缩甲醛法制聚乙烯醇(PVA)水凝胶溶胀性能研究

利用缩甲醛化的方法研制了聚乙烯醇水凝胶颗粒，系统地研究了这种水凝胶在蒸馏水中的溶胀性能，并比较了不同制备参数对该水凝胶溶胀性能的影响。     

羟丙基壳聚糖-聚乙烯醇凝胶的制备与释药性能

以羟丙基壳聚糖和聚乙烯醇为原料,制备羟丙基壳聚糖-聚乙烯醇互穿网络水凝胶并研究其药物释放性能.考察羟丙基壳聚糖质量浓度、聚乙烯醇与羟丙基壳聚糖质量比、交联剂用量等因素对羟丙基壳聚糖-聚乙烯醇互穿网络水凝胶溶胀性能的影响;测定凝胶对温度和pH的敏感性;以利巴韦林为模型研究凝胶对药物的释放性能.结果表明:该水凝胶具有良好的溶胀性、温度及pH敏感性,对利巴韦林有一定的缓释作用,可望用于新型的药物载体.     

pH敏感抗菌水凝胶的制备及性能研究

用化学交联法合成了聚乙烯醇(PVA)/明胶凝胶,溶液吸附法制备了聚乙烯醇/明胶/山梨酸钾抗菌凝胶.利用FT-IR表征了凝胶的结构,研究了不同配比凝胶的溶胀性能,pH对凝胶溶胀性能的影响.考察了凝胶的载药率及在不同pH介质中的释药性.结果表明,原料配比对凝胶的平衡溶胀率有影响,PVA∶明胶质量比为6∶4的凝胶平衡溶胀率最高为632%;凝胶在酸性和碱性环境中均具有pH敏感性;凝胶中PVA质量分数越高,对山梨酸钾的吸附性越好,凝胶的释药性与其溶胀行为一致.     

人工软骨材料——聚乙烯醇水凝胶的研制

聚乙烯醇溶液经反复冷冻－融化、真空脱水及辐射交联处理后,制得一种人工软骨材料ＰＶＡ－水凝胶。通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察ＰＶＡ－水凝胶的微观形貌;通过差示扫描量热法（ＤＳＣ）及相应的力学性能试验研究反复冷冻－融化、真空脱水和辐照交联对ＰＶＡ－水凝胶结晶和力学性能的影响。该ＰＶＡ－水凝胶的力学性能与人关节软骨相近,可望用于人工软骨材料。     

热敏材料聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺的结构对其溶胀性能影响

本文主要研究热敏材料聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺 (PNIPAAm) 的结构对其溶胀性能影响。分别采用水热法和微波辐射法合成PNIPAAm热敏水凝胶，应用扫描电镜观察了两种合成方法制得的水凝胶的表面结构，测定了水凝胶随温度变化的溶胀率曲线及其溶胀和退溶胀动力学，并讨论了水凝胶的结构对其溶胀率的影响。结果表明：与水浴法制备的水凝胶相比，微波辐射法所得到的水凝胶无论是在干燥状态下还是溶胀状态下都具有更为丰富发达且较大的孔隙结构，在溶胀过程中，微波辐射法合成的水凝胶在临界溶解温度(LCST)以下具更高的溶胀率，而在LCST以上时，能更多地释放水而具有更低的溶胀率。此外，微波辐射所合成的水凝胶由于具有较为发达的孔隙结构，使其比水浴法制备的水凝胶具有更快的溶胀速度和退溶胀速度。     

pH敏感性水凝胶的制备及其性能研究

以聚乙烯醇(PVA)和丙烯酸(AA)为原料,过硫酸铵(APS)为引发剂,N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)为交联剂,通过化学引发聚合制备了具有互穿网络结构的聚乙烯醇/丙烯酸(PVA/PAA)水凝胶.用红外光谱(FT-IR)、热重分析(TG-DTA)、扫描电镜(SEM)对其结构、热稳定性和形貌进行了表征.研究了溶胀动力学,探讨了pH及盐浓度对水凝胶溶胀性能的影响,考察了该凝胶在不同pH介质中对药物异烟肼的控制释放行为.结果表明,PVA/PAA水凝胶具有良好的pH敏感性和离子强度敏感性,其在pH=1.20的缓冲溶液中对异烟肼的累积释放率明显大于在pH=7.40和pH=6.86的缓冲溶液中.     

pH响应型医用抗菌水凝胶人工血管材料

基于互穿网络结构的聚乙烯醇/聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶，运用抗菌肽制备了一种pH响应型抗菌水凝胶人工血管材料。试验结果表明，该水凝胶表面光滑、微孔结构均匀，力学性能优良且具有低体积溶胀性。体外细胞毒性试验和抗菌试验结果表明，该水凝胶在生理状态下不具备杀菌性能和细胞毒性，而在低pH值环境下对大肠埃希菌与金黄色葡萄球菌都具有明显的杀菌作用。研究结果为进一步开发响应型抗菌水凝胶人工血管提供了理论和试验依据。     

医用聚乙烯醇水凝胶的制备及性能

采用反复冷冻、融化的方法制备了不同浓度、相同循环次数的聚乙烯醇(PVA)水凝胶和相同浓度、不同循环次数的PVA水凝胶。测试了PVA水凝胶的拉伸性能、溶胀率,再溶胀动力学。结果表明,拉伸强度随PVA含量的增加而增加;当浓度相同、循环次数不同时,再溶胀率随循环次数的增加而增加;当达到一个峰值时,随循环次数的增加而降低;当循环次数相同、浓度不同时,再溶胀率随浓度的增加而增加;当达到一个峰值时,随浓度的增加而降低。用物理交联和化学交联的方法制备了PVA/PAA互穿网络水凝胶,测试再溶胀行为,发现PVA/PAA互穿网络水凝胶具有温度敏感性。     

壳聚糖基水凝胶的制备及溶胀性能研究

壳聚糖(CS)具有良好的生物相容性,易生物降解,无毒,是一种很有发展前景的医药材料。壳聚糖基水凝胶作为一种新型的可注射给药载体,药物的控制释放具有易控性、靶向性。以壳聚糖(CS)为基材,聚乙烯醇为第2组分,戊二醛为交联剂,制备了一系列壳聚糖基水凝胶,研究该水凝胶在水中的溶胀行为、溶胀动力学以及相关影响因素。结果表明,所制备的一系列壳聚糖基水凝胶的溶胀度均随着溶胀时间的增加而增大,至溶胀4.5h时,凝胶的溶胀度基本达到最大。溶胀动力学为一级动力学。随着CS/PVA凝胶质量百分比的增加,该类水凝胶溶胀速率和饱和溶胀度呈现出3个性质明显不同的区域。     

聚乙烯醇/壳聚糖互穿网络水凝胶的制备及溶胀性能研究

以聚乙烯醇(PVA)和壳聚糖(CS)为主要原料,采用物理交联与化学交联相结合的制备工艺,即通过循环冷冻—解冻法结合京尼平交联法,制备了具有互穿网络结构(IPN)的聚乙烯醇/壳聚糖复合水凝胶,并分别通过红外光谱(FTIR)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征了其分子结构和形态结构;探讨了不同制备工艺对复合水凝胶溶胀性能的影响,并将其与单一原料常规工艺制备的水凝胶作对比.结果表明,与单一原料常规工艺制备的水凝胶相比,具有IPN结构的水凝胶在溶胀性能上表现出更好的稳定性.最佳制备工艺为京尼平用量4%,反应温度55℃,冷冻—解冻循环3次.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the