用,建立低渗透油藏流固耦合渗流数学模型,并给出数值计算方法及渗流场与变形场耦合分析的方法.通过数值模拟,对一五点井网首先进行衰竭式,而后进行注水开发的过程进行了数值模拟.分析了实施降压开采对储层渗透性能的影响,提出了一些新的认识.     

特低渗透裂缝性油藏超前注水井网评价方法

大庆油田外围某特低渗透试验区天然裂缝发育,微裂缝一方面可以增大油、水渗流能力,另一方面会加剧注入水窜流,认清裂缝发育特低渗透油藏超前注水的水平井井网部署对开发效果的影响是很有必要的。考虑特低渗透油藏非线性渗流规律,对微裂缝采用等效渗流介质理论,运用室内岩心分析数据和数值模拟的方法,探讨了超前注水水平井井网部署。根据井网与微裂缝匹配关系,建立12套模拟模型。通过分析各方案采出程度与含水率关系、地层压力保持水平和压力梯度场分布,明确了各方案的开发效果和适应性。分析结果表明水平井井筒垂直于最大主应力方向井网开发效果好。七点水平井网开发效果好,应优化井距以驱动注水井间的原油。九点井网见水快,应合理设计注水井位置,避免过早见水。水平井五点井网不适用于该地区。     

B239超前注水建立有效驱替压力系统研究

B239井区长6超低渗透油藏试验区块实施超前注水开发,开发效果未达到预定方案指标,为此开展了超前注水改善开发效果有效性的研究。主要在加密调整井网的基础上,采用油藏工程与数值模拟相结合的方法,设计了相应的研究方案。研究结果表明:对井距达到有效作用距离的井网系统超前注水才更为有效。如果井距过大,即使采用超前注水也不能充分发挥作用或者作用甚微,只能在井底形成局部高压,不能形成有效驱替,注入水不能有效向油井推进。该项研究对同类低渗、特低渗油田超前注水开发提供了理论依据和技术支撑,对于该类油田开发具有重要的指导意义。     

低渗储层非线性渗流规律对油田开发的影响分析

以室内岩芯实验为基础,建立了五点井网非均质地质模型。应用研制的特低渗透油藏非线性渗流数值模拟软件研究非线性渗流规律对油田开发的影响。将考虑储层非线性渗流规律和达西渗流规律的模拟结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明:非线性渗流规律降低了储层的吸水能力,加剧了储层非均质性对开发的影响,降低了油田的整体开发效果。渗透率较低非线性程度较强储层水驱效果变差,油井见水时间滞后,含水率低;注水沿人工裂缝方向推进速度与达西渗流模拟结果相差不大,垂直人工裂缝方向推进速度变慢。低渗透油田开发及合理井网部署需考虑非线性渗流规律。     

超低渗透油藏渗流特征及提高采收率方向

为提高超低渗透油藏单井产量,深入研究了超低渗透油藏渗流特征,认为建立注水渗流条件下的有效驱替是关键,综合多种测试手段和岩心室内实验结果,定量描述了启动压力梯度和压力敏感系数的非线性变化规律,建立了超低渗透油藏考虑应力敏感和启动压力梯度的渗流模型,研究并试验了以小井距、小水量、超前注水、前置酸加砂压裂、多级加砂压裂、水力射孔射流压裂为主体的开发技术,有效地改善了平面和剖面渗流条件,为规模开发超低渗透油藏提供了新途径。     

长庆沿河湾区块长6超低渗透油藏合理开发技术

为了合理开发超低渗透油田,提高采收率,迫切需要适合超低渗透油田开发技术.以长庆油田沿河湾区块这一典型的超低渗透油藏为例,应用了Eclipse数值模拟软件,利用数值模拟的方法对不稳定注水以及气水交替注入等不同的开发技术进了研究.模拟结果表明:气水交替注入效果最佳,连续注水次之,周期注水效果最差;对于气水交替注入技术,气水交替周期6个月的开发效果要好于交替周期3个月,先注气后注水要好于先注水后注气的开发效果.     

特低渗透油田非线性渗流模型下井网产量

针对低渗透、低丰度储层难以有效开发动用的难题,以五点井网为例,推导基于非线性渗流条件下的井网产量计算公式,在忽略非线性项时,即为达西渗流,用该方法得到的产量与达西模型的误差在0.5%以内,验证了方法的正确性,可作为低渗透油田井网优化设计方法。将动用系数作为衡量低渗透储层动用程度的指标,为井网优化设计提供参考。并以某低渗透油田区块为例,考察了井距、注采压差与油井产量和动用系数之间的关系。研究结果表明,由于低渗透油田非线性渗流的存在,井距越大,由于克服非线性渗流所消耗的压力越多,动用系数越低,在某低渗透油田区块目前300 m井距下很难建立有效的驱动体系。     

菱形联合井网整体压裂电模拟实验研究

目前国内大部分油田已处于开发后期,地层能量不断衰竭,了解地层流体的渗流规律、对现有开发井网进行改造,能有效提高地层能量和区块产量。根据现有直井井网的布井方法,考虑水平井压裂的特点,优化设计了菱形联合压裂井网,并运用电模拟的方法,模拟不同井网和裂缝参数对水平井整体压裂井网的渗流规律及产能的影响。结果表明,改进后的菱形联合井网注水压力波及范围扩大,注水效率提高,能明显提高单井产量;裂缝长度增加有利于注水效率的提高,但裂缝过长会造成水驱前缘突进的现象,不利于油井的生产;裂缝方位对注水效率的影响随裂缝长度的增大而增大,且裂缝方位为垂直时注水效果最好。研究成果对水平井菱形联合井网整体压裂设计具有一定指导意义。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with