五元瓜环催化合成亚磷酸二烷基酯

以五元瓜环为催化剂,用三氯化磷与无水醇进行酷化反应合成亚磷酸二烷基酯。通过正交试验,得到最佳工艺条件：在以四氯化碳作为溶剂,醇／三氯化磷摩尔比为3,催化剂的用量为反应物总质量的1％,反应温度为50℃,反应时间为120min。在该条件下,合成了亚磷酸二乙酯、亚磷酸二甲酯、亚磷酸二正丙酯、亚磷酸异丙酯和亚磷酸二正丁酯,收率较好。     

麻疯树油制备生物柴油工艺研究

文章以经过溶剂脱酸预处理的麻疯树油、甲醇为原料,在氢氧化钠催化作用下,研究了通过转酯化反应制备生物柴油工艺并确定了最佳工艺条件。试验依次考察了催化剂用量、反应温度、醇油摩尔比及反应时间对脂肪酸甲酯产品（即生物柴油）得率的影响。试验结果表明,最佳转酯化反应条件为：氢氧化钠用量为麻疯树油重量的1％,反应温度为50℃,醇油摩尔比为6：1,反应时间为60min。在此条件下脂肪酸甲酯产品得率为87．2％。     

反应萃取生产三聚甲醛的新工艺

针对三聚甲醛传统生产工艺存在的缺陷,提出反应萃取方法生产三聚甲醛的新工艺。以工业甲醛为原料,强酸性离子交换树脂为催化剂,系统研究了反应温度、催化剂用量、萃取剂二甲苯的用量对三聚甲醛反应过程的影响规律。确定了最佳反应条件为：反应温度为85℃,催化剂用量为甲醛的8％（质量分数）,萃取剂与反应液进料比为1：1（质量比）。在此工艺条件下,结合中试设备进行实验,甲醛转化率达到90．41％,三聚甲醛收率达到87．39％。     

氯化胆碱中试工艺研究

介绍了以低浓度氯乙醇、三甲胺、催化剂为主要原料合成饲料添加剂氯化胆碱的中试工艺研究，并且总结了中试工艺条件和应用试验结果。实验分别就物料比、加料方式、温度、时间、催化剂等对反应的影响进行了研究，取得了最佳生产工艺条件，使得产品收率达到了９７％以上，并在某养殖场分别对猪、鸡进行了饲喂试验，取得了显著的效果。     

杂多酸催化不饱和羧酸酯

通过正交试验方案系统地考察了催化剂用量、醇 酸物质的量比、反应时间以及反应温度等因素对酯化反应的影响 ,确定了酯化反应的最佳工艺条件 ,讨论了不同催化剂的催化活性对酯收率的影响以及催化剂的重复使用     

硫酸氢钠催化合成丁酸丁酯

以硫酸氢钠为催化剂催化正丁酸和正丁醇进行酯化反应合成了丁酸丁酯，讨论了反应时间、催化剂用量、酸醇摩尔比等因素对酯化率的影响，确定了最佳反应条件：酸醇摩尔比1：1．1，催化剂用量0．1g，反应时间60min，反应温度120－140℃，酯化率达98．8％。     

菜籽油制备生物柴油的研究

研究了菜籽油在KOH催化剂作用下与甲醇进行酯交换反应制备生物柴油的过程,着重考察了醇油比、催化剂用量和反应温度等操作条件对反应的影响,试验结果表明,该反应最适宜的操作条件为醇油的物质的量之比为61,催化剂用量为菜籽油质量的1%,反应温度为65～70℃,反应时间为90～120min.     

强酸性离子交换树脂催化合成乳酸乙酯工艺研究

以乙醇，乳酸为原料，强酸性阳离子交换树脂为催化剂，在常压下合成乳酸乙酯．研究了树脂种类、反应温度、树脂用量、酸醇比等因素对酯化反应的影响，在不分离产物情况下，合成乳酸乙酯的反应条件为：酸醇比1：4，反应时间180min，催化剂用量（以乳酸加入质量计）10％，沸腾状态下反应，乳酸的单程转化率达72．53％．催化剂可重复使...     

响应面法优化菜籽油毛油酯交换制备生物柴油生产工艺条件的实验研究

利用响应面法研究了菜籽油毛油酯交换法制备生物柴油的优化工艺条件.酯交换实验以菜籽油毛油和过量甲醇为原料,NaOH为催化剂,主要对反应温度、醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量等三个因素进行了参数分析,找到了对酯交换反应影响最大的条件因素,并确定了最佳的工艺条件为:反应温度60°C、醇油摩尔比7.9:1、催化剂用量1.9 wt%.此时生物柴油的产率可达99%.     

蒎烯催化加氢制备顺式蒎烷

以不同组分的含镍合金粉为原料，制备出多种类型的Raney Ni型催化剂，研究它们在蒎烯催化加氢制备顺式蒎烷反应中的加氢活性和选择性，筛选出这两项指标均比较理想的目标催化剂。分析在催化条件下影响蒎烯高压加氢反应的各种因素，进而通过正交试验设计确定了蒎烯催化加氢制备顺式蒎烷的最佳反应工艺条件：反应温度100℃，反应压力6.0MPa，反应溶剂为正丁醇，原料纯度采用含85％以上α-蒎烯的松节油，催化剂用量为3％。在最佳工艺参数条件下，原料蒎烯转化率可达到100％，产物中顺式蒎烷的含量大于95％。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that