Occurrence of nitrification-denitrification and gaseous nitrogen loss process in flooded rice soil

Flooding in wetland rice fields soon after transplanting results in displacement of soil air (including O₂). Thus any dissolved O₂ in the pore water is consumed out by microbial respiration in a short period. Supply of O₂ to the flooded rice soil is by diffusion of O₂ through the standing floodwater and consumption at the soil-water interface, and by exudation of O₂ by rice roots and subsequent diffusion of O₂ into the rhizosphere. The greater potential consumption of O₂ compared to the renewal rate results in the development of distinct soil layers: oxidized soil layers under soil-water interface and in the rhizosphere, and reduced soil layers or reduced bulk soil. Nitrification in oxidized soils and denitrification in reduced soils have been known. Currently, denitrification in oxidized soils, even in standing floodwater, has also been identified. In this article, we present a modified nitrification and denitrification occurring mechanism in flooded rice soil.     

Occurrence of nitrification-denitrification and gaseous nitrogen loss process in flooded rice soil

Flooding in wetland rice fields soon after transplanting results in displacement of soil air (including O2). Thus any dissolved O2 in the pore water is consumed out by microbial respiration in a short period. Supply of O2 to the flooded rice soil is by diffusion of O2 through the standing floodwater and consumption at the soil-water interface, and by exudation of O2 by rice roots and subsequent diffusion of O2 into the rhizosphere. The greater potential consumption of O2 compared to the renewal rate results in the development of distinct soil layers: oxidized soil layers under soil-water interface and in the rhizosphere, and reduced soil layers or reduced bulk soil. Nitrification in oxidized soils and denitrification in reduced soils have been known. Currently, denitrification in oxidized soils, even in standing floodwater, has also been identified. In this article, we present a modified nitrification and denitrification occurring mechanism in flooded rice soil.     

不同功能菌剂对连作烟叶农艺性状和根际土壤细菌的影响

采用5组不同功能发酵菌剂N(固氮),P(解磷),K(解钾),C(解纤维素)及H(4种菌剂按体积为1∶1∶1∶1混合液)分别浇灌盆栽烟草,观察记录各处理烟叶农艺性状及根际土壤细菌情况.结果表明5种供试菌剂均能促进烟叶生长,其中C(解纤维素)菌剂处理的烟株农艺性状最好,叶色比对照绿,株高13.4 cm、茎粗2.73 cm及中部单叶面积180.77 cm2均显著高于对照的10.8,1.97 cm和82.42 cm2;混合菌剂H效果次之,仅茎粗2.67 cm显著高于对照.从土壤根际细菌看,固氮菌定植情况最好.后期成为土壤优势菌,占细菌91%,其次是解纤维素菌,其他定植较差;添加解纤维素菌剂的烟株根际土壤的固氮、解磷、解钾菌生长比较均衡.5种菌剂对根际土壤假单胞菌的影响不同,假单胞菌比例为固氮菌处理74%>解钾菌处理61%>解磷菌处理58%>对照46%>混合菌剂处理45%>解纤维素菌处理29%.解钾菌和解磷菌能促进其它微生物的生长.     

城市附加磁场与土体结构强度的磁效应机理

从分析城市附加磁场的六种表现形式着手,进行了初步模拟试验,揭示了土体结构强度与城市附加磁场密切相关．提出了土体结构强度磁效应的观点,即城市附加磁场通过几何磁效应、电荷磁效应和磁化学效应以及土体磁敏性元素共同作用来实现对土体性状的影响,改变土的细观结构和结构强度．     

混合菌固定化及其对土壤中芘和苯并芘的降解

从石油污染土壤中筛选出1株细菌(Bacillus sp.)和1株真菌(Mucor sp.),以12种不同材料为载体对混合菌进行固定化,研究了固定化混合菌的降解特性.结果表明,采用吸附法能有效实现混合菌在改性后蛭石上的固定化.制得的固定化混合菌,传质性能好,对芘(Pyr)和苯并芘(BaP)的降解率42 d分别可达94.96%和74.96%,明显高于游离菌对Pyr和BaP的降解率60.49%和50.09%.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了固定化混合菌微观结构,同时探讨了固定化混合菌的传质过程     

极端干旱区包气带异养微生物16S rDNA的多样性

在黑河流域下游河谷550 cm深的包气带中采集了10个土壤样品,相应地对各个样品中的土壤含水量、总氮、土壤有机质和pH值进行了采样分析,并进行了微生物计数和培养.通过培养,从不同的培养基和不同土壤层,共挑选出120个菌落,然后使用革兰氏染色反应、常规生理生化和内切酶分析,再选出不同的15个菌落进行16S rDNA扩增和序列测定,共发现15种细菌,并建立了可培养微生物的系统进化树.这15个种分别属于蛋白细菌门的α-(2种),γ-(2种)和β-(2种)组,高G C的革兰氏阳性菌(5种),低G C的革兰氏阳性菌(2种)和Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides细菌(2种),这些种群全部属于棒状或段棒状,表现出明显的多样性.结果表明:地下土壤的物理和地球化学特征的不同影响地下微生物的种群数量,该研究为极端干旱区地下微生物生态学和水文地质以及相互作用提供了一个非常有意义的窗口.