钛酸四丁酯催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯

以柠檬酸和正丁醇为原料,钛酸四丁酯为催化剂合成柠檬酸三丁酯,用单因素分析法研究醇酸摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间及反应温度对酯化反应的影响。结果表明,酯化反应的最佳条件为:n(醇):n(酸)=3.6:1.0,催化剂用量为柠檬酸质量的0.40％,反应时间4 h,反应温度130-140℃,酯化率达到94.51％,纯度大于99.1％。     

无溶剂体系非均相催化合成叔丁基甘油醚

以甘油(G)和叔丁醇(TBA)为原料,D002型强酸性离子交换树脂为催化剂,无溶剂液相体系下合成叔丁基甘油醚,同时与使用ZSM-5型分子筛和2种自制固载酸催化剂的反应进行比较.利用单因素实验考察反应压力、原位除水、催化剂用量、反应物配比、反应时间和反应温度等因素对反应的影响.结果表明:以D002型强酸性离子交换树脂为催化剂,反应温度85℃,反应9h,叔丁醇和甘油的物质的量之比4:1,催化剂用量为甘油质量的9％,脱水剂用量为甘油质量的8％的条件下,甘油羟基转化率最大可达43.7％.反应压力对转化率影响不明显.     

H6P2W18O62/SiO2的制备、表征及其对四氢呋喃的催化合成

通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了SiO2负载Dawson型磷钨酸H6P2W18O62/SiO2催化剂.表征结果表明:负载后磷钨酸仍保持Dawson结构,负载量为30％;磷钨酸比较均匀地分散在SiO2载体上.以催化1,4-丁二醇脱水制备四氢呋喃作为探针反应,考察催化剂的酸催化性能.正交试验和单因次试验结果表明:催化剂对1,4-丁二醇环化脱水合成四氢呋喃反应具有良好的催化性能;最佳反应条件为催化剂用量占1,4-丁二醇质量的6.6％,反应温度为185 ～190℃,反应时间为40 min,四氢呋喃平均收率为91.70％;催化剂重复使用5次后,催化活性基本保持不变,四氢呋喃收率仍可达90.90％.     

Sm_2O_3催化合成乙酸丁酯

研究了氧化钐为催化剂,乙酸和丁醇为合成原料合成乙酸丁酯,并考查了影响反应的因素,结果表明:酸醇物质的摩尔比为2:1,催化剂用量0.3g,反应时间3小时为最适应的反应条件,其产率可达67.0％。     

负载型TiO2催化剂的制备及其酯交换反应性能

采用水解法制备负载型TiO2／SiO2催化剂,用于苯酚和草酸二甲酯酯交换反应．通过考察催化剂焙烧温 度、载体粒径、催化剂用量、活性组分负载量和反应时间等因素对该酯交换反应的影响,确定出较佳的催化剂制备 工艺及反应条件．负载型氧化钛催化剂在该酯交换反应中表现出活性好、选择性高、催化剂易分离回收等优点．以 550℃焙烧的TiO2／SiO2为酯交换催化剂,TiO2负载量为13％,反应时间2h,反应温度180℃,草酸二甲酯的转化 率、甲基苯基草酸酯和草酸二苯酯的选择性分别为53．1％、72．1％和27．3％．     

相转移催化合成乙酸异丁酯

利用相转移催化剂催化合成乙酸异丁酯,最佳反应条件如下:催化剂用量0.5g／0.1mol异 丁醇,酸醇比1.2:1,反应时间100分钟,收率77.36％。实验证明,相转移催化对该酯化反应是高 效、低成本和实用的合成方法。     

活性炭负载固体碱催化制备生物柴油研究

大豆油在以活性炭为载体的负载型固体碱催化剂(KOH/C,K2CO3/C,KNO3/C)的作用下与甲醇酯交换反应制备生物柴油.考察了催化剂用量、醇油摩尔比、反应温度、时间等因素对产物收率的影响.结果表明:以上3种催化剂都可以催化酯交换反应,其中KOH\C的催化效果最好.当催化剂的质量为大豆油的2％、醇油摩尔比为10:1、...     

FCC废催化剂负载镍催化松节油加氢性能研究

以提升管催化裂化(FCC)废催化剂为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备负载型镍催化剂,并对其进行催化加氢性能的研究.利用FYX-2G型永磁旋转搅拌反应釜在温度383 K、压力2 MPa和搅拌转速260r/min条件下,考察了催化剂对松节油加氢反应活性及选择性的影响,应用GC-MS和GC技术对反应产物进行分析鉴定.结果表明,加氢反应1.5h的反应产物主要组分有顺、反-蒎烷、对伞花烃和未反应完全的蒎烯,产物中蒎烷顺反比为19.2∶1;以焙烧前后的FCC废催化剂为载体负载镍催化松节油加氢反应的蒎烯转化率分别为95.9％和98.2％,蒎烷顺反比分别为21.4∶1和21.1∶1;而以新鲜FCC催化剂为载体负载镍催化松节油加氢的蒎烯转化率为60.3％,蒎烷顺反比为24.7∶1;催化剂适宜制备条件:FCC废催化剂经723 K焙烧后负载镍,负载量为20％,焙烧及氢气还原温度为723 K,时间为3h.     

微波加热促进功能化离子液体催化合成柠檬酸三辛酯

以柠檬酸和正辛醇合成柠檬酸三辛酯为探针反应,咪唑类、吡啶类和季铵盐类具有丙烷磺酸基(-PS)功能基团的杂多酸盐作催化剂,在传统加热及微波加热方式下,分别考察了其阴阳离子对催化活性的影响.并选择最优催化剂[MIMPS]3PW12O40,研究了酸醇比、催化剂用量、反应温度和反应时间等对酯化率的影响.结果表明:杂多酸盐突出的特点是一种自分离催化剂,在传统加热和微波加热下都具有高活性,在反应温度为130℃时酯化率分别达到93.9％和93.5％.微波加热下[MIMPS]3PW12O40重复使用7次后酯化率保持在90％以上,表明该催化剂具有较高的反应活性和稳定性.     

丙二酸二乙酯和乙酰乙酸乙酯的氰乙基化反应

丙烯腈易与含活泼氢的化合物发生迈克加成反应,如与内二酸二乙酯及乙酰乙酸乙酯的氰乙基化反应,此类反应常使用的碱性催化剂是乙醇钠和季铵碱等,近年来,有人使用Fe(CO)_5l_2为催化剂进行氰乙基化反应,但其单氰乙基化率在55％左右。我们使用碳酸钾为催化剂,对内二酸二乙酯及乙酰乙酸乙酯的单氰乙基化反应,进行了温度、溶剂、碱等方面的探讨。结果表明:碳酸钾为减、乙酸乙酯为溶剂,温度40～50℃是适宜的单氰乙基化条件,产率分别达83％和57％。反应式如下:     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.