火警响彻三湘四水

据湖南省消防总队和湖南省林业厅负责人介绍,去年7月至今年3月15日,全省共发生森林火警火灾3768起,受害森林面积20多万亩,直接经济损失超过5亿元,是新中国成立以来火灾次数最多、受害森林面积最大的时期。其中,2月7日至15日湖南共发生森林火灾420起10人死亡。这期间,湖南娄底一商厦突起大火,其他市州亦是火警频     

1980—2015年内蒙古森林火灾的时空动态

【目的】林火是森林生态系统中重要的干扰因子,严重影响着森林的结构与功能。内蒙古大兴安岭是我国重要的森林生态系统之一,从内蒙古地区地域、海拔、火灾原因分布等可能导致火灾的时空因素分析林火灾害,为森林防火和管理提供有力的科学依据。【方法】基于遥感影像,借助ArcGIS 10.2和Origin等软件,分析了1980—2015年内蒙古地区森林火灾特点,结合时间、空间的因素,探讨林火的时空动态规律。【结果】内蒙古地区森林火灾时空上表现出规律性分布。受害森林面积年变化存在周期性规律,周期间隔16 a,且春季为林火高发季节,在进行森林防火的资源调节过程中,火灾发生次数较多的4、5月正处于春分、清明和谷雨时节,应以控制火源为主要内容。此外,月初林火发生概率相对较高,应在该时段提高警惕; 林火的发生主要集中在9:00—17:00; 多发于呼伦贝尔市、赤峰市、鄂尔多斯市和兴安盟等地区,其中兴安盟过火面积最大,大兴安岭林区火灾也比较频繁。【结论】内蒙古森林火灾频发,过火面积较大,且火灾频发与人类活动及气候特点息息相关。森林火灾主要由人为活动造成,必须严格控制野外火源、生活用火等。建议在掌握内蒙古自治区森林火灾时空动态特征的基础上,加强防火宣传与教育,并运用科学的森林防火措施,制定合理的森林防护政策。     

加拿大林火天气指标系统在通化市的应用

针对通化市林火特点,引入加拿大林火天气指标系统,利用通化市1996—2010年气象资料和森林火灾数据,研究林火天气指标与林火的相关性,并划分森林火险等级.结果表明:除了干旱码(DC)外,林火次数与其他林火天气指标极显著相关;受害森林面积、火场总面积与林火天气指数(FWI)、初始蔓延指标(ISI)极显著相关,与细小可燃物湿度码(FFMC)虽然没有达到极显著相关,但显著度与0.01水平很接近,因此可以证明加拿大林火天气指标系统适合通化市进行林火天气预报.按照极端火险天气小于3%的原则和几何方法划分了森林火险级别.4级火险天气下林火频率、火场面积比例、受害森林面积比例最大,森林火灾发生近似于正态分布,因此此种等级划分方法比较适合通化市,但需要更多的森林火灾资料加以验证.     

基于ANP与ArcGIS的城市火灾风险评估

城市火灾风险评估对于降低火灾损失具有重要作用,但建立简便高效的风险评估模型一直是难点与热点问题。本文在充分调查分析西安市临潼区火灾危险度、区域特征性、防灾减灾能力的基础上,建立西安市临潼区火灾风险评估指标体系。选出火灾载荷密度、重大危险源空间分布、重点消防单位面积、消防供水能力等10个评价指标,采用网络层次分析法(analytic network process, ANP)结构运算确定各评价指标的权重。以500 m*500 m的渔网作为评价单元,构建火灾风险评估模型,并利用ArcGIS空间分析功能进行指标量化、评价单元划分、评价模型运算,最终得到西安市临潼区火灾风险评估图。评估结果显示：西安市临潼区火灾风险整体成南高北低的趋势,高风险区域占1.81%,中风险区域占5.82%,次风险区域占16.85%,低风险区域占75.53%,火灾高风险区域主要集中在骊山、斜口、代王、新丰、北田五个街道办。据现场实际调查,这些街道办人口和建筑密集,重大危险源较多,说明所建风险评估模型准确可靠,简便高效,可为火灾孕灾环境类似的其它城市火灾风险评估提供有益借鉴。     

基于3S技术的福建省土地利用变化分析

以3S技术为支撑,在对福建省1988年和2000年2个时期陆地卫星TM影像进行遥感判读和分析的基础上,对12年间的福建省土地利用动态变化进行了定性和定量的分析.研究结果表明:12年间福建省各土地利用类型发生了比较大的变化,其中林地和建设用地的面积增加,而耕地、草地、水域和未利用地的面积减少;林地面积增加的区域集中在闽西北地区,且主要来自于草地类型的转变;耕地面积的减少则主要由于城乡居住建设用地的扩张与占用,且集中在经济较为发达的闽东南地区.     

浅析森林火灾的风险管理——以福建省三明市为例

森林火灾风险是林业经营中所面临的重要风险之一,其对林业造成的破坏力巨大。加强林业火灾风险管理已经成为林业风险管理工作的重中之重。以福建省三明市为例,从主客观两方面分析森林火灾的成因,提出控制型和财务型两种风险管理模式,通过对森林火灾的有效预防与控制,以达成减少林业经济损失的目标。     

基于空间数据分析黑龙江森林火灾空间关联性

黑龙江省为我国森林资源最丰富的省份,也是森林火灾频发的省份.森林火灾对黑龙江省的森林资源造成了极大的危害,年均森林过火面积处于全国首位.运用探索性空间数据分析及模型,对黑龙江省13个市级行政区内林业区域,从2000~2009年10 a森林火灾情况综合的研究了它的空间的关联性.研究结果显示,黑龙江省森林火灾的发生在空间关联上成正相关性,森林火灾的发生存在空间聚集,此分析结果对森林火灾预防具有积极作用.     

江西省林业气象灾害风险调查与服务效益评估

自2016年11月至2017年5月,江西省气象服务中心在江西省林业厅森林防火总指挥部办公室的配合下开展了林业气象灾害风险调查与服务效益评估调查工作,调查共收集到22个风险点相关信息,数据显示,火灾风险是江西省林业气象灾害风险点的主要类型,调查得到18个监测站点信息,预警设施为16个。排在前3位影响林业生产的气象灾害类型为火灾、病虫害和雪害,主要致灾气象因子为气温、降水和风等。林业气象服务需求方面,排名前3位的是森林火险预报预警、森林火点监测(过程监测)和林业病虫害预报,2016年江西省气象服务效益贡献率达5.16%。     

刹住滥伐盗伐歪风 扭转森林消减危机

近年来我国森林面积不断消减,森林资源急剧下降,引起了各级领导和全社会的关注和重视.森林消减原因是多方面的.主要是森林火灾、病虫害、大气污染和滥伐、盗伐.1987年5月大兴安岭的一场特大森林火灾,受灾面积超过百万公顷.1988年广西也多处发生森林火灾,损失十分严重.虫灾突出的是松毛虫、松突圆蚧、材线虫,使大面积森林受到毁灭性的危害.近年来重庆地区的酸雨造成森林的成片死亡和多种树木的生长衰弱而濒于枯萎,是大气污染造成的.但是破坏最严重,也是最不应该发生的是滥伐和盗伐.对此,中央曾一再发布制止破坏森林     

舰船火灾危险性评估方法

以火灾成长概率和火灾发生后的过火面积为评价指标,探讨舰艇火灾危险性等级评估方法.运用火灾动力学与统计理论耦舍的火灾风险评估方法,对舰船火灾危险性进行评估.依据火灾动力学和火灾发展过程中不同阶段的特点,将火灾由初期发展蔓延到整个防火分区的过程划分为4个阶段.使用概率Petri网对舰船火灾发生过程进行了建模,并在此基础上,建立了火灾发生过程概率计算的算法.根据不同阶段火灾的特点,求得了各阶段火灾的临界时间,并以此为基础对火灾发生后舰船舱室平均过火面积计算进行了研究.计算结果表明,该方法通过对火灾过火面积的计算判断出火灾的蔓延情况和对火灾控制较弱的设计环节.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with