海洋二甲基硫的研究进展

近20年来,海洋二甲基硫研究一直是海洋科学研究领域中的一个热点,生源硫化物－－二甲基硫,是海洋主要的挥发性硫化物,也是大气硫化物的重要来源,其在大气中的氧化产物关系着酸雨形成、全球气候变化等全球变化问题,因此该研究有着重要的意义,国际上许多大型研究计划都将其作为一项重要的研究内容,根据20多年来国际上有关海洋二甲基硫的研究成果,对二甲基硫的生产机制、转化过程、海－气通量及其对全球变化的影响等方面进行了分析总结,并结合我国这方面的工作,对该领域今后的发展趋势进行了展望,以期为我国的海洋二甲基硫研究提供参考,促进我国在该研究领域与国际接轨。     

MSA in Beijing aerosol

Methane sulphonate (MSA) and sulfate (SO4^2-),the main oxidation products of dirnethyl sulfide (DMS), arethe target of atmospheric chemistry study, as sulfate aerosolwould have important impact on the global climate change. It is widely believed that DMS is rnainly emitted from phyto-plankton production in marine boundary layer (MBL), andMSA is usually used as the tracer of non-sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO4^2-) in marine and coastal areas/MSA/SO4^2- = 1/18) Manyobservations of MSA were in marine and coastal aerosols. Toour surprise, MSA was frequently (＞60%) deteeted in BeijingTSP. PM10, and PM2.5 aerosols, even in the samples collectedduring the dust storm period. The concentrations of MSAwere higher than those measured in marine aerosols. Factoranalysis, correlation analysis and meteorology analysis indi-cated that there was no obvious marine influence on Beljiagaerosols. DMS from terrestrial emissions and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) from industrial wastes could be the twopossible precursors of MSA. Warm and low-pressure airmasses and long time radiation were beneficial to the forma-tion of MSA. Anthropogenlc pollution from regional andlocal sources might be the dominant contributor to MSA inBeijing aerosol. This was the first report of MSA in aerosolscollected in an inland site in China. This new finding wouldlead to the further study on the balance af sulfur in inlandcities and its global bingcoehemical cycle.     

SAR11 marine bacteria require exogenous reduced sulphur for growth

Sulphur is a universally required cell nutrient found in two amino acids and other small organic molecules. All aerobic marine bacteria are known to use assimilatory sulphate reduction to supply sulphur for biosynthesis, although many can assimilate sulphur from organic compounds that contain reduced sulphur atoms. An analysis of three complete 'Candidatus Pelagibacter ubique' genomes, and public ocean metagenomic data sets, suggested that members of the ubiquitous and abundant SAR11 alphaproteobacterial clade are deficient in assimilatory sulphate reduction genes. Here we show that SAR11 requires exogenous sources of reduced sulphur, such as methionine or 3-dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) for growth. Titrations of the algal osmolyte DMSP in seawater medium containing all other macronutrients in excess showed that 1.5 x 10(8) SAR11 cells are produced per nanomole of DMSP. Although it has been shown that other marine alphaproteobacteria use sulphur from DMSP in preference to sulphate, our results indicate that 'Cand. P. ubique' relies exclusively on reduced sulphur compounds that originate from other plankton.     

Novel pathway for assimilation of dimethylsulphoniopropionate widespread in marine bacteria

Dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) accounts for up to 10% of carbon fixed by marine phytoplankton in ocean surface waters, producing an estimated 11.7-103?Tmol S per year, most of which is processed by marine bacteria through the demethylation/demethiolation pathway. This pathway releases methanethiol (MeSH) instead of the climatically active gas dimethylsulphide (DMS) and enables marine microorganisms to assimilate the reduced sulphur. Despite recognition of this critical microbial transformation for over two decades, the biochemical pathway and enzymes responsible have remained unidentified. Here we show that three new enzymes related to fatty acid β-oxidation constitute the pathway that assimilates methylmercaptopropionate (MMPA), the first product of DMSP demethylation/demethiolation, and that two previously unknown coenzyme A (CoA) derivatives, 3-methylmercaptopropionyl-CoA (MMPA-CoA) and methylthioacryloyl-CoA (MTA-CoA), are formed as novel intermediates. A member of the marine roseobacters, Ruegeria pomeroyi DSS-3, requires the MMPA-CoA pathway for MMPA assimilation and MeSH production. This pathway and the ability to produce MeSH from MMPA are present in diverse bacteria, and the ubiquitous SAR11 clade bacterium Pelagibacter ubique possesses enzymes for at least the first two steps. Analysis of marine metagenomic data indicates that the pathway is widespread among bacterioplankton in the ocean surface waters, making it one of the most important known routes for acquisition of reduced carbon and sulphur by surface ocean heterotrophs.     

Coupling and feedback between iron and sulphur in air-sea exchange

Iron in surface seawater has been demonstrated to be the limiting nutrient factor for primary productivity in certain oceanic regions where other major nutrients are abundant[1—5]. The available Fe to the phytoplankton in seawater is related to the uptake of carbon dioxide through the ocean and, in turn, to the global greenhouse effect[6—11]. Recent reports showed that the available Fe in the seawater is closely correlative to nitrogen fixation in the ocean[12—17]. Understanding which Fe s…     

The impact of surface-adsorbed phosphorus on phytoplankton Redfield stoichiometry

The Redfield ratio of 106 carbon:16 nitrogen:1 phosphorus in marine phytoplankton is one of the foundations of ocean biogeochemistry, with applications in algal physiology, palaeoclimatology and global climate change. However, this ratio varies substantially in response to changes in algal nutrient status and taxonomic affiliation. Here we report that Redfield ratios are also strongly affected by partitioning into surface-adsorbed and intracellular phosphorus pools. The C:N:surface-adsorbed P (80-105 C:15-18 N:1 P) and total (71-80 C:13-14 N:1 P) ratios in natural populations and cultures of Trichodesmium were close to Redfield values and not significantly different from each other. In contrast, intracellular ratios consistently exceeded the Redfield ratio (316-434 C:59-83 N:1 intracellular P). These high intracellular ratios were associated with reduced N2 fixation rates, suggestive of phosphorus deficiency. Other algal species also have substantial surface-adsorbed phosphorus pools, suggesting that our Trichodesmium results are generally applicable to all phytoplankton. Measurements of the distinct phytoplankton phosphorus pools may be required to assess nutrient limitation accurately from elemental composition. Deviations from Redfield stoichiometry may be attributable to surface adsorption of phosphorus rather than to biological processes, and this scavenging could affect the interpretation of marine nutrient inventories and ecosystem models.     

南极瑞穗站辐射特征的初步研究

本文利用1979－1980年在南极瑞穗太阳分光辐射分量和长波辐射通量及微气象观测资料，计算并分析了辐射分量，地表反射率，地表和大气的有效比辐射率，大气的有效透过率和雪面反射率与太阳高度角的关系及他们的日，年变化，并对输出输入长波辐射的实测与计算值进行了比较，初步结果表明：在南极瑞穗站净辐射年平均值为－14．6W／m^2，在波长305－2800nm,305-695nm,和695-2800nm范围内地表反射率分别为0．79，0．95，和0．64，地表和大气有效比辐射率的年平均值分别为0．99和0．77，大气的有效透过率在不同的波长范围内有不同值，代表春，夏，秋季的10月19日，12月28日和3月3日，在305－2800nm波长范围内，晴天大气透过率分别为0．828，0．871和9．835。     

THE SECOND LAW ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL IRRADIANCE BASED ON OBSERVED SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTIONS

There have emerged ample literature about the Second Law analysis of extraterrestrial and terrestrial solar radiation consequent to the pioneer works by R. Petela and D. C. Spanner, of which most are irrelevant to the frequency distribution of solar radiation. Since the Second Law analysis was introduced to the fields like photovoltaic and photosynthesis, rendering a need for a method closely related to solar radiation spectrum, some authors created wavelength dependent dilute factots to take the various influence of atmosphere on the frequency distribution into consideration. Because of the complexity of the influence on different frequency, it is not convenient and accurate enough to practically apply the present exergy theories of diluted solar radiation to real solar exergy systems at the surface of the earth. This paper shows a numerical method of Second Law analysis in dealing with the cases of diluted solar irradiance on the earth, based on the observed spectra of global direct and diffuse radiat     

黄铜矿半导体DMS的第一原理计算

为了寻找新的高Tc的稀磁半导体(DMS)，利用自旋局域密度泛函的第一性原理对3d过渡金属(TM=Ⅴ、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co或Ni)掺杂的Ⅱ-Ⅳ-Ⅴ2(CdGeP2和ZnGeP2)以及Ⅰ-Ⅲ-Ⅵ2(CuGaS2和CuGaSe2)黄铜矿半导体的电磁性质进行系统计算．结果发现：Ⅴ或Cr掺杂的Ⅱ-Ⅳ-V2将出现铁磁(FM)状态，而Mn、Fe或Co掺杂的Ⅱ-Ⅳ-Ⅴ2将出现反铁磁(AFM)状态，Ni掺杂时，DMS的磁性非常不稳定；在TM掺杂的Ⅰ-Ⅲ-Ⅵ2的DMS中，Cr、Mn掺杂的CuGaS2和CuGaSe3将表现为FM状态，而当V、Fe、Co或Ni掺杂时，Cu(Ga，TM)S2和Cu(Ga，TM)Se2则表现了AFM性质．Cr掺杂的Ⅰ-Ⅳ-Ⅴ2以及Ⅰ-Ⅳ-Ⅵ3黄铜矿半导体将可能出现较高的居里温度(Tc)。     

田间灰霾模拟实验的塑料膜光学特征分析

通过在大田利用塑料膜进行遮阴实验,可发现灰霾对农作物生长发育及产量的影响。研究对选取进行模拟灰霾实验用的塑料膜的光学特性进行分析;并通过长期观测得到的太阳辐射值与大气气溶胶光化学厚度(AOD)建立关系,得到所选塑料膜代表的灰霾水平。结果表明实验选取的3层12丝的PE塑料膜进行遮阴,使太阳总辐射下降30%,散射辐射增加20%,太阳辐射可见光波段的强度占太阳总辐射强度的比例不变及遮阴后的太阳辐射仍具有灰霾天的太阳辐射各向异性的特点;且塑料膜代表的AOD水平约为0.5左右,为重度灰霾水平。研究为灰霾辐射效应对农作物产量影响实验提供实验设计依据,也可为大棚设施农业中塑料膜对辐射的影响提供参考。     

兰州城市气容胶对边界层温度结构的影响—一维数值模拟研究

利用Lowtran辐射传输模式计算了城市大气溶胶的辐射效应,并用一个一维边界层模式模拟了由此产生的温度变化。气溶胶的存在显著加大了太阳短波辐射对边界层大气的加热,而其长波辐射效应使边界层大气有所降温,但强度不大。另一方面,气溶胶大大削弱了到达地面的太阳辐射。上述因素综合的结果使白天城市边界层中上部气温高于乡村的2℃,低层高于乡村约1℃,夜间城市温度仍高于乡村1－2℃。     

An influence of solar spectral variations on radiative forcing of climate

The thermal structure and composition of the atmosphere is determined fundamentally by the incoming solar irradiance. Radiation at ultraviolet wavelengths dissociates atmospheric molecules, initiating chains of chemical reactions-specifically those producing stratospheric ozone-and providing the major source of heating for the middle atmosphere, while radiation at visible and near-infrared wavelengths mainly reaches and warms the lower atmosphere and the Earth's surface. Thus the spectral composition of solar radiation is crucial in determining atmospheric structure, as well as surface temperature, and it follows that the response of the atmosphere to variations in solar irradiance depends on the spectrum. Daily measurements of the solar spectrum between 0.2?μm and 2.4?μm, made by the Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SIM) instrument on the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) satellite since April 2004, have revealed that over this declining phase of the solar cycle there was a four to six times larger decline in ultraviolet than would have been predicted on the basis of our previous understanding. This reduction was partially compensated in the total solar output by an increase in radiation at visible wavelengths. Here we show that these spectral changes appear to have led to a significant decline from 2004 to 2007 in stratospheric ozone below an altitude of 45?km, with an increase above this altitude. Our results, simulated with a radiative-photochemical model, are consistent with contemporaneous measurements of ozone from the Aura-MLS satellite, although the short time period makes precise attribution to solar effects difficult. We also show, using the SIM data, that solar radiative forcing of surface climate is out of phase with solar activity. Currently there is insufficient observational evidence to validate the spectral variations observed by SIM, or to fully characterize other solar cycles, but our findings raise the possibility that the effects of solar variability on temperature throughout the atmosphere may be contrary to current expectations.     

Simulation of the climatic effects of natural forcings during the pre-industrial era

The MPM-2,an Earth system model of intermediate complexity,is employed to study the climate sys-tem response to natural forcings during the pre-industrial era (1000-1800 AD),with a special focus on the surface air temperature (SAT) evolution. Solar radiation and volcanism are the primary natural forcings during this period. In the MPM-2,the solar radiation forcing determines the long-term trend of the climate system change,and the volcanic forcing intensifies (weakens) this trend. Ultimately,the combination of solar and volcanic forcings dominates the long-term changes of the climate system. These results are in good agreement with other model data or temperature reconstructions. Natural forcings can well explain the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the Medieval Warm Period (MWP). At the large regional scale,the SAT response to natural forcings is almost coincident with that of the Northern Hemisphere. Based on MPM-2 model results,it is concluded that the global climate gradually became cold during the pre-industrial era. However,MPM-2 model results substantially correlate with recon-structed solar and volcanic forcings. Namely,to some great extent,these results strongly rely on the forcing series data we choose. Therefore,in order to accurately simulate the secular variation of the historical climate,it is very important to reconstruct well the solar radiation change and volcanic forc-ing data are well reconstructed for the past 10000 years,at least for the past 2000 years,in addition to the model improvements. The sensitivity study on the abrupt solar radiation change indicates that the increased solar radiation not only strengthens the nonlinear response of SAT,but intensifies the global hydrological cycle. At the same time,the biosphere is also affected obviously.     

兰州城区太阳紫外辐射及其与空气污染的关系

利用太阳辐射观测及环境空气质量监测资料，分析了各种天气状况下兰州城区太阳总辐射、紫外辐射的变化特征及其与空气污染的关系．结果表明：自1960-1998年地面接收的太阳辐射总体呈下降趋势，平均下降约12％．晴天紫外辐射占总辐射的4％-5％，紫外辐射的变化趋势与总辐射相同：兰州城区NOx，TSP质量浓度总体上呈下降趋势，O3质量浓度从1985-1989年有所下降，之后又呈上升趋势；紫外辐射与总辐射的比值与大气浑浊度因子S／D相关性较好，二者满足指数关系，相关系数蜘-0.79．兰州城区机动车NOx排放量随汽车保有量的快速增加而呈上升趋势．     

Global estimate of aerosol direct radiative forcing from satellite measurements

Atmospheric aerosols cause scattering and absorption of incoming solar radiation. Additional anthropogenic aerosols released into the atmosphere thus exert a direct radiative forcing on the climate system. The degree of present-day aerosol forcing is estimated from global models that incorporate a representation of the aerosol cycles. Although the models are compared and validated against observations, these estimates remain uncertain. Previous satellite measurements of the direct effect of aerosols contained limited information about aerosol type, and were confined to oceans only. Here we use state-of-the-art satellite-based measurements of aerosols and surface wind speed to estimate the clear-sky direct radiative forcing for 2002, incorporating measurements over land and ocean. We use a Monte Carlo approach to account for uncertainties in aerosol measurements and in the algorithm used. Probability density functions obtained for the direct radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere give a clear-sky, global, annual average of -1.9 W m(-2) with standard deviation, +/- 0.3 W m(-2). These results suggest that present-day direct radiative forcing is stronger than present model estimates, implying future atmospheric warming greater than is presently predicted, as aerosol emissions continue to decline.     

Case study of longwave contribution to dust radiative effects over East Asia

In order to evaluate the impacts of LW contribution to aerosol radiative effects over East Asia,a dust longwave radiative parameterization scheme is integrated into the online mesoscale dust forecasting model GRAPES_CUACE/dust.A case modeling study shows that about half at surface and one third at TOA of the dust negative shortwave radiative forcing are cancelled by its positive longwave forcing over the dust affected area.In the dust layer,longwave radiation emitting by dust cools the atmosphere,which counteracts about 17%of shortwave heating of atmosphere during daytime and results in cooling of atmosphere simply during nighttime.At the same time,the atmosphere beyond the dust layer is warmed because of absorbing the LW radiation emitted by dust layer.Dust longwave contribution exerts more evident impact on the air temperature in lower atmosphere and surface.The surface air temperature cooling rate resulting from the dust solar radiation is cancelled about 40%by dust longwave warming at daytime.At nighttime,dust longwave contribution warms land and sea surface.The online calculation of dust LW radiation reduces about 15%relative errors of predicted AOD based on the dust model with only SW radiative feedback.This case study result suggests that dust longwave contribution has important impacts on the earth-atmosphere energy process,especially on the surface and in the lower atmosphere and should not be neglected in the study of dust radiation effects.     

营养盐传感器在海洋监测中的研究进展

营养盐是海洋浮游植物生长所必需的物质基础。测定海水中营养盐的分布对于理解地球化学循环,预测藻华爆发等环境灾害有重要的意义。营养盐在线传感器在过去的几十年中取得了较大的进展。本文综述了营养盐传感器在海水监测中的研究进展,介绍和比较了不同营养盐传感器的检测原理、范围和检测限,并讨论了营养盐传感器的技术瓶颈和发展趋势。     

The compositions, sources, and size distribution of the dust storm from China in spring of 2000 and its impact on the global environment

The average mass concentration of the aerosols in Beijing during the dust storm in the spring of 2000 was ~6000 mg·m^-3, ~30 times as high as that in the non-dust storm days. The enrichment factors of the pollution elements As, Sb and Se were higher than those in the non-dust storm days. This indicated that As, Sb and Se resulted from the pollution sources of those areas, through which the dust storm passed during their long-range transport, in addition to the local pollution sources in Beijing. The enrichment factors of the Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu were much less than those in the non-dust storm days, suggesting that the local pollution sources in Beijing area contributed to them mostly. The enrichment factors of elements Al, Fe, Sc, Mn, Na, Ni, Cr, V and Co were close to 1, showing that these elements originated from crust. The concentration of S in the dust storm was ~10 mg·m^-3, 4 times as high as that in non-dust storm. S in the aerosols resulted from the adsorption of gaseous SO₂ and the consequent transformation on it. The aerosols of the dust storm contained 16.1% and 76.9% of fine particles with the sizes less than 2.1 and 9.0 mm, respectively, while it had a large number of coarse particles. It was noted that a considerable portion of Fe(Ⅱ) was detected from the dust storm. Fe(Ⅱ) could easily dissolve in seawater to be nutrient for phytoplankton and would lead to the increase of the emission of dimethylsulfide (DMS) from the ocean. The feedbacks of Fe coupled with S in atmosphere might be the important mechanism that would affect the primary productivity in Pacific and/or the global climate change.     

Palaeoclimate simulation of Little Ice Age

Promotedbytheinternationalresearch projectsofPAGESandCLIVAR ,thestudiesonclimaticandenvironmentalchangesinthepast 2 0 0 0yearshavedrawntheattentionofgeologistsandpalaeoclimato logistsallovertheworld[1,2 ] .AmongthemthecoldeventoftheLittleIceAge (LIA)isparticularlythemostattractiveone[3～ 10 ] ,whichisthenearesttypicalcoldperiodintheglobalrangefrommodernage ,andhadaprofoundimpactuponhumansociety[11] .Addi tionally ,moreknowledgeaboutthecauseoforiginanddynamicmechanismofLIAmayenrichandpe…     

四川省太阳辐射能量支出状况的研究

根据四川省近200个台站30年(1951—1980)整编气候资料并结合自然地理景观,统计计算了全川各站逐月及年的总辐射、地表反射率及地表有效辐射,在绘制分布图的基础上分析了它们的时空分布特征.