Functionalization of graphene materials by heteroatom-doping for energy conversion and storage

Recent development in nanoscience and nanotechnology has opened up new frontiers in materials science and engineering to create new materials for energy generation and storage. Owing to their earth abundance, low-cost, structural tunability, large-surface area, and unique physicochemical properties, graphitic carbon materials have attracted a great deal of attention for energy-related applications. However, the pristine graphene materials without functionalization is intractable (insoluble and infusible), which has hindered their practical applications. Therefore, considerable research effort has been devoted to the development of functionalized graphene materials with desirable properties for specific applications, including energy conversion and storage. It was demonstrated that functionalized graphene materials with tunable work functions were useful as charge-extraction materials to effectively improve solar cell performance while those with high electrocatalytic activities could be used as metal-free catalysts in fuel cells, metal-air batteries, water splitting and integrated energy systems. This article provides a timely focused review on the development of heteroatom-doped graphene materials for low-cost, but efficient, energy generation and storage.     

先进能源储存和转换材料专刊社论

The ever-increasing environmental problems and energy challenges have called urgent demand for utilizing green, ef-ficient, and sustainable energy, thus promoting the develop-ment of new technologies associated with energy storage and conversion systems. Amongst a wealth of energy storage devices, Li/Na/K/Zn/Mg ion batteries, metal-air batteries, and lithium–sulfur/all-solid-state batteries together with su-percapacitors as advanced power sources have attracted con-siderable interest due to their conspicuous merits of high en-ergy density, long cycle life, and good rate capability. In the energy conversion systems, solar cells and fuel cells can be considered as mainstream renewable energy resources once their manufacturing cost has decreased to an affordable level. However, the developments of advanced power sources de-pend critically on advances in materials innovation. There-fore, to promote the practical applications of these promising systems, developing high-performance electrode materials has been taken into the center stage in current research areas from chemistry, physics, and materials science fields.     

Hydrogenation of nanostructured semiconductors for energy conversion and storage

Nanostructured semiconductors have been researched intensively for energy conversion and storage applications in recent decades. Despite of tremendous find- ings and achievements, the performance of the devices resulted from the nanomaterials in terms of energy conversion efficiency and storage capacity needs further improvement to become economically viable for subsequent commercializa- tion. Hydrogenation is a simple, efficient, and cost-effective way for tailoring the electronic and morphological properties of the nanostructured materials. This work reviews a series of hydrogenated nanostructured materials was produced by the hydrogenation of a wide range of nanomaterials. These materials with improved inherent conductivity and changed characteristic lattice structure possess much enhanced per- formance for energy conversion application, e.g., photo- electrocatalytic production of hydrogen, and energy storage applications, e.g., lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors. The hydrogenation mechanisms as well as resultant properties responsible for the efficiency improvement are explored in details. This work provides guidance for researchers to use the hydrogenation technology to design functional materials.     

Nanomaterials for renewable hydrogen production, storage and utilization

An ever growing demand for energy coupled with increasing pollution is forcing us to seek environmentally clean alternative energy resources to substitute fossil fuels. The rapid development of nanomaterials has opened up new avenues for the conversion and utilization of renewable energy. This article reviews nanostructured materials designed for selected applications in renewable energy conversion and utilization. The review is based on the authors’ research, with particular focus on solar hydrogen production, hydrogen storage and hydrogen utilization. The topics include photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting and photocatalytic hydrogen production, solid-state hydrogen storage, and proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). It is expected that the rational design of nanomaterials could play an important role in achieving a renewable energy based economy in the coming decades.     

基于分形的多孔介质复合相变材料的储热特性

本文利用膨胀石墨和纳米颗粒来强化相变储热系统的传热性能。在膨胀石墨基体中填充含纳米颗粒的相变材料,用焓-孔隙度法模拟材料的相变过程。针对不规则的膨胀石墨孔隙结构,用三维W-M分形函数修正膨胀石墨孔隙率波动,以研究不同的孔隙率和有效导热系数比对固态显热蓄热阶段相变材料熔融速率的影响。在液态显热蓄热阶段时探讨膨胀石墨孔隙率以及纳米颗粒体积分数对相变储热系统中对流传热的影响。研究结果表明,分形分布的孔隙结构能有效地抑制纳米颗粒的自由运动从而降低了纳米颗粒的局部团聚的可能性,所以利用三维W-M分形函数修正的膨胀石墨比采用平均孔隙率能更好地模拟相变材料的熔融速率。在固态显热蓄热阶段,膨胀石墨孔隙率为0.8的相变材料熔融速率比孔隙率为0.85和0.9显著增加,另外,膨胀石墨与纳米颗粒-相变材料的有效导热系数比为100的熔融速率也明显比有效导热系数比为80和60的快。当相变材料处于液态显热蓄热阶段时,其在膨胀石墨孔隙中产生对流,对流传热速率随着膨胀石墨的孔隙率增大而增大,纳米颗粒体积分数的增加也会提高对流传热速率。     

钴基氧还原电催化材料研究进展

氧还原反应(oxygen reduction reaction,ORR)是能量转换和储存系统的关键电极反应。目前,贵金属基材料,如铂和钯,是ORR最有效的催化剂,但其地球储量稀少、价格昂贵,且抗甲醇和CO性能差。因此,开发新型、低成本、高性能的氧还原电催化剂对能源转化和储存具有重要意义。综述了近年来非贵金属钴(Co)基氧还原电催化材料的研究进展及其性能调控策略,分为Co合金、Co-N-C、Co纳米粒子、Co基氧化物、Co基磷化物和Co基硫化物等多种形式,并对未来开发低成本、高性能的氧还原催化剂进行了展望。     

氟碳材料的阳离子储能进展

相比于常规插嵌机理储能,氟碳材料的转化机理储能不受材料自身结构和空间的限制,因此其电化学储能性能更加优异,理论比容量大幅度提高,有巨大潜力替代以插嵌机理为主的材料成为下一代阳离子存储的主要材料之一。本文综述了近年来离子储能材料的背景和发展现状,归纳了氟碳材料用于碱金属阳离子储能的研究进展,汇总了氟碳材料的制备工艺,最后总结了氟碳材料作为电极材料的性能优缺点并提出了相关的改进方案,探讨了氟碳材料阳离子储能的可能发展方向。     

超级电容器电极材料的结构设计

超级电容器由于具有功率密度大和循环寿命长的优势受到了广泛的关注.电极材料是超级电容器的核心部分,是发展高性能超级电容器的关键要素.电极材料的组成、晶体结构、微纳结构形态等对其电化学性能具有重大影响.赝电容电极材料的性能与晶体内部的孔道结构密切相关,具有大孔道的电极材料其比容量明显高于只含有小孔道的电极材料.合理调控电极材料微纳结构形态如设计多孔结构、中空结构有利于增大电极的电化学活性表面,进而获得更多的电荷存储量,是提高储能性能的有效途径之一.将赝电容电极材料与导电基体复合生长可以提高材料整体的电导率,进而提高材料的比容量与倍率性能.通过对超级电容器电极材料结构的合理设计进而实现其储能性能的提高已经成为电化学储能领域的研究热点,对于推动超级电容器的发展具有重要意义.     

PCMICA无线数据上网卡电源电路设计

研究了PCMCIA无线数据上网卡电源电路设计,分析了PCMCIA无线数据上网卡电源电路设计中面临的问题:电压转换、储能、过流保护.对DC/DC电压转换电路和超级电容储能电路进行详细分析,并给出了解决方案.     

钢铁二次能源利用效率的评估

通过建模、模拟、评估和优化的整体思路,对钢铁企业二次能源的利用效率进行评估.结合国际标准和国家标准的对象 过程方法对钢铁企业二次能源利用过程进行建模和模拟,采用综合能耗指标进行评估,并分析了钢铁可燃气体副产煤气的利用消耗过程.最后,对其利用效率进行评估.     

酒店建筑能耗及空调系统节能潜力分析

使用eQUEST能耗模拟软件模拟了天津市某酒店建筑的用能情况.首先,根据酒店原设计方案模拟酒店能耗,与该酒店的实际能耗进行比对,从而验证模型的可靠性;然后,根据主机占空调系统能耗较大（占47.42％）的特点,采用不同的冷热源方案分析酒店的节能潜力.研究结果表明,与原方案（冷水机组＋地热）相比,地源热泵技术方案可节省21.37％的主机能耗;吸收式制冷技术方案和冰蓄冷技术方案的主机能耗虽比原方案有所增加,但在结合当地实际情况（废热利用、峰谷电价）后,更能体现出两种方案各自的优越性.     

电子理论在材料腐蚀氧化方面研究的应用

材料的腐蚀和氧化涉及国民生产的各个领域,不仅造成巨大经济损失,还可以产生各种危害,因此提高材料的抗腐蚀氧化能力一直是材料科学工作者的目标。要想达到这一目标,必须弄清材料腐蚀氧化机理。电子理论是研究各种现象和过程机理的有效手段。介绍了密度泛函理论(DFT)、实空间的连分数方法(Recur ssion)和从头算方法,综述了电子理论在材料腐蚀氧化领域应用取得的成果和最新的进展。随着计算技术的提高及电子理论的完善、电子理论研究一定会为高性能抗腐蚀高抗的合金的设计起到更有效的指导作用。     

Ion transport-related resistive switching in film sandwich structures

Resistive switching memories based on ion transport and related electrochemical reactions have been extensively studied for years. To utilize the resistive switching memories for high-performance information storage applications, a thorough understanding of the key information of ion transport process, including the mobile ion species, the ion transport paths, as well as the electrochemical reaction behaviors of these ions should be provided for material and device optimization. Moreover, ion transport is usually accompanied by processes of microstructure modification, phase transition, and energy band structure variation that lead to further modulation of other physical properties, e.g., magnetism, optical emission/absorbance, etc., in the resistive switching materials. Therefore, novel resistive switching memories that are controlled through additional means of magnetic or optical stimulus, or demonstrate extra functionalities beyond information storage, can be made possible via well-defined ion transportation in various switching materials and devices. In this contribution, the mechanism of ion transport and related resistive switching phenomena in thin film sandwich structures is discussed first, followed by a glanceat the recent progress in the development of high-performance and multifunctional resistive switching memories. A brief perspective of the ion transport-based resistive switching memories is addressed at the end of this review.     

35 kJ YBCO单螺管型超导储能磁体的多目标优化

优化设计超导磁体,不仅可以从技术上保证超导磁储能系统运行的安全和可靠性,而且能够最大限度地降低制造成本.利用模拟退火算法优化在一定条件下的单螺管储能磁体的基本参数（长、外径、内径等）,得出最优设计方案.在ANSYS中对超导储能磁体进行模拟仿真实验,结果验证了优化设计的优越性.     

锂离子电池负极材料力学行为研究进展

 可充电锂离子电池被广泛应用于便携式电子设备、电动汽车等领域。随着其应用领域的快速发展,迫切需要进一步提高其能量密度。本文综述对目前广泛研究的高能量密度负极材料（如硅、锗）在充/放电过程中力学行为的研究进展;基于最新实验手段及数值模拟方法,介绍负极材料由于电化学-力学耦合所造成的变形和破坏,并讨论相关技术在其他电池系统研究中的应用。     

防止聚乙烯料仓静电燃爆的重要措施--反吹风系统的设置

分析了目前聚乙烯料仓反吹风系统的设置情况.指出根据安全料位确定反吹风进风口最佳高度,运用经验公式计算反吹风风量,利用流体力学分析软件进行流场分析.通过以上步骤,找出原设计缺陷保证新设计的科学性,从而避免静电燃爆事故.     

Metal oxide and hydroxide nanoarrays: Hydrothermal synthes is and applications as superc apacitors and nanocatalysts

The development of nanotechnology in recent decades has brought new opportunities in the exploration of new materials for solving the issues of fossil fuel consumption and environment pollution.Materials with nano-array architecture are emerging as the key due to their structure advantages,which offer the possibility to fabricate high-performance electrochemical electrodes and catalysts for both energy storage and effcient use of energy.The main challenges in this feld remain as rational structure design and corresponding controllable synthesis.This article reviews recent progress in our laboratory related to the hydrothermal synthesis of metal oxide and hydroxide nanoarrays,whose structures are designed aiming to the application on supercapacitors and catalysts.The strategies for developing advanced materials of metal oxide and hydroxide nanoarrays,including NiO,Ni(OH)2,Co3O4,Co3O4@Ni–Co–O,cobalt carbonate hydroxide array,and mixed metal oxide arrays like Co3 xFex O4and Znx Co3 xO4,are discussed.The different kinds of structure designs such as 1D nanorod,2D nanowall and hierarchical arrays were involved to meet the needs of the high performance materials.Finally,the future trends and perspectives in the development of advanced nanoarrays materials are highlighted.     

Graphene-based hybrid materials and their applications in energy storage and conversion

Graphene attracts more and more scientists and researchers owing to its superior electronic,thermal,and mechanical properties.For material scientists,graphene is a kind of versatile building blocks,and considerable progress has been made in recent years.Graphene-based hybrid materials have been prepared by incorporating inorganic species and/or cross-linking of organic species through covalent and/or noncovalent interactions.The graphene-based hybrid materials show improved or excellent performance in various fields.In this review,we summarize the synthesis of graphene and graphene-based hybrid materials,and their applications in energy storage and conversion.     

可拉伸高分子材料接连突破,可穿戴电子设备前景可期——2017年高分子材料研发热点回眸

 高分子材料作为重要的新型全能材料,已广泛应用在人们生活的方方面面。2017年高分子科学领域硕果累累,超分子聚合物、石墨烯、高性能材料、纳米多功能材料等方向都炙手可热。本文遴选2017年可拉伸高分子半导体、柔性储能材料、不对称聚合物分子刷的高效精准制备、二氧化碳吸附、塑料回收再利用和毒品检测方面的高分子应用等方向取得的成果进行盘点。     

液态空气储能与液态CO2储能技术对比

为了解决压缩空气储能储气室容积大、成本高的问题,液态空气储能和液态CO₂储能得到了国内外广泛关注及研究。针对这两大储能系统,借助ASPEN PLUS软件搭建了热力学物理模型,并借助?分析对两大储能系统进行热力学和关键参数敏感性研究分析。研究表明：液态空气储能系统?损失主要发生在压缩机及蓄热蓄冷装置上,分别占比45.02%、37.61%。液态CO₂储能系统?损失主要发生在低温膨胀机、压缩机及蓄冷蓄热装置上,分别占比26.99%、23.88%、30.41%。从电-电转化效率方面：在绝热条件下,两大储能系统由于在充放电过程能量消耗大,电-电转化效率都低于55%,相比液态空气储能,液态CO₂储能效率高。从系统成熟度方面：液态空气储能已得到工程应用,而液态CO₂储能还处于研究阶段,未得到工程化应用。从投资成本方面;液态CO₂储能单位千瓦投资成本高于液态空气储能约40%。