改进310奥氏体不锈钢长期时效后的组织与性能

借助扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜以及高温、室温拉伸和硬度测试研究了实验室研发的改进310奥氏体不锈钢在700℃长期时效后的组织与性能.700℃时效1000 h后,实验钢在晶界和晶内析出了大量(Cr,Fe,Mo)23C6、(Cr,Fe)23C6、σ相和少量的χ相.析出相对实验钢的室温力学性能有明显的强化作用.强度增加,硬度升高20 Hv,同时延伸率仍保持在30%以上.高温下,析出强化效应减弱,延伸率轻微下降.通过断口表面和剖面观察发现,时效1000 h后,实验钢的高温拉伸断口为韧性断裂,未观察到裂纹和孔洞;而室温拉伸断口为脆性断裂,断口附近则观察到σ相中出现裂纹和孔洞.从σ相的脆-韧转变和实验钢基体的室温和高温强度的不同,讨论了在室温拉伸过程中产生裂纹和孔洞的原因,以及时效对室温和高温力学行为的不同影响.     

高氮奥氏体不锈钢层片结构热处理调整

以0Cr21Mn17Mo2NbN高氮奥氏体不锈钢为实验材料,经1 140℃和10h固溶处理后,在750、850、950℃下进行不同保温时间时效处理,然后经1 020℃分别保温2、4h后水淬。实验结果表明,相同的保温时效时间内,850℃下析出最为明显。同一时效温度下,随保温时间延长,胞状析出物由晶界向晶内生长,形状呈层片状、条状、短棒状及颗粒状;850℃时效8、16h后经1 020℃保温4h,析出物球化现象比较明显。随着保温时间延长,硬度不断降低。     

奥氏体不锈钢氮离子注入层的研究

本文用俄歇能谱仪（ＡＥＳ），结合高精度表面轮廓仪测定奥氏体不锈钢氮离子注入层深度及氮浓度分布．用超显微硬度计（试验载荷为０．１ｇ至２．０ｇ）测量注入层的本征硬度，还用ｘ射线低角度掠射技术（ＧＩＸＲＴ）分析注入层的组织结构．研究结果表明：氮离子注入层为过饱和氮的单相国溶体非晶态层，它强化了奥氏体不锈钢表层，提高耐磨性，降低摩擦系数．注入态的耐蚀性优于非注入态．     

固溶时效对Cu-17Zn-0.4Cr合金硬度的影响

文章通过不同的热处理工艺来研究固溶时效对Cu-Zn-Cr合金硬度的影响.结果表明,经920 ℃、1 h固溶,再经475 ℃、1 h时效,合金的硬度能达到最大值120.5 HV.X射线衍射和扫描电镜研究表明,经920 ℃固溶475 ℃时效后,Zn在合金中与铜形成单相的α固溶体基体;有少量Cr在固溶过程中未溶入基体,此Cr粒子尺寸粗大;大多数Cr粒子为时效过程析出,在基体上呈细小弥散分布,这部分析出的Cr粒子是合金强化的主要原因.     

高氮奥氏体不锈钢动态拉伸的SEM原位观察

利用动态拉伸台和SEM对两种高氮奥氏体不锈钢进行了动态拉件的微观形貌原位观察．实验表明滑移和孪生在高氮奥氏体中同时存在;随着形变量的增加,晶粒内部的滑移线加宽,逐步成为微裂纹;而晶界的结合力较强,没有观察到沿晶断裂;氮的加入会产生固溶强化和间隙强化,增大点阵滑移的阻力,从而降低奥氏体不锈钢的塑性．随着氮含量的增加,试样的延伸率降低．     

2205双相不锈钢中σ相的析出规律

2205双相不锈钢经过1300℃固溶处理和不同程度的冷轧变形后,在不同温度下保温不同时间后水冷.利用金相显微镜和透射电镜观察试样的组织,用 Image Tool 软件分析组织中σ相的含量,研究2205双相不锈钢中σ相的析出规律.在950℃保温,当冷轧变形量从50%增大到85%时,σ相析出时间从30 min 缩短为3 min.冷轧变形量为85%的试样,在950℃保温,当保温时间从3 min 延长至30 min 时,σ相的体积分数从1.2%增大到11.8% .在 875~950℃保温5 min 后,当温度从875升高至950℃时,σ相的体积分数从8.9%降低至3.6%;在975℃保温5 min 后,组织中不存在 σ相.     

冷变形对含铝奥氏体钢高温时效析出的影响

研究不同冷变形量(0,20%和50%)对固溶态含铝奥氏体不锈钢在650℃、时效120 h后的显微组织和力学性能的影响。研究结果表明：当冷变形量由0增加至20%时,位错密度急剧增加,而当冷变形量增加到50%时,位错密度增加缓慢。在晶内,不同冷变形量的3种样品均可见NiAl析出相,其析出数量与冷变形量成正比。当冷变形量为20%时,可使NiAl相尺寸略微细化;而当冷变形量增加到50%时,可使NiAl相的尺寸略微粗化。在晶界处,3种样品均析出较多的Cr₂₃C₆。冷变形量分别为20%和50%的样品,晶界处Laves相和NiAl相的析出量增多,但Laves相在晶内的析出量则较少。在室温时,适当的冷变形量会使实验钢的强度显著提高,进一步加大冷变形量对强度的贡献很小,但会明显削弱实验钢塑性;高温时,50%冷变形量样品的强度比20%冷变形量的样品强度低,但塑性略有提高。综上所述,当冷变形量为20%时,合金具有良好的拉伸性能。     

固溶处理对高Cr-Ni铸造不锈钢耐磨损腐蚀性能的影响

研究了固溶热处理对高Ｃｒ－Ｎｉ铸造不锈钢耐磨损腐蚀性能的影响，探讨 了钢的磨损腐蚀性能与显微组织、硬度，耐腐蚀性能之间的关系，以及高Ｃｒ－ Ｎｉ不锈钢的磨损腐蚀机制。结果表明：当固溶温度超过１１５０℃后，钢的耐磨 损腐蚀性能才明显增加；钢的耐磨损腐蚀性能与硬度无一致性关系，而与耐 腐蚀性能有一定的相关性；钢的耐磨损腐蚀性能、耐腐蚀性能、硬度均与组织 中析出相的性质和数量有关。     

18Mn18Cr高氮钢析出相特征及形成机制

通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜、电子探针显微分析、透射电镜及热力学计算软件研究C和N含量对铸态及时效态18Mn18Cr高氮钢析出相特征及形成机制的影响.研究发现在铸态,随C/N质量比降低,析出相依次为Cr23C6相、σ相和Cr2N相.增加C或N含量可分别促进Cr23C6相和Cr2N相析出.C和N含量影响实验钢凝固模式及不稳定铁素体相共析分解产物.18Mn18Cr0.44N钢凝固模式为AF模式,不稳定铁素体相共析分解反应为δ→σ+γ2(0.025%C)和δ→γ2+Cr23(CxNy)6(x/y>1)(0.16%C);18Mn18Cr0.72N钢凝固模式为A模式,晶界处存在少量颗粒状Cr2N相.在固溶时效态,实验钢仅析出片层状的Cr2N0.39C0.61相.随C+N含量增加,片层状析出相体积分数和片层间隙增加,析出孕育时间减少.     

10Cr21Mn16NiN高锰氮奥氏体不锈钢组织与性能研究

研究了固溶处理温度对热轧态10Cr21Mn16NiN高锰氮奥氏体不锈钢微观组织、力学性能和腐蚀性能的影响,并进一步揭示了该材料的低温韧脆转变行为。结果表明,随着固溶温度的升高,屈服强度和抗拉强度逐渐降低,而延伸率和耐腐蚀性能逐渐增大。这是因为高温固溶促进了热轧阶段形成的有害相重新溶解,从而消除析出相对性能带来的不利影响。10Cr21Mn16NiN钢在低温冲击载荷下表现出明显的韧脆转变行为,韧脆转变温度在-110℃附近,高于-110℃可以获得强度与韧性的良好配合。     

Pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion behaviors of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels

Pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion behaviors of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels (HNSS) were investigated by electrochemical and immersion testing methods in chloride solution, respectively. The chemical constitution and composition in the depth of passive films formed on HNSS were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS). HNSS has excellent pitting and crevice corrosion resistance compared to 316L stainless steel. With increasing the nitrogen content in steels, pitting potentials and critical pitting temperature (CPT) increase, and the maximum, average pit depths and average weight loss decrease. The CPT of HNSS is correlated with the alloying element content through the measure of alloying for resistance to corrosion (MARC). The MARC can be expressed as an equation of CPT=2.55MARC-29. XPS results show that HNSS exhibiting excellent corrosion resistance is attributed to the enrichment of nitrogen on the surface of passive films, which forms ammonium ions increasing the local pH value and facilitating repassivation, and the synergistic effects of molybdenum and nitrogen.     

Intergranular corrosion behavior of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel

The intergranular corrosion (IGC) behavior of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel (HNSS) sensitization treated at 650-950℃ was investigated by the double loop electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation (DL-EPR) method. The effects of the electrolytes, scan rate, sensitizing temperature on the susceptibility to IGC of HNSS were examined. The results show that the addi-tion of NaCl is an effective way to improve the formation of the cracking of a passive film in chromium-depleted zones during the reactivation scan. Decreasing the scan rate exhibits an obvious effect on the breakdown of the passive film. A solution with 2 mol/L H₂SO₄+1 mol/L NaCl+0.01 mol/L KSCN is suitable to check the susceptibility to IGC of HNSS at a sensitizing temperature of 650-950℃ at a suitable scan rate of 1.667 mV/s. Chromium depletion of HNSS is attributed to the precipitation of Cr₂N which results in the susceptibility to IGC. The synergistic effect of Mo and N is suggested to play an important role in stabilizing the passive film to prevent the attack of IGC.     

Fabrication of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels with excellent mechanical and pitting corrosion properties

A series of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels were successfully developed with a pressurized electroslag remelting furnace. Nitride additives and deoxidizer were packed into the stainless steel pipes, and then the stainless steel pipes were welded on the surface of an electrode with low nitrogen content to prepare a compound electrode. Using Si₃N₄ as a nitrogen alloying source, the silicon contents in the ingots were prone to be out of the specification range, the electric current fluctuated greatly and the surface qualities of the ingots were poor. The surface qualities of the ingots were improved with FeCrN as a nitrogen alloying source. The sound and compact macrostructure ingot with the maximum nitrogen content of 1.21wt% can be obtained. The 18Cr18Mn2Mo0.9N high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel exhibits high strength and good ductility at room temperature. The steel shows typical ductile-brittle transition behavior and excellent pitting corrosion resistance properties.     

热处理对奥氏体不锈钢00 Cr24 Ni13铸坯高温热塑性的影响

采用热处理实验方法,同时结合热模拟压缩和热模拟拉伸试验,研究了热处理对奥氏体不锈钢00Cr24Ni13铸坯高温热塑性的影响。实验结果表明：热处理能够明显改变实验钢铸坯中δ铁素体的形貌;经1200℃保温3 h空冷后,原始铸坯中存在的大面积连续网状δ铁素体完全转变为弥散分布的细小颗粒状组织。具有颗粒状δ铁素体的热处理试样与热处理前相比,不同温度压缩时的变形抗力略有增加,但并没有急剧恶化;热模拟抗拉强度基本保持不变;相同温度下的断面收缩率( Z)显著提高,其中Z≥60%的温度区间由1150~1280℃扩展为1050~1300℃,高塑性(Z≥80%)温度范围在150℃左右(1150~1300℃)。     

304奥氏体不锈钢晶界贫Cr的数值模拟

应用基于铬扩散的半经验-半理论公式模型模拟304不锈钢的晶界贫Cr现象。运用该模型不但可以预测不同的热处理温度和时间下304不锈钢热处理过程中晶界上最小Cr的质量分数,而且还可以分析晶界附近Cr的质量分数分布,由模拟结果可进一步得到更宽范围内的温度-时间-质量分数图(TTC)。模拟结果表明:贫Cr区的宽度随敏化时间和温度的增加逐渐变宽;表征材料晶间(应力)腐蚀敏感性的TTC图与参考文献的模拟与实验结果基本一致。     

Dynamic recrystallization and precipitation in high manganese austenitic stainless steel during hot compression

Dynamic recrystallization and precipitation in a high manganese austenitic stainless steel were investigated by hot compression tests over temperatures of 950–1150℃ at strain rates of 0.001 s?1-1 s?1. All the flow curves within the studied deformation regimes were typical of dynamic recrystallization. A window was constructed to determine the value of apparent activation energy as a function of strain rate and deformation temperature. The kinetics of dynamic recrystallization was analyzed using the Avrami kinetics equation. A range of apparent activation energy for hot deformation from 303 kJ/mol to 477 kJ/mol is obtained at different deformation regimes. Microscopic characterization confirms that under a certain deformation condition (medium Zener-Hollomon parameter (Z) values), dynamic recrystallization appears at first, but large particles can not inhibit the recrystallization. At low or high Z values, dynamic recrystallization may occur before dynamic precipitation and proceeds faster. In both cases, secondary phase precipitation is observed along prior austenite grain boundaries. Stress relaxation tests at the same deformation temperatures also confirm the possibility of dynamic precipitation. Unexpectedly, the Avrami’s exponent value increases with the increase of Z value. It is associated with the priority of dynamic recrystallization to dynamic precipitation at higher Z values.     

双相不锈钢热老化前后拉伸变形行为的电子背散射衍射表征

通过电子背散射衍射实验分析方法,研究变形量和热老化因素对双相不锈钢的拉伸性能、相边界、局部应变分布、重位点阵特殊晶界和取向分布的影响。研究结果表明：热老化后,双相不锈钢的强度提高,韧性降低;在大变形条件下铁素体晶粒内小角度晶界的数量和密度略有增加;热老化材料的铁素体的塑性变形和局部应变能力下降,大变形破坏初始奥氏体和铁素体以及∑3孪晶边界的分布。     

超临界锅炉用不锈钢热处理工艺与组织分析

在分析10Cr18Ni9NbCu3BN奥氏体不锈钢显微组织的基础上,计算预测钢中未溶碳氮化物和高温铁素体δ相的含量和材料的强度,并分析热处理工艺的合理性.研究结果表明,高温铁素体δ相的计算值与试验结果相符;材料强度的计算值与试验结果相近;固溶处理温度可降低到1 100 ℃;软化处理温度可降低到1 150 ℃.对奥氏体不锈钢热处理工艺、组织和强度进行的计算分析将为企业生产提供重要的理论依据.