Si3N4/TiN纳米多层膜的超硬效应

采用磁控反应溅射工艺制备了Ｓｉ３Ｎ４／ＴｉＮ陶瓷纳米多层膜,运用Ｘ射线衍射、航向电镜和显微硬度仪等对纳米多层膜的微结构、应力状态和硬度进行测试。研究结果表明,Ｓｉ３Ｎ４／ＴｉＮ多层腹中,Ｓｉ３Ｎ４层为非晶态,ＴｉＮ层为晶态,Ｓｉ３Ｎ４／ＴｉＮ多层膜的显微硬度既受调制周期＾的影响,同时又与调制比有关,当调制比ｌｓｉ３Ｎ４／ｌＴｉＮ＝３和调制周期＾＝１２．０ｎｍ左右时,多层膜的显微硬度达到最大值,其数     

TiN/AlN纳米多层膜的制备及力学性能

采用多靶反应磁控溅射法制备了ＴｉＮ／ＡｌＮ纳米多层膜,并通过ＸＲＤ、ＴＥＭ和显微硬度计对多层膜的调制结构和力学性能进行了研究．结果表明,反应磁控溅射法制得的纳米多层膜调制界面平直清晰;薄膜的硬度随其调制周期Λ的减小而单调增加,硬度在Λ＝２ｎｍ时达到最大值ＨＫ３２．９３ＧＰａ．     

多弧离子镀制备TiN／AlN纳米多层膜及其超硬效应

采用多弧离子镀技术在高速钢表面制备TiN/AlN纳米多层膜,并对 TiN/AlN纳米多层膜的表面形貌、调制机构进行表征.通过对薄膜显微硬度的测试发现,纳米多层膜的显微硬度明显高于TiN 或AlN单层薄膜的显微硬度,具有明显的超硬效应.对比试验表明,TiN/AlN纳米多层膜涂层刀具比TiN 涂层刀具具有更长的使用寿命.     

Si_3N_4/TiN纳米多层膜的超硬效应

采用磁控反应溅射工艺制备了Si3N4/TiN陶瓷纳米多层膜,运用X射线衍射、透射电镜和显微硬度仪等对纳米多层膜的微结构、应力状态和硬度进行测试.研究结果表明,Si3N4/TiN多层膜中,Si3N4层为非晶态,TiN层为晶态.Si3N4/TiN多层膜的显微硬度既受调制周期Λ的影响,同时又与调制比有关.当调制比lSi3N4/lTiN=3和调制周期Λ=12.0nm左右时,多层膜的显微硬度达到最大值,其数值比用混合法则计算的值高40%以上.根据实验结果,还提出了该体系出现超硬效应的机制     

TiN/NbN纳米多层膜的微结构与超硬度效应

采用反应溅射法制备了一系列不同调制周期的TiN/NbN纳米多层膜，并使用X射线衍射分析（XRD），透射电子显微镜（TEM）和显微硬度计表征了薄膜的调制结构，界面结构和显微硬度，结果表明：TiN/NbN多层膜具有周期性良好的调制结构，调制界面清晰、平面；薄膜呈现为多晶外延生长的面心立方结构；薄膜硬度出现异常升高的超硬度效应，并在调制周期为8.3nm左右达到硬度峰值（HK39.0GPa）。     

显微硬度负荷依存性现象及其本质

涂层的超显微硬度值不仅取决于涂层材料，还与测试负荷和膜层的厚度密切相关．论述了显微硬度在微小负荷范围内因测试负荷变化而发生明显变化的现象，即所谓的压痕尺寸效应，并讨论了显微硬度试验时测试负荷的正确选择和压痕尺寸效应的若干解释．     

微组装纳米多层材料的力学性能研究

为研究探索新材料,采用离子束溅射沉积的方法制备了子层厚度为纳米量级的陶瓷／金属以及陶瓷／高分子多层膜。对这些纳米多层膜的结构和硬度、韧性行为进行了研究。发现纳米多层膜的硬度行为强烈地依赖于材料系统,在某些系统中出现了超硬度效应,而在某些系统则没有这一现象。纳米多层膜的韧性比单相的陶瓷材料有明显提高。硬度、韧性等力学行为与多层结构的组分比例、调制波长等参数有关。研究表明纳米多层结构是获取具有优良力学性能新材料的有效途径。     

Cu/Ni多层膜的调制波长与力学性能的关系

为研究Cu/Ni多层膜的调制波长与力学性能的关系,采用计算机控制的单槽双脉冲控电位沉积系统,在Cu基体上沉积Cu/Ni多层膜,分别采用扫描电镜和纳米压痕技术对Cu/Ni多层膜的截面和硬度进行了测试.结果表明:电沉积方法制备的Cu/Ni多层膜具有良好的周期结构;在调制波长为37 nm时硬度达到极值;在调制波长小于37 nm时其硬度值明显下降.实验结果符合理论分析中多层膜的硬度随调制波长的变化规律,但临界调制波长大于理论计算结果.     

TiN/Si3N4界面结构对Ti-Si-N纳米晶复合膜力学性能的影响

采用多层膜模拟的方法研究了Ti-Si-N纳米晶复合膜中Si3N4界面相的存在方式,以探讨纳米晶复合膜的超硬机制。研究结果表明：Si3N4层厚对TiN／Si3N4多层膜的微结构和力学性能有重要影响。当Si3N4层厚小于0．7nm时,因TiN晶体的“模板效应”,原为非晶态的Si3N4晶化,并反过来促进TiN的晶体生长,从而使多层膜呈现TiN层和Si3N4层择优取向的共格外延生长。相应地,多层膜产生硬度和弹性模量升高的超硬效应,最高硬度和弹性模量分别为34．0GPa和352GPa．当层厚大于1．3nm后,Si3N4呈现非晶态,多层膜中TiN晶体的生长受到Si3N4非晶层的阻碍而形成纳米晶,薄膜的硬度和弹性模量亦随之下降。由此可得,Ti-Si-N纳米晶复合膜的强化与多层膜中2层不同模量调制层共格外延生长产生的超硬效应相同。     

ZrC／ZrB2纳米多层膜的结构和机械性能研究

选择ZrC和ZrB2作为个体层材料．利用超高真空射频磁控溅射系统,在室温条件下制备了ZrC,ZrB2及一系列具有纳米尺寸的ZrC／ZrB2多层薄膜．通过XRD,SEM和表面轮廓仪以及纳米力学测试系统,分析了调制周期和工作气压对多层膜生长结构和力学性能的影响．结果表明：多层膜的界面清晰,调制周期性较好,大部分多层膜的纳米硬度和弹性模量值都高于两种个体材料混合相的值,在调制周期为27．5nm,气压为0．8Pa时,多层膜体系的硬度、应力以及弹性模量值均达到最佳,多层膜机械性能改善明显与其调制层结构和工作气压相关．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that