PVC的热失重和热解动力学

热重法对PVC树脂的热解研究表明，热解过程可分为3个阶段，250～350℃为第一失重阶段、350～400℃为稳定阶段、400～550℃为第二失重阶段；升温速率对热解有较显著的影响，随升温速率的增加，Tb、Tf和Tm随之提高，但各阶段的失重率并不改变；气氛对热解有重要的影响，在含氧气氛中总失重约为100%，而氢气中的总失重最低。热解动力学研究表明，PVC的热解为一级反应过程，3个阶段的热解活化能受气氛影响稍有差异，分别为170～200kJ／mol、10～20kJ／mol和50～80kJ／mol，各阶段活化能的较大幅度变化说明各阶段热解反应机理是不同的。     

稀酸水解木素的热失重特性及其动力学分析

采用热重分析的方法研究了稀酸水解木素在不同升温速率时的热解特性及升温速率对热解反应的影响,并根据微分热重曲线,建立了动力学模型,计算了热解反应的动力学参数.结果表明:200～450℃温度区间是水解木素热解的主要阶段;随着升温速率的增大,热重曲线向高温区移动,升温速率为10、20和30℃/min时,失重速率分别在311.9、323.8和338.1℃左右出现最大值,且微分热重曲线均只出现一个较大的失重峰.根据Coats-Redfern法,稀酸水解木素在不同升温速率下的热解可用两个一级反应表示,随着升温速率的提高,活化能有所降低,低温区稀酸水解木素的活化能在18.27～18.47kJ/mol之间,高温区的在74.45～84.37kJ/mol之间.     

粒径、升温速率及催化剂对废轮胎胶粉热解特性的影响

采用热重分析法探讨了不同粒径、升温速率及催化剂对废轮胎胶粉热解特性的影响。结果表明:随升温速率加快,废轮胎胶粉的TG/DTG曲线向着高温区段移动,且热解反应时间Δt会缩短,说明升温速率加快有助于废轮胎胶粉的热解反应;粒径(20目至100目)对废轮胎胶粉热解反应TG/DTG曲线影响很小,但目数增大最终失重率会变小。在低温段,NiCl2,CoCl2和Co/Ni 3种催化剂都能有效降低废轮胎胶粉热解的反应活化能,其中NiCl2效果明显,可以降低30.37 kJ/mol,而ZnO对低温区的反应活化能没有影响;在高温段,NiCl2能降低废轮胎胶粉的反应活化能,而CoCl2,Co/Ni和ZnO则使反应活化能分别升高16.966 kJ/mol,10.813 kJ/mol和7.5 kJ/mol;催化剂Cr2O3对低温段和高温段的反应活化能没有影响。     

不同粒径城市污泥热解和燃烧动力学研究

采用德国耐驰公司STA 409pc热重分析仪,对3个不同粒径的污泥颗粒(d≤0.25mm,0.25mm0.83mm)以升温速率20℃/min在纯氮和空气气氛中进行实验,并对污泥进行了元素分析和工业分析,对金属的含量进行测定.采用MATLAB 7.11.0(R2010b)中的surface fitting tool进行平面拟合的方法计算了相关的动力学参数.结果表明,污泥的热解可以分为3个阶段:水析出阶段(100～180℃)、挥发份热解阶段(205～550℃)和部分难挥发有机物与无机物的降解阶段(550～900℃).而污泥的燃烧可以分为4个阶段:水析出阶段(100～180℃)、挥发份的燃烧阶段(180～475℃)、碳燃烧阶段(475～595℃)和无机盐分解阶段(595～900℃).不同粒径下污泥热解第2阶段活化能约为48kJ/mol,反应级数为1.5～1.8.燃烧第2阶段的活化能约为33kJ/mol,反应级数为1.1～1.8.燃烧第3阶段活化能约为176kJ/mol,反应级数为1.1～1.2.     

抚顺油页岩及其残渣的热解性能

用热重分析法研究了抚顺油页岩及其残渣的热解性质与热解动力学.结果显示,油页岩和油页岩渣的热解反应为两个过程:在常温~200℃,主要是水分的挥发,油页岩及其残渣中水的挥发量分别为2.446%和3.202%;在200~600℃,主要是固定碳的热解,失重率分别为16.048%和6.524%.采用Coats-Redfern方法得到了热解反应两个部分的动力学常数,抚顺油页岩的活化能分别为51.84和28.14 kJ/mol,频率因子分别为62.35和0.003 25 min-1;抚顺油页岩渣的活化能分别为36.62和55.05 kJ/mol,频率因子分别为0.009 76和0.341 min-1.另外油...     

聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯的热重分析

用热重分析法（TGA）探讨聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯（PBT）热降解的动力学,揭示了PBT的热稳定性、热解反应级数和热解活化能。以高纯度氮气为载气,在不同载气流量、不同升温速率下对PBT进行降解,通过失重曲线和微商曲线分析其结构的稳定性,建立反应动力学方程。结果表明：PBT作为工程塑料在高温下有较好的稳定性,在N2中降解过程为一阶失重,流量对降解几乎没有影响;增大升温速率,分解的起始温度、失重平衡温度和最大失重率温度均呈增加趋势。PBT的热解可分为两个阶段,降解前期,即失重率在25％～50％之前,可视为零级反应,其平均活化能为261．3kJ／mol,降解反应的中后期直至完全降解,可视为一级反应,其平均活化能为186．7kJ／mol。升温速率对两段降解的温度区间划分有影响,随着升温速率增加,零级反应温度范围逐渐扩大。     

城市固体废弃物混合热解特性及动力学

在研究城市固体废弃物(MSW)典型成分单组分失重规律的基础上,对两两组分混合热解相互影响进行了实验研究.结果表明:白菜、纸板和棉布热解主要分为3个阶段,而聚氯乙烯(PVC)和废轮胎的热解规律较复杂,但其热解过程可等效地看作2个和3个阶段,二者在前2个阶段失重率已经分别达到了100%和88%;两两组分混合后,对应阶段热解温度范围与单组分相比变化不大,而混合后热解速率则受到较大影响,说明所选组分两两混合对各单组分热解温度影响不明显,而热解产物或残留物可能会促进或抑制混合物的分解.根据单组分和混合组分原料的失重规律采用Coats-Redfern法分阶段进行动力学计算,结果表明:拟合曲线线性度很好,说明各单组分和混合组分热解过程分阶段处理是合理的;对于PVC和废轮胎单独热解和两两混合热解,将失重曲线上一些联系紧密的失重峰看作同一个失重阶段进行处理可获得更好的拟合线性度.     

低次烟叶热解特性及动力学机理函数

采用固定床管式反应器,考察了热解温度对低次烟叶热解产物产率、组成的影响。利用热重分析仪,在不同的升温速率下对低次烟叶的热失重行为进行了研究,运用Coats-Redfern积分法、Flynn-Wall-Ozawa(FWO)积分法,结合双外推法确定其动力学机理函数。实验结果表明:随温度升高,热解油产率先增大,在400℃达到最大,为26.93%,然后开始下降;热解气产率不断增大;焦炭产率不断下降。热解油主要由酮类、酚类、呋喃类和含氮杂环化合物组成,热解气主要由CO、CO_2组成。低次烟叶的热解过程可以分为脱水干燥、快速热解和炭化3个阶段。主要热解区间第1段(T_0～T_(max))的最概然机理函数为D3(Jander方程),第2段(T_(max)～T_f)最可能的机理函数为D4(G-B方程)。     

城市污水污泥热解实验及产物特性

采用外热式固定床热解装置，在250～700℃温度范围内对污水污泥进行了常压热解实验．研究了不同热解终温时固、液、气产物的燃料特性．结果表明，随着热解温度的提高，固体产物挥发分减少，固定碳和灰分增加，在250～450℃挥发分随热解温度变化较快，450～700℃时变化趋缓；固体产物热值在低温段较高，350℃时达到32475．6lkJ／kg，而后随热解温度的升高而降低．通过对热解油状产物性能评价，除N、S含量超标外，其他性能都可满足燃料油的要求（SH0536-95）．根据气相色谱的分析结果，温度在250～450℃时，热解气主要为CO2；在450～700℃时，气体中H2、CH4和CO等可燃气体含量逐渐增加，600℃时气体的热值最高，达到15530kJ／m^3．实际应用中在450～600℃下热解为宜．     

废弃电路板环氧树脂真空热解及产物分析

在真空条件下,应用程序升温的管式炉反应器对废弃电路板中环氧树脂热解规律进行研究,考察不同的热解终温、升温速率、真空度(压力)及保温时间等各种因素对产物产率的影响.此外,利用傅里叶红外(FT-IR)和气质联用(GC/MS)技术对热解油产物进行表征分析.实验结果表明:温度对产物产率的影响最大,升温速率、真空度及保温时间对热解产物产率也有重要影响.选择适当的热解温度(400～550 ℃)、升温速率(15～20 ℃/min)、真空度(压力15 kPa)及保温时间(30 min)有利于提高热解液体产品的产率;热解油的主要成分是酚类物质,其总含量为84.08%,其中,含溴化合物含量为15.34%.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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