热诱导去膜肌纤维收缩机理的椭园偏振法研究

利用自制的磁光调制瞬态椭园偏振仪，发现通过单根青蛙去膜肌纤维的衍射光的退偏率是温度的函数，当温度在３０℃左右时，退偏率呈现极小值，肌纤维张力呈突然上升趋势，而衍射光强度则随之下降，与完整青蛙肌纤维同样效应的实验结果相比较，我们认为这是由于温度接近３０℃时肌质网释放的钙离子浓度大于扩散到肌纤维内部的ＥＧＴＡ，因而游离的钙离子促使横桥由弱耦合向强耦合过渡，退偏率下降，张力增大，光强减弱，温度进一步提高     

单根蛙类骨骼肌纤维去膜方法研究

本文详细介绍去除单根蛙类骨骼肌纤维细胞膜的化学和机械方法，并就这两种去膜方法得到的去膜肌纤维的特点分别进行了较全面的比较和分析，本文还提出了一种鉴定去膜效果的快速直观的张力测试手段。     

慢性充血性心力衰竭过程中的肿瘤坏死因子及其受体

慢性充血性心力衰竭病人血清中TNFα水平升高，当其≥10^-8mol/L时，可能作为内分泌激素，通过与其受体(膜结合型及可溶型)结合，直接损伤心肌纤维，影响心肌细胞凋亡过程，引起或促进心功能不全的发生。TNF途径成为充血心衰发病机制中的新内容。可考虑应用TNFr拮杭剂治疗心衰。     

基于分级遗传算法的结构损伤识别方法

提出了一种基于遗传算法的利用不完整振动数据识别结构损伤的新方法，该方法首先扩展不完整的振型并利用单元能量熵差比确定结构损伤的大致位置，然后采用二级搜索策略，借助遗传算法确定结构损伤的程度，数值计算结果表明，当可能的损伤区域较大时，本方法较直接搜索策略更能有效地确定结构损伤的程度。     

强激光反射镜膜层损伤理论研究

从热传导方程出发，利用格林函数法给出了多膜层温度分布以及损伤阈值解析函数表达式，并以Si/SiO2膜系为例，在激光波长为1.315μm情况下，计算了硅镜膜层度分布，激光损伤阈值随光照时间变化的关系曲线，结果表明：激光照射镜面中心处的温度明显高于其他区域，当强激光辐射时间小于0.5s时，损伤阈值与激光辐照时间密切相关，大于等于0．5s后损伤阈值随光照时间的增加而渐渐降低。     

HDPE膜的力学特性受损伤影响初步研究

为分析某一现代卫生填埋场边坡上铺设的高密度聚乙烯膜(HDPE膜)因施工损伤而引发的断裂机制,开展了条带拉伸试验和土工离心模型试验．拉伸试验测试了无损膜和4种情形损伤膜试样,发现损伤HDPE膜受力达到峰值强度并被拉长至一定程度后,其拉伸变形不再在整个试样长度范围内均匀发生,而主要集中在受损部位发生,故实测到的损伤膜极限伸长率仅为无损情形时的1／10左右．这一影响实际上改变了HDPE膜的破坏机制,使其由原先的渐进性破坏变成受损后的突发性破坏．两组初步离心模型试验结果发现,在轻质高压缩性的模型MSW作用下,模型膜上的损伤明显扩大,受损部位的拉伸变形十分明显并接近断裂,表明损伤对膜的实际工作性状有很大影响．     

脆性煤岩损伤模型及冲击地压损伤能量指数

根据脆性煤岩的试验研究结果，采用损伤力学的原理和方法，建立了脆性煤岩的损伤本构模型，对脆性煤岩的损伤力学特性进行了研究。在此基础上，从煤岩损伤力学角度出发，研究了煤岩内部能量转化机制，导出了脆性煤岩损伤能量释放率，分析了煤层发生冲击地压过程中的能量变化，并提出了冲击地压的损伤能量指数这一新的概念，确定了冲击地压发生的必要条件。     

损伤演化模型中的两个问题

从不可逆热力学出发，讨论了现行作法中将损伤演化与塑性变形完全耦合，以及引入后继损伤加载面的不妥之处。为解决这一问题，提出塑势无关的损伤流动势，并籍以得到广义损伤矢量的演化方向，而损伤流动因子则由演许域与能量方程所确定。     

大学生运动性损伤相关因素分析

为了解大学生运动性损伤的状况、特点及相关因素等进行分析。本文采用问卷调查我院1991－1994级部分大学生。结果显示：大学生运动性损伤46．3％，男生41．7％，女生4．6％，这一结果应该引起各级领导的注意。     

关于汽车运输船舱内裂纹损伤

针对汽车运输船（ＰＣＣ）船侧非贯通横舱壁周围裂纹损伤这一突出问题，通过有限元数值方法对一具有代表性的实船损伤实例进行了分析；并在此基础上，重点对其加强方案进行了多种探讨比较以及相应的累积疲劳损伤估算，提出了一个较佳加强方法，为从工程的角度解决ＰＣＣ舱内裂纹损伤，提供了可供参考的结果．     

Cytosolic Ca2+ gradients triggering unidirectional fluid secretion from exocrine pancreas.

Exocrine gland cells secrete Cl(-)-rich fluid when stimulated by neurotransmitters or hormones. This is generally ascribed to a rise in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), which leads to activation of Ca2(+)-dependent ion channels. A precise understanding of Cl- secretion from these cells has been hampered by a lack of knowledge about the spatial distribution of the Ca2+ signal and of the Ca2(+)-dependent ion channels in the secreting epithelial cells. We have now used the whole-cell patch-clamp method and digital imaging of [Ca2+]i to examine the response of rat pancreatic acinar cells to acetylcholine. We found a polarization of [Ca2+]i elevation and ion channel activation, and suggest that this comprises a novel 'push-pull' mechanism for unidirectional Cl- secretion. This mechanism would represent a role for cytosolic Ca2+ gradients in cellular function. The cytosolic [Ca2+]i gradients and oscillations of many other cells could have similar roles.     

钙离子形态对吸附效果的影响研究

通过不同方式配制高钙水,来研究矿物吸附材料对钙离子的吸附规律,同时对吸附过程中的流体力化学效应进行了探讨.实验结果表明,矿物吸附材料对钙的吸附性能与钙在溶液中的存在形态有很大关系:用CaCl2配制的高钙水中,钙主要以离子形态存在,矿物吸附材料对其吸附主要以静电吸附为主,5A沸石对钙离子有筛分效应;用CaO配制的高钙水中,钙主要以Ca(OH)2(2q)、Ca(OH)2(s)沉淀微晶、Ca2 和Ca(OH) 多种形态存在,矿物吸附材料对其吸附有静电吸附、一羟基络合吸附、表面沉淀吸附,同时,矿物吸附材料的加入对氢氧化钙沉淀起晶种作用,可以加速其沉淀;合适的流体剪切力可以提高5A沸石对钙离子的吸附量,此结论证实了吸附过程中流体力化学效应的存在.图4,表2,参7.     

Calmodulin modulation of ion channels and receptors

Ion channels and receptors are the structural basis for neural signaling and transmission. Recently, the function of ion channels and receptors has been demonstrated to be modulated by many intracellular and extracellular chemicals and signaling molecules. Increasing evidence indicates that the complexity and plasticity of the function of central nervous system is determined by the modulation of ion channels and receptors. Among various mechanisms, Ca 2+ signaling pathways play important roles in neuronal activity and some pathological changes. Ca 2+ influx through ion channels and receptors can modulate its further influx in a feedback way or modulate other ion channels and receptors. The common feature of the modulation is that Ca 2+ /calmodulin (CaM) is the universal mediator. CaM maintains the coordination among ion channels/receptors and intracellular Ca 2+ homeostasis by feedback modulation of ion channels/receptors activity. This review focuses on the modulating processes of ion channels and receptors mediated by CaM, and further elucidates the mechanisms of Ca 2+ signaling.     

Multiple transport modes of the cardiac Na+/Ca2+ exchanger

The cardiac Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX1; ref. 2) is a bi-directional Ca2+ transporter that contributes to the electrical activity of the heart. When, and if, Ca2+ is exported or imported depends on the Na+/Ca2+ exchange ratio. Whereas a ratio of 3:1 (Na+:Ca2+) has been indicated by Ca2+ flux equilibrium studies, a ratio closer to 4:1 has been indicated by exchange current reversal potentials. Here we show, using an ion-selective electrode technique to quantify ion fluxes in giant patches, that ion flux ratios are approximately 3.2 for maximal transport in either direction. With Na+ and Ca2+ on both sides of the membrane, net current and Ca2+ flux can reverse at different membrane potentials, and inward current can be generated in the absence of cytoplasmic Ca2+, but not Na+. We propose that NCX1 can transport not only 1 Ca2+ or 3 Na+ ions, but also 1 Ca2+ with 1 Na+ ion at a low rate. Therefore, in addition to the major 3:1 transport mode, import of 1 Na+ with 1 Ca2+ defines a Na+-conducting mode that exports 1 Ca2+, and an electroneutral Ca2+ influx mode that exports 3 Na+. The two minor transport modes can potentially determine resting free Ca2+ and background inward current in heart.     

Calmodulin modulation of ion channels and receptors?

：Ion channels and receptors are the structural basis for neural signaling and transmission. Recently, the function of ion channels and receptors has been demonstrated to be modulated by many intracellular and extracellular chemicals and signaling molecules. Increasing evidence indicates that the complexity and plasticity of the function of central nervous system is determined by the modulation of ion channels and receptors. Among various mechanisms, Ca 2+ signaling pathways play important roles in neuronal activity and some pathological changes. Ca 2+ influx through ion channels and receptors can modulate its further influx in a feedback way or modulate other ion channels and receptors. The common feature of the modulation is that Ca 2+ /calmodulin (CaM) is the universal mediator. CaM maintains the coordination among ion channels/receptors and intracellular Ca 2+ homeostasis by feedback modulation of ion channels/receptors activity. This review focuses on the modulating processes of ion channels and receptors mediated by CaM, and further elucidates the mechanisms of Ca 2+ signaling.     

Crystal structure of the calcium pump with a bound ATP analogue

P-type ATPases are ATP-powered ion pumps that establish ion concentration gradients across cell and organelle membranes. Here, we describe the crystal structure of the Ca2+ pump of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum, a representative member of the P-type ATPase superfamily, with an ATP analogue, a Mg2+ and two Ca2+ ions in the respective binding sites. In this state, the ATP analogue reorganizes the three cytoplasmic domains (A, N and P), which are widely separated without nucleotide, by directly bridging the N and P domains. The structure of the P-domain itself is altered by the binding of the ATP analogue and Mg2+. As a result, the A-domain is tilted so that one of the transmembrane helices moves to lock the cytoplasmic gate of the transmembrane Ca2+-binding sites. This appears to be the mechanism for occluding the bound Ca2+ ions, before releasing them into the lumen of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.     

Mechanism of ion permeation through calcium channels

Calcium channels carry out vital functions in a wide variety of excitable cells but they also face special challenges. In the medium outside the channel, Ca2+ ions are vastly outnumbered by other ions. Thus, the calcium channel must be extremely selective if it is to allow Ca2+ influx rather than a general cation influx. In fact, calcium channels show a much greater selectivity for Ca2+ than sodium channels do for Na+ despite the high flux that open Ca channels can support. Relatively little is known about the mechanism of ion permeation through Ca channels. Earlier models assumed ion independence or single-ion occupancy. Here we present evidence for a novel hypothesis of ion movement through Ca channels, based on measurements of Ca channel activity at the level of single cells or single channels. Our results indicate that under physiological conditions, the channel is occupied almost continually by one or more Ca2+ ions which, by electrostatic repulsion, guard the channel against permeation by other ions. On the other hand, repulsion between Ca2+ ions allows high throughput rates and tends to prevent saturation with calcium.     

多种金属离子对白蜡虫碱性磷酸酶活性的影响

研究了多种金属离子对白蜡虫碱性磷酸酶活性的影响。结果表明：Li^ ,Na^ ,K^ 对酶活力没有影响，Ca^2 ，Mg^2 ,Ba^2 ,Mn^2 ,Co^2 有激活作用；而Zn^2 ,Cu^2 ,Cd^2 ,Pb^2 有抑制作用，Ca^2 是有效的激活剂，表现为非竞争性激活效应，Cu^2 为有效的抑制剂，表现为非竞争性抑制效应，酶液经EDTA透析处理后活力完全丧失，失活的酶可用加入Zn^2 和Ca^2 复活。     

Nucleotide sequence of the rat skeletal muscle actin gene

The actins constitute a family of highly conserved proteins found in all eukaryotic cells. Their conservation through a very wide range of taxonomic groups and the existence of tissue-specific isoforms make the actin genes very interesting for the study of the evolution of genes and their controlling elements. On the basis of amino acid sequence data, at least six different mammalian actins have been identified (skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, two smooth muscle actins and the cytoplasmic beta- and gamma-actins). Rat spleen DNA digested by the EcoRI restriction enzyme contains at least 12 different fragments with actin-like sequences but only one which hybridized, in very stringent conditions, with the skeletal muscle cloned cDNA probe. Here we describe the sequence of the actin gene in that fragment. The nucleotide sequence codes for two amino acids, Met-Cys, preceding the known N-terminal Asp of the mature protein. There are five small introns in the coding region and a large intron in the 5'-untranslated region. Comparison of the structure of the rat skeletal muscle actin gene with available data on actin genes from other organisms shows that while the sequenced actin genes from Drosophila and yeast have introns at different locations, introns located at codons specifying amino acids 41, 121, 204 and 267 have been preserved at least from the echinoderm to the vertebrates. A similar analysis has been done by Davidson. An intron at codon 150 is common to a plant actin gene and the skeletal muscle acting gene.     

离子反极化能计算式

本文认为离子反极化效应在三元或三元以上离子晶体中是普遍存在的,依据大多数离子反极化作用力与相邻另一离子极化作用力的方向相反,有时可以相互抵消,提出离子反极化能的计算式,并用热力学数据给以验证。