西藏高原太阳红斑紫外线的测量

文章阐述了实地测量和利用卫星数据,以及分析青藏高原太阳紫外线的部分结果。地面测量结果显示西藏城市和乡村2005-2006年晴天红斑紫外线日总量[J/m2]变化规律;2006年西藏城乡晴天紫外线A(UVA)和紫外线B(UVB)日总量对比。卫星数据分析结果显示整个青藏高原夏季太阳紫外线强度的空间分布规律,同时与周边地区的强度做了比较。测量和分析结果能为该地区的地面紫外线情况和人类健康等诸多方面提供量化的数据。     

西藏大学两项目获国家人事部2005年度留学人员科技项目资助

最近,由西藏大学环境物理研究所诺桑博士、普多旺硕士分别申报的《西藏高原太阳紫外线观测网站的建立和研究》《、西藏湖泊动力循环系统数学模型建立》获国家人事部2005年度留学人员科技项目资助。《西藏高原太阳紫外线观测网站的建立和和研究》将研究紫外线-B和紫外线-A的强度和生物有效紫外线课剂量率(Biologically Effective U V D ose R ate);利用地面观测站提供的紫外线数据和卫星(如,TO M S)紫外线数据,研究高原紫外线的空间分布规律;研究在海拔高度的稀薄空气、臭氧低谷、天气干燥、少云天、雪地多等,对影响高原地面紫外线的因…     

云层对西藏两点太阳紫外线的影响

文章通过实地测量拉萨和定日两点紫外线强度,介绍了云层对地面紫外线(红斑紫外线、紫外线-A和紫外线-B)强度的影响情况。研究表明,云层一般减弱地面紫外线的强度,最大减弱量达90%。在积状云情况下,局部地面(太阳光照射地)紫外线强度得到增强,增强量达30%。西藏高原紫外线很强,加上云层反射的额外紫外线,使多云天气比晴天更加危险。测量表明,拉萨夏季晴天地面紫外线-B剂量率可达6.0W/m2,是同纬度海平面的两倍以上。夏季部分云天紫外线-B剂量率频繁超过6.0W/m2,甚至可接近8.0W/m2。     

SAR差分干涉测量技术在地震区域形变测量中的应用研究

合成孔径雷达(SAR)差分干涉测量是一种最新的大地形变测量遥感技术方法.利用欧洲空间局1996年4月15日获取的地球资源卫星ERS-1数据和4月16日获取的ERS-2数据,以及1997年12月2日获取的ERS-2数据,应用差分干涉测量技术对发生于1997年11月8日的西藏玛尼地震进行了提取区域形变场的应用研究.从得到的变化检测条纹图中可识别出地表破裂带,并可定量推算震中周围和两条断裂带附近的变形情况.分析结果表明:断裂为左行平移性质,断裂带南侧水平错动的最大变形量至少超过2.8 m,北侧水平错动的最大变形量至少超过1.75 m.差分干涉测量分析结果与地面调查及已有的相关研究资料符合得很好.     

为什么夏天的紫外线最强?

夏天太阳的高度角最大,因此夏季的紫外线辐射明显高于其他季节。而在中午,太阳直射大地,此时,一天中紫外线辐射最强。紫外线跟云层有着密切的关系,太阳垂直照在地面,紫外线垂直穿过云层的距离最短,被吸收最少,因此穿过云层的紫外线最多。尽管云层能吸收紫外线,但高达80%的紫外线辐射仍然能够穿透薄云,大气中的薄雾甚至能增加紫外线辐射的强度,所以多云的天气也不可不防晒。在海拔越高的地区,大气层相对越薄,所吸收的紫外线相对越少,所以青藏高原的人们总挂着"红脸蛋"。     

基于气象和空气质量观测数据的日太阳辐射估计

研究城市气象参数与城市近地面污染物对水平面太阳辐射强度的影响,并尝试建立水平面太阳辐射与气象、城市空气污染物观测数据的回归模型.1)收集了广州市2009~2012年水平面日太阳总辐射、地面气象数据、近地面空气污染物历史记录数据;2)根据太阳辐射传输理论和前人相关研究进行水平面太阳辐射的影响因素分析,并对收集到的数据进行处理;3)对水平面太阳总辐射、地面气象、近地面污染物浓度的观测数据进行相关性分析,分别建立了总体样本和分区间样本下的水平面太阳总辐射与气象、空气污染物观测数据的回归模型.结果表明,用单一回归模型解释各种影响因素对太阳辐射的削弱并不合理,而分区间样本下的分段回归模型反映了水平面太阳总辐射的随气象变化和颗粒物浓度变化的规律,预测结果也较为准确.     

青藏高原的散射辐射特征

利用大量连续观测数据阐明了青藏高原散射辐射的时间变化特征,揭示了晴空指数(Rs/Ro)与散射辐射的关系,以及不同晴空指数条件下散射辐射随太阳高度角的变化.散射辐射日最高值出现在午后,年最高值出现在4月份.日晴空指数小于0.3时,太阳辐射基本以散射辐射形式到达地面,日晴空指数大于0.3时,散射辐射占总辐射的比例随晴空指数的增加而呈线性递减.日晴空指数达到0.45左右时,散射辐射占大气外界太阳辐射日总量的比例最高.散射辐射随太阳高度的蛇呈指数递增,但晴空指数在0.3～0.7范围内时,散射辐射随太阳高度角的变化最为明显.     

基于OMI数据分析青藏高原周边对流层低层臭氧的分布特征

提出一种利用地形海拔落差以及臭氧总量差来估算对流层低层大气臭氧浓度的方法.根据搭载于美国宇航局Aura卫星上的臭氧监测仪(OMI)提供的臭氧总量日观测数据,利用该方法计算出青藏高原与其周边地区四川盆地及印度北部的地形海拔落差及臭氧总量差,进一步分析了该地区低层大气臭氧的分布特征.结果表明:青藏高原周边地区对流层低层大气臭氧分布呈明显的季节变化,且低层大气臭氧分布有南北差异,南部臭氧含量高于北部.     

利用OMI卫星资料计算N02地面浓度的方法研究

利用OMIN02卫星遥感数据,分析了2006年5月至2008年8月上海市N02对流层柱浓度,提出了由对流层柱浓度计算N02地面浓度的方法。由上海市徐家汇区实地观测的近地面N02浓度数据,结合全球大气化学传输模式MOZART-2,得到经过订正的近地面NO2浓度,并与柱浓度计算得到的NO2地面浓度进行了对比。结果显示,由柱...     

卫星遥感监测大气臭氧总量分布和变化

 利用卫星紫外仪器TOMS、OMI和TOU的臭氧总量数据(1979-2014年),研究了全球及关键地区臭氧总量的分布及变化。讨论了南北半球臭氧总量分布和变化的差异,探讨了影响臭氧分布和变化的可能因子。重点分析了中国区域、青藏高原和极地的臭氧变化,并利用FY-3数据对南极臭氧洞和北极臭氧低值进行了监测。结果表明,臭氧总量的分布和变化在中高纬度地区具有很强的不均匀性,极地臭氧损耗依然明显,青藏高原的臭氧增长大于同纬度其他地区,其机制更加复杂。     

UV及UV-H2O2工艺降解阿特拉津的研究

采用紫外（UV）光解工艺及紫外-双氧水（UV—H2o2）联用工艺去除饮用水中内分泌干扰物——阿特拉津，研究了不同影响因素对阿特拉津降解效果的影响，试验结果表明：单独UV光解对阿特拉津有较好的去除效果，阿特拉津光解过程符合-级反应动力学模型．通过提高紫外光辐射强度，可以在短时间内提高阿特拉津的去除率．自来水中有机物及多种离子的存在，会降低阿特拉津的光解速率．UV-H2O2联用工艺对阿特拉津的去除具有协同作用．提高双氧水的初始质量浓度，可以提高光激发氧化反应的速率．辐射强度对阿特拉津降解效果的影响大于双氧水投加量的影响，增加辐射强度比增加双氧水质量浓度更有利于提高阿特拉津的降解速率．     

液体火箭发动机羽烟三维紫外辐射仿真研究

针对液体火箭发动机羽烟紫外辐射的空间分布问题,建立三维数值计算模型.该模型采用标准κ-ε湍流模型和PDF模型仿真羽烟流场的状态参数,根据HITRAN数据库计算流场内吸收系数分布,并利用离散坐标法求解辐射传输方程,计算三维空间的紫外辐射分布.测试结果表明:三维紫外辐射模型的计算结果与实验数据一致,能够反应不同视角下液体火箭发动机羽烟紫外辐射强度的空间变化.     

Antioxidant activity of N-acetyl-glucosamine based thiazolidine derivative

N-acetyl-glucosamine,the monomer of chitin,was cyclo-condensed with L-cysteine to prepare thiazolidine derivative2-N-acetyl-glucosamine-thiazolidine-4(R)-carboxylic acid(GlcNAcCys).The stability of GlcNAcCys was evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)measurement.The results showed that GlcNAcCys Was more stable than other TCA derivatives,especially in alkaline condition.The direct in vitro antioxidative properties of GlcNAcCys were investigated by using UV radiation-induced lipid peroxidation(LPO)in mitochondria and nuclei and.OH-induced LPO in red blood cell (RBC)ghosts models.UV radiation caused dose-dependent LPO in both mitochondria and nuclei,this effect Was catalvzed by addition of Fd2 while prevented by co-incubation with GlcNAcCys.When nuclei and mitochondria Was treated with 100μl,300μl,500μl of GlcNAcCys and co-incubated at 37℃ for 30min,LPO was decreased to 96%,72%,68%in nuclei and 95%,72%,68% in mitochondria when compared to the UV radiation group respectively.Hydroxyl radicals(.OH)generated by Fenton reaction induced LPO in RBC ghosts.Pretreatment of RBC ghosts with GlcNAcCys could induce antioxidant RBC ghosts and inhibit concentration-dependent malondialdehyde(MDA)formation in antioxidant RBC ghosts.Its inhibition percent Was 14%,35%,36%,42%at 10,20,30,40ms/ml respectively.In a conclusion,the data suggest that GlcNAcCys has antioxidant ability and can significantly inhibit lipid peroxidation in biological samples tested in vitro.     

Functionalization of Nylon Fabrics with Dopamine Deposition and TiO_2 Nanoparticles Immobilization

Ultraviolet(UV)radiation can cause degradation or aging of many polymers and shorten the working-life of their products.Thus,UV protective covers are required in various occasions.Textiles with the UV-shielding function possess unique properties compared with those covers in board or film shapes.TiO_2 nanoparticles(NPs),which were reported to have superior UV blocking function,can be used to produce UV protective covers in combination with fabric.However,efficient and environmentally friendly immobilization of TiO_2 Nps onto the fabrics is challenging.Polydopamine(PDA),a biomimetic synthetic polymer,has attracted great attentions recently due to its superior affinity to various materials and facile application procedure.Hence,in this research,the surface of nylon fabrics was modified by PDA to immobilizeTiO_2 NPs.Themodificationconditionswere systematically optimized.The immobilization of the NPs was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FTIR)and scanning electron microscope(SEM).The functionalized nylon fabrics were proved to exhibit improved UV protection properties even after washing.This work provides a new and versatile surface modification technique for textiles.     

昆明地区春季紫外辐射监测及变化研究

 通过5台UV仪器的野外观测,获取到昆明2003年4,5月份地面紫外辐照度资料,并在此基础上对不同仪器、波段进行比较分析;在我国首次较全面系统地公布了滇中地区春季以297,312nm和365nm为中心波长的太阳紫外波段测量结果;通过全天观测,获得了同时期该地区紫外辐射的日变化特征;并利用相应时期昆明DOBSON仪测取的臭氧资料、太阳高度角资料与紫外辐射资料对比分析,获得了一些有意义的结果.     

Attenuation of ultraviolet radiation reaching the surface due to atmospheric aerosols in Guangzhou

The UV attenuation due to atmospheric aerosols in Guangzhou was quantitatively assessed using surface ultraviolet radiation (UV,295-385 nm) observation,sun photometer and radiation models.Observations showed that the annual average value of aerosol optical depth (AOD) was 1.19 in UV spectral region of 340 nm,the annual average occurrence frequency of aerosol optical depth AOD 340 nm >1.0 was 55%,and the annual average attenuation rate of surface UV direct radiation of 340 nm was 68%.It was proven in the observation of surface UV radiation and model evaluation that annual average attenuation of UV due to atmosphere was 75%,and that reached 72% in the dry season (October,November,December and January);while average attenuation of UV due to atmospheric aerosols reached 62% in the dry season.It was indicated that very significant UV attenuations due to atmospheric aerosols existed in Guangzhou urban agglomeration,and at least half of UV radiation was attenuated due to atmospheric aerosols.Such large-amplitude attenuation will have a significant impact on urban ecosystem and species chemical cycles,especially photochemical reaction processes.     

用光助Fenton体系降解邻苯二甲酸二甲酯

利用几种不同的氧化体系对水溶液中的邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)进行光化学降解.结果表明:降解效率依次为:UV/FentonUV/H2O2无光Fenton>UV/Fe2+UV>H2O2;紫外光与Fenton体系之间存在协同效应;UV/Fenton体系是高效的降解体系;pH值、H2O2浓度、Fe2+浓度是光化学降解的重要影响...     

紫外线照射对铜绿微囊藻活性的影响

以铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,考察了紫外线照射对铜绿微囊藻的灭活效果及光合活性的影响,并研究了经紫外线照射后藻溶液水质的变化情况.结果表明,紫外线对铜绿微囊藻的灭活效果随着紫外线剂量的增大而提高,而光合活性随着紫外线剂量的增加呈指数下降;在藻浓度为35×108个.L-1条件下,91.8mJ.cm-2的紫外线剂量即可对其产生有效的抑制作用,紫外线照射时间10min是抑制藻类生长的最佳时间;藻的浓度对紫外线灭活藻有一定影响,紫外线对高浓度藻灭活效果明显;紫外线照射对藻液的UV254影响较小,但藻液的DOC(溶解性有机碳)随着紫外线剂量的增加呈现先增大后降低的趋势.     

Highly active brookite TiO2-assisted photocatalytic degradation of dyes under the simulated solar−UVA radiation

Brookite TiO_2 nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrothermal method and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction(XRD), diffuse reflectance UV–Visible spectroscopy(DRUV), and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The obtained particles were spherical in shape with the diameter of about ～10 nm under the hydrothermal temperature of 175 °C. The photocatalytic performance of brookite was investigated in the photodegradation of dyes(rhodamine B and rose bengal) under UV-A radiation by low-power lamp. The activity of brookite and the photodegradation efficiency of dyes were estimated using a UV–Visible spectrophotometer and a total organic carbon(TOC) analyzer. Compared to anatase and rutile prepared by the similar synthesis procedure, brookite is highly active in terms of decolourization, aromatic ring opening, and mineralization.     

Preparation of TiO2 Coated on Fabrics and Their Photocatalytic Reactivity

Nanoscale titanium dioxide functional films were prepared on the surface of the cotton woven fabric and the polyester knitted fabric at room temperature by Radio Frequency （RF） magnetron sputtering process. The surface microstructure and morphology were characterized by scanning electron microscope （SEM） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. Photocatalytic property of two treated fabrics was tested in solar and ultraviolet （UV） radiation respectively, and their photocatalytic activity was compared. The results showed that the nanoscale titanium dioxide deposited on the surface of the treated fabrics was at different anastasia phase. The treated fabrics have excellent photocatalytic property, and after 30 launderings, the photocatalytic activity still maintained at a high level. Also, it indicated that the photocatalytic activity of the treated fabrics in UV radiation was higher than in solar radiation, but the effect wasn＇t very distinct. And at the same experimental magnetron sputtering parameters, the cotton coated with the nanoscale titanium dioxide showed better performance than the polyester fabric coated with the nanoscale titanium dioxide in terms of the photocatalytic property.