乙醇和柴油的相容性研究

以相分离温度及其变化幅度为指标考察了乙醇和柴油的相容性。结果表明，直馏和加氢柴油馏分油及所有市售柴油与乙醇的相分离曲线随乙醇含量增大呈先上升后下降的变化规律，馏分油在乙醇含量为5％～20％范围内，相分离温度升高25～40℃，调合柴油在乙醇含量为10％～20％时，相分离温度升高10～15℃，且在乙醇含量约50％时相分离温度都达到最高值；芳烃含量较高的催化裂化柴油相分离温度随乙醇含量增加呈单调升高的趋势，但整体升高幅度小于15℃。柴油的烃族组成和50％馏出温度对乙醇与柴油的相容性有较大影响。加入助溶剂后乙醇和柴油的低温稳定时间明显延长。     

含水乙醇汽油稳定性研究

使用市售车用93号乙醇汽油和纯汽油分别配制出高乙醇含量和高含水量的含水乙醇汽油,试验研究乙醇汽油中乙醇含量、含水量以及5种添加剂(正丁醇、异丁醇、甲基叔丁基醚、棕榈酸、失水山梨醇单油酸酯)对含水乙醇汽油相分离温度的影响。结果表明,含水量减少、乙醇含量增加都可降低含水乙醇汽油的相分离温度;使用纯汽油配制的含水乙醇汽油含水量在3%时,相分离温度低于-20℃,且在大气环境温度为-5~10℃的条件下放置30d以上不发生分层现象;使用乙醇汽油配制的含水乙醇汽油比使用纯汽油配制的含水乙醇汽油稳定性要强,在相同乙醇含量和含水量下,前者的相分离温度要低9~15℃;5种添加剂均能明显降低含水乙醇汽油的相分离温度,其中正丁醇和异丁醇的效果最好。     

以醇类为助溶剂的乙醇柴油混合燃料的试验研究

为了研究醇类在乙醇柴油混合燃料中的助溶效果,以及添加醇类助溶剂后,柴油机燃用乙醇柴油混合燃料的排放性能,分别做了助溶试验和排放性能试验。助溶试验时,选择碳原子数依次增大的正丁醇、正庚醇、正癸醇作为助溶剂,按柴油、乙醇、助溶剂的体积比为75∶20∶5的比例,分别在温度为0、10、20、30℃的恒温条件下配制混合燃料,摇匀静置,观察互溶情况和分层时间,结果发现,柴油乙醇直接混合会立即产生分层;加入助溶剂后会提高互溶效果,过一段时间才会分层;10℃以上环境均能保证柴油乙醇燃料稳定互溶15 d以上;随温度的升高和助溶剂碳原子数的增加稳定互溶时间有增大趋势。排放试验在一台YC6 J170-21车用柴油机上进行,在100%负荷率下,分别测试不同助溶剂的柴油乙醇燃料的CO、HC、NOx和碳烟的排放,结果表明,与纯柴油相比,柴油乙醇燃料的CO排放没有增加;中高转速下,HC和碳烟排放明显下降;NOx排放全程下降;以正丁醇为助溶剂的柴油乙醇燃料的CO、HC、NOx和碳烟的排放最低。     

部分热回收风冷热泵冷热水机组性能实验研究

以一台额定制冷(热)量为45 k W的部分热回收风冷热泵机组为平台,研究和分析了样机在名义制冷、名义制热工况,在保持使用侧和热回收侧水流量不变条件下,开启热回收功能后得到出水温度为45℃和50℃热水时样机的运行参数和性能变化规律。结果表明,在名义制冷工况45℃和50℃热水出水温度时,样机制冷性能系数(COP)比无热回收分别变化-10.55%~1.09%和3.64%~12.73%,热回收综合制冷COP分别达到3.38~3.69和2.98~3.15,出水温度由45℃升高到50℃且分别采用单双风机冷凝时,样机制冷COP下降2.44%~4.68%;在名义制热工况热水45℃和50℃出水温度时,样机制热COP比无热回收降低10.96%~21.58%,50℃出水时制热COP比45℃出水时升高4.42%,热回收综合制热COP分别达到了3.28和3.09。     

鲕状赤铁矿悬浮焙烧的磁性研究

针对鄂西某鲕状赤铁矿进行悬浮焙烧研究,并采用振动样品磁强计、X射线衍射分析仪、穆斯堡尔谱仪分析还原温度、还原时间、氧化温度、颗粒粒度对焙烧物料磁性和物相组成的影响规律.结果表明:铁矿石经悬浮焙烧后磁性明显增强,且焙烧物料磁性与强磁性铁矿物的含量呈正比.当还原温度为550~650℃时,还原物料的磁化强度和比磁化率随还原温度的升高而升高,超过700℃后则随之降低.延长还原时间可提高还原物料的磁化强度和比磁化率.焙烧物料中γ-Fe2O3含量随氧化温度升高而增加,在氧化温度为350℃时物料中γ-Fe2O3的含量达到最大值.当焙烧物料颗粒粒度小于15μm时,颗粒的磁化强度和比磁化率随之降低,而剩磁和矫顽力则随之增加.     

乙醇柴油乳液性能研究

研究了乙醇质量分数从5%增加到25%时乙醇柴油乳液的密度、黏度、表面张力和稳定性,总结出乙醇含量对乙醇柴油乳液理化性质的影响。结果表明,乳化剂适宜用量为3%,乳液的表面张力、密度、黏度、稳定时间随乙醇含量的增加呈现减小趋势,乳液的粒径在0.1μm~15μm之间。     

机制恩施玉露茶固形工艺优化研究

通过对固形温度(20、40、80℃)、固形水分(15%、20%、25%)和固形时间(10、20、30 min)进行正交试验,优化恩施玉露茶固形工艺参数.结果表明,利用6CZG-80型针形茶固形机固形能满足恩施玉露茶整形上光的效果.恩施玉露茶适宜的固形参数为固形温度40~80℃、含水量15%~20%、固形时间10~20 min,其中以固形温度40℃、水分15%、时间10 min为最优.     

环境温度对E级燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组全工况影响

研究对象为PG9171E型燃气轮机为顶循环的联合循环机组,构建了燃气-蒸汽联合循环系统变工况模型.通过改变环境温度及相应边界条件,分析了环境温度对联合循环机组全工况性能及调峰能力的影响情况.结果表明:以性能保证工况作为基准工况,降低大气温度,以冬季工况为代表,其全工况性能优于基准工况,效率比基准工况提高幅度为1.69%~3.75%,其出功增加幅度为11.48%~11.57%;提高大气温度,以夏季工况为代表,其全工况性能劣于基准工况,效率降低幅度为2.56%~5.08%,其出功降低幅度为10.44%~10.58%;对于机组的调峰能力,随着环境温度的升高,机组的调峰能力在降低,-20℃时联合循环机组最大、最小发电负荷分别为47.63,242.62 MW;40℃时最大、最小发电负荷分别为39.14,172.12 MW,全年温度范围内调峰幅度为132~194 MW.      

实验温度对牛蛙神经冲动产生和传导的影响

测定了牛蛙(Rana catesbeiana)离体坐骨神经干在5、15、25、30、33、35、39℃七个温度条件下的动作电位波幅和传导速度.结果表明:温度显著影响牛蛙神经干的动作电位幅度和传导速度,牛蛙神经干动作电位幅度和传导速度不随温度的改变而呈同步的变化.在5-30℃温度范围内,牛蛙神经干的动作电位幅度随温度升高而增大,30℃后显著下降,39℃时最低;25、30、33℃动作电位的传导速度相对较快,温度低于25℃或高于33℃,牛蛙神经干的传导速度均呈显著的下降趋势.     

乙醇/柴油混合燃料的配制、物性测量和对柴油机性能影响的模拟研究

选择丁醇、庚醇、生物柴油和聚山梨糖醇单油酸酯(Span80)作为助溶剂,对比研究其助溶效果.按照不同乙醇体积分数(10%,20%和30%)和温度范围(5～60℃),进行混合燃料的密度、表面张力和黏度等物性参数测量,研究其随乙醇体积分数和温度变化的规律.模拟研究混合燃料对柴油机性能的影响,结果表明:随乙醇体积分数的增加,燃油雾化效果得到改善,壁面油膜逐渐减少,氮氧化物(NOx)和碳烟(soot)排放逐渐减少;发动机动力性逐渐下降,但是当量比油耗和燃烧噪声逐渐下降.乙醇体积分数为10%时柴油机的综合性能最佳.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the