华阳河湖群地区土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响?

以华阳河湖群地区为研究对象,采用1990、2002、2010年3期的土地利用数据,运用Costanza方法,从生态系统服务功能的角度,结合中国生态服务价值当量因子表,分析了研究区土地利用变化及其对生态服务价值的影响.结果表明:1)1990—2010年间,耕地、湿地、水域和草地均减少,林地和建设用地大幅度增加,土地利用强度处于上升阶段;2)近20年来,研究区生态系统服务总价值从34.197亿元下降到31.17亿元,共下降了3.027亿元,下降趋势明显,主要是生态价值系数较高的湖泊面积减少所致,水域对研究区生态系统服务总价值贡献率最大;3)从单项生态系统服务功能看,研究区水源涵养、废物处理等服务性功能价值远大于其生产性功能价值,该区域在未来发展和规划中应更注重自然资源的保护,更多的保护水域、林地等高生态价值的生态用地,以实现人口、资源与环境的可持续发展.     

An analysis of the spatial and temporal changes in Chinese terrestrial ecosystem service functions

Since Westman(1977) and Ehrlich(1982) put forward the concepts of "the service of nature" and "ecosystem service functions",respectively,methods for conducting value accounting for them,and their practical application have become the subjects of intense study.Based on an overview of available research findings,we discuss three scientific hypotheses.First,the terrestrial ecosystem offers both positive and negative service functions.Second,changes in terrestrial ecosystem service functions lie not only in the number of ecosystem types and the coverage area of each type,but also in their quality.Third,the value of terrestrial ecosystem service functions should be assessed both in terms of the value stocked and the value added.We collected land use data from China during the period 1999-2008,and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index data based on remote sensing images from the Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies for the same period.We then calculated and analyzed spatial and temporal changes in China’s terrestrial ecosystem service values over the 10-year period.Considering temporal change,the total value(stocked) of China’s terrestrial ecosystem service functions decreased from 6.82 trillion Yuan RMB in 1999 to 6.57 trillion Yuan RMB in 2008.During that period,the positive value decreased by 240.17 billion Yuan RMB and the negative value increased by 8.85 billion Yuan RMB.The decrease in total value lies mainly in the humidity control,soil formation,and waste recycling functions.The total value(added) of China’s terrestrial ecosystem service functions increased by 4.31 billion Yuan RMB in 2000,but decreased by 0.13 billion Yuan RMB in 2008(based on the constant price of China in 1999).The value(added) was a negative figure.From the perspective of spatial change,we can see that the supply of China’s terrestrial ecosystem service functions fell slightly over the past 10 years,mainly in Northeast and Southern China.As a result of human activities on ecosystems,the loss of ecosystem service functions’ value was relatively prominent in Shanxi and Gansu provinces,compared with an increase in value in Shaanxi Province.Terrestrial ecosystem service functions’ value per unit area was relatively high in mid-and East China,showing a prominent spatial change over the 10-year period,but low in Western China.Some conclusions are drawn after an in-depth analysis of the factors causing the spatial and temporal changes in China’s terrestrial ecosystem service functions,in the hope that our suggestions will be helpful for the management of China’s terrestrial ecosystems.     

Land Use Change and Its Impact on Values of Ecosystem Services in the West of Jilin Province

0IntroductionThe services of ecological systems and thenatural capital stocks that produce themare critical to the functioning of the Earth’slife-support system.They contribute to humanwelfare,both directly andindirectly,thereforeecosystemservices represent part of the totaleconomic value of the planet[1].Ecosystemservices can be divided into two major catego-ries,one is systemfunction and the other issystem services and goods provision,whichprovide not only materials such as food andmedicine…     

山地城市园地时空变化及对生态服务价值的影响

【目的】厘清山区城市园地时空变化特点及对生态环境的影响,可指导山区园地管理与城市用地的科学规划。【方法】利用ArcGIS软件和生态服务价值系数法,以山地城市贵阳为例,分析了2000—2010年其园地时空变化特征及其对生态服务价值(ecosystem service value, ESV)的影响。【结果】研究期间,园地面积由2000年的14 088.78 hm²增加到2010年的15 255.72 hm²,增加区域多分布于西部和北部。10 a间,耕地转为园地是园地与其他地类之间转化的主要类型。园地面积在坡度、高程、城乡和公路各梯度带均呈增加趋势。各梯度带园地增加速度有所不同。园地ESV由2000年的26 786.15万元增加到2010年的29 004.79万元,增加区域多分布于研究区中北部。耕地和草地转为园地以及园地转为林地使ESV分别增加1 164.88万元、0.09万元和1.12万元,而林地转为园地以及园地转为草地使ESV分别下降0.86万元和0.09万元。【结论】地形、交通和城市区位是影响山区城市园地空间格局的重要因素。在经济快速发展、退耕还林政策影响下大量耕地转为园地是园地面积及其ESV增加的主要原因。     

快速城市化地区土地利用变化对生态服务价值的影响——以重庆市北碚区为例

目前生态服务价值(ESV)的研究是生态研究的热点之一,本文以快速城市化地区土地利用变化对生态服务价值的影响为研究目的,按照服务功能的不同将北碚划分为城区、郊区和工业主导区;在谢高地等人中国不同陆地生态系统单位面积生态服务价值表的基础上,采用因子比较法,制定了北碚区不同陆地生态系统单位面积生态服务价值表;分2个时段研究了2002—2008年北碚土地利用时空变化,并计算了由此导致的生态服务价值及其结构的时空变化.研究结果表明:(1)土地利用和ESV变化的热点均集中在城区和工业主导区;(2)北碚总ESV先增加后减少,且减少量大于增加量,但不同分区存在差异;(3)除休闲娱乐外,其他单项ESV均有减少,变化量主要体现在2005—2008年.加强绿地建设,科学实施规划改善土地利用结构,提高土地利用率,注重经济与生态协调发展是缓解生态服务价值问题的关键.     

Value of ecosystem services in China

The function and services are the important components of the life-support system in the planet, as well as the basic elements for sustainable development of environment and society.It is a must to evaluate it for incorporating it with the social-economic system.It is also an important approach to draw the public attention on the environmental and ecosystem conservation.In this study, the ecosystem function and services in China were estimated by employing the classification and economic parameters from Costanza et al.The type and area of terrestrial ecosystems were extracted from Vegetation Map of China (1:4 000 000), and then the distribution map of ecosystem services of China was drawn.According to our calculation, the total value of ecosystem services in China is 77 834.48′108 RMB yuan per annum.The value for terrestrial ecosystem is 56 098.46′108 yuan per annum, and that for marine ecosystem is 21 736.02′108 yuan per annum.The value of ecosystem services in China is 1.73 times bigger than GDP in 1994.The value for forest ecosystem services is 15 433.98′108 yuan per annum, which is 27.51% of the total annual ecosystem services in China.Although wetland is little in area, its ecosystem service value is huge, which is 26 736.9′108 yuan per annum.The value for grassland ecosystem is 8 697.68′108 yuan per annum.Coastal ecosystem service is 12 223.04′108 yuan per annum.Overall, the ecosystem service in China contributes 2.71% to that of our planet.The estimation method employed in this study was a conservative one, and should be improved in the future studies.     

中国栎林生态服务功能评估

 森林生态服务功能评估是科学认识森林,实现人与森林和谐发展的基础。虽然国内外研究已有30多年历史,但至今还未有多数人认可的评估指标体系和评估方法。为此在2008年国家林业局颁布的中华人民共和国林业行业标准《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》（LY/T 1721-2008）标准的框架下,采用中国森林生态系统定位研究网络（CFERN）台站多年连续观测数据和森林资源清查数据及公共数据对中国栎林生态服务功能物质量和价值量进行了详细的动态评估。结果表明：“九五”期间中国栎林生态系统服务功能年均总价值为1475 8万亿元,年均单位面积价值为7987 2万元·hm-2;“十五”期间生态服务功能年均总价值1397 1万亿元,年均单位面积价值为7668 9万元·hm-2,年均涵养水源70681亿m3,固土582亿t,固碳094亿t,生产有利于人体健康的负离子185×1013亿个,吸收二氧化硫1586亿kg,滞尘3 8391717亿kg。在中国栎林分布的27个省份中,生态服务功能物质量受益最大的省份是黑龙江省,收益最小的省份是青海省。生态服务功能总价值最大的省份是云南省,最小的是陕西省。     

Comparison of changes of typical river segment ecosystem service value in LRGR

Land use changes of river segment ecosystems from the Lancang River and Yuanjiang River were studied from 1985 to 2000 in order to compare their changes of service values and analyze the driving mechanisms based on eco-economic and GIS methods. Results showed that forest areas in both the river segment ecosystems were reduced. The reduced forest in the Lancang River (LR) segment ecosystem was mostly transformed into glebe with the conversion rate of 56.0%, while the reduced forest in the Yuanjiang River (YR) segment ecosystem was mostly transformed into residence land with the conversion rate of 42.5%. Both change amount and change rate of areas of each land use type in the LR segment ecosystem were much larger than those in the YR segment ecosystem. The total service value of the LR segment ecosystem was decreased with the change rate of 15.3%, while that of YR segment ecosystem was increased with the change rate of 0.6%. Manwan Hydropower development was the major anthropogenic driving factor which led to the change of service value of the LR segment ecosystem with the contribution rate of 93%. Agricultural activities were the most important driving factors in the YR segment ecosystem with the contribution rate of 59%. The loss of value of Sediment transportation service resulting from Manwan Hydropower Project construction should take responsibility for the significant decrease of service value of waters, even for the whole LR segment ecosystem. The ecosystem service coefficients of forest and grassland in the study area were much higher than the average level in China, so were the ratios of indirect value to direct value of both the river segment ecosystems. Under the impacts of human activities, the capacity of river ecosystem for providing products was enhanced, while it was weakened to maintain natural ecosystem health.

     

山区县域土地利用变化及其生态系统服务价值响应——以嵩县为例

随着人口持续增长及土地利用行为的不断变化,生态环境遭受不断干扰和破坏,生态系统承载力逐渐减弱。山区是生态系统最为脆弱的地理类型之一,对其因土地利用变化所引起的生态系统价值响应研究显得尤为迫切。本研究基于遥感卫星影像解译获得山区县域土地利用分类数据,利用生态系统因子权重赋值和空间自相关分析等方法,深入探讨了豫西嵩县1990至2019年间生态系统服务价值的时空演化及其空间自相关特征。研究结论表明：（1）嵩县草地面积变化幅度最高,耕地面积增幅最高,未利用地变化率最高,建设用地和水域增幅明显。（2）生态系统服务价值整体呈现出先快速增加后缓慢减少的趋势。其中,林地、水域、县域生态系统服务价值（Ecosystem Service Value,简称ESV）变化过程整体相似,均在1990至2000年间出现小幅增长趋势,随后持续缓慢下降。水文调节、气候调节、土壤保持、气体调节、净化环境和维持生物多样性等功能占生态系统服务价值总价值超过87%,对嵩县土地生态系统产生决定性作用。（3）ESV整体呈现出以下特征：陆浑水库及伊河流域为高生态系统服务价值片区,南部片区的ESV值稍高于北部片区,区域差异显著。在县域内,ESV在空间分布上具有很强的自相关性,且在2010年以后出现持续增强的趋势。随着城镇建设用地扩张、农田耕地持续开垦,ESV损失片区开始在各乡镇蔓延,其主要原因是嵩县城乡规划政策、产业定位等。     

基于需求的京津冀地区生态系统服务价值时空变化研究

在分析生态系统服务供需逻辑关系的基础上选择指标,评估京津冀地区生态系统服务需求状况,划定需求类型区.基于2000和2015年土地利用现状数据,分析生态系统服务价值的时空变化,并提出相应的土地利用策略.结果表明:1)人类对生态系统有物质、环境和文化三大需求,对应生态系统供给、调节、支持和文化4大功能中的9项服务,可以从人...     

津市市土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响

土地利用/覆盖变化与生态系统服务价值是相互影响、相互制约的,对二者进行定量研究,可为生态社会经济的可持续健康发展提供参考依据.根据津市市1996-2005年土地利用变更调查数据,采用Costanza等的生态系统服务价值计算方法以及谢高地等提出的符合中国实际的陆地生态系统单位面积生态服务价值表计算津市市生态系统服务价值并对其进行分析,结果表明生态系统服务价值总量增加了18.41×106元,年均变化率为0.19%,在生态系统单项服务功能中,除了食物生产功能外,其他单项服务价值都在增加.同时,生态系统服务价值空间差异明显,总体而言东南部地区服务价值较高,中西部稍低,而北部地区尤其是涔澹农场服务价值的增长幅度大.     

Quantitative assessment and analysis on the dynamic change of ecological capital in arid areas

Ecological capital is the summation of the direct value of biological resources and the ecological service function value of ecosystems. Under the support of RS, GPS and GIS, in this paper the RS-based quantitative measurement model of assessing ecological capital is developed based on the traditional ecology theory and the research on the value of ecological capital per unit area by using the ecological parameters including Landsat TM data, CBERS satellite data, meteorological data, MODIS satellite data, land cover data and field-measured data. A case study on the spatiotemporal distribution of ecological capital in Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture in 1990, 1995 and 2003 is carried out, and the dynamic change of ecological capital in the prefecture is measured and compared with GDP. The maps of the spatial distribution of ecological capital in the study area are charted, and the characteristics of spatial distribution of ecological capital are analyzed. The results show that the values of ecological capital in the prefecture in 1990, 1995 and 2003 were 1.473 68×10¹¹, 1.661 60×10¹¹ and 1.778 95×10¹¹ yuan RMB (hereafter referred to as yuan) respectively, and that in spatial distribution, the ecological capital decreases from the alpine zones to the plains and from the oases to the deserts, which accords with the zonal distribution of vegetation in arid areas. The measured results can more objectively reflect the ecological capital and its spatial distribution in arid areas, provide an ideal foundation for further study in the future, and can also be combined with the study on service functions of ecosystems and the regional planning as an important basis of regional planning.

     

基于土地利用变化的泉州市生态系统服务价值研究

以泉州市为研究区,根据2002—2009年的土地利用变更数据,从生态系统服务功能角度,运用Costanza的方法,结合谢高地修正的我国生态服务价值当量因子表,分析了泉州生态系统服务价值对土地利用变化的响应．结果表明：由于泉州市城市化和工业化迅速发展,2002—2009年泉州市居民点及工矿用地、交通用地扩大,耕地、林地、牧草地、水域和未利用地面积呈减少趋势,引起了生态系统服务功能价值的下降．泉州市2002年总生态服务价值为242．998亿元,2009年为239．205亿元,从2002年至2009年近8年来共减少了3．793亿元．就生态系统各单项服务功能价值（ESVr）来看,均处于下降的趋势．2009年泉州市生态系统服务价值约为GDP的7．8％,且从2002年至2009年处于逐年下降的趋势,经济发展与生态效益不相一致．     

土地利用变化对长沙市生态系统服务价值影响

分析了1995—2005年长沙市快速城市化的5城区土地利用/覆盖变化,参照谢高地等人的中国陆地生态系统单位面积生态服务价值表,计算并研究了土地利用变化引起生态系统服务价值的变化以及生态系统服务价值与土地利用结构的关系.结果表明:研究期内,研究区耕地、园地、林地、水域和未利用地减少,耕地减少最多,草地和建设用地增加,建设用地增加最多;研究区内土地利用程度存在明显差异,其中芙蓉区土地利用程度最大,开福区最小;生态系统服务价值由1995年的655.15×106元减少到2005年的589.26×106元,年变化率-1.01%,水域和林地面积减少,建设用地面积大幅度增加是ESV减少的主要原因;研究区单位ESV与林地、水域、建设用地所占比例明显相关,用多元线性回归方程可很好地表示.由此预测2010年长沙市城区的单位ESV将进一步下降,总ESV将减少为541.47×106元.     

兖州矿区土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响

基于遥感和GIS技术反演并分析兖州矿区1994-2013年间的土地利用变化,运用生态系统服务价值（ESV）理论评估矿区生态服务价值变化,同时根据土地利用结构分析土地利用变化引起的生态服务系统价值变化及其驱动因素。结果显示：1994-2013年间研究区内水域面积年增长率最高,达10.31%;其次为建设用地和林地,分别为8.46%、3.06%;耕地以-1.85%的年变化率减少,主要转化为水域和建设用地。生态系统服务价值评估表明,研究区域总价值上升了2.03亿元,主要原因在于林地的转入和采煤塌陷造成的耕地向水域的转化。由于耕地的减少,食物生产功能价值下降,但与湿地相关的其他各项功能价值均上升。研究结果可为矿区采煤塌陷湿地治理提供参考依据。     

1996—2015年粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务对景观格局变化的响应

以粤港澳大湾区(简称“湾区”)为研究区,利用1996—2015年土地覆被数据和数字高程数据,采用生态系统服务价值当量估算法、景观指数分析、空间自相关分析等方法,分析1996—2015年湾区景观格局的时空演变规律,定量评估湾区的生态系统服务价值,探讨湾区的生态系统服务价值对土地利用景观格局变化的响应.结果表明:(1)湾区景观以耕地、林地为主,20年间湿地、建设用地面积大幅度增加,增长幅度分别为29.88%、150.06%;(2)湾区的生态系统服务价值(Ecological Service Values, ESV)在1996—2015年间呈持续增长趋势,在2005—2010年间增长速率较高,20年间共增长123.13亿元; (3)湾区的ESV变化冷热点分布区的土地利用转移规律性较强,冷点分布区的土地利用变化多为草地转建设用地或湿地增加,而热点分布区的土地利用变化多为草地转为湿地或水域,且二者空间分布相关性高; (4)湾区的ESV与AREA_MN、DIVISION的敏感性程度较高,说明景观类型越丰富、分割程度越低,越有利于提升景观整体的生态系统服务价值; (5)湾区的ESV强度与土地利用程度综合指数不存在显著的空间相关关系,自2005年开始,湾区的生态环境逐步改善,城市绿色发展进程加快.     

沙坡头人工植被防护体系防风固沙功能价值评价

本文将沙坡头人工固沙植被防护体系防风固沙功能机制分为枝柴栅栏、草方格沙障和人工植被三部分,评价了该体系防风固沙功能价值.结果表明：沙坡头人工固沙植被生态系统每年拦截流沙物质量为2.79×10^8m^3,其中枝柴栅栏拦截1.76×103m^3,草方格沙障拦截8.5×10^5m^3,人工固沙植被拦截2.78×10^8m^3.利用机会成本法算出由此而产生的经济价值是5.93×10^8元.本文的研究结果对进一步准确评估沙坡头防护体系服务功能有一定的参考价值.     

Cleaning IF molten steel with dispersed <Emphasis Type="Italic">in-situ</Emphasis> heterophases induced by the composite sphere explosive reaction in RH ladles

A novel fine inclusion removal technology was put forward with dispersed in-situ heterophases induced by the composite sphere explosive reaction. A composite sphere with this function was designed and prepared using a laboratory scale batch-type balling disc (at 12 r/min), and the composite sphere was fed at the end of the RH refining process. The results indicate that inclusions in the IF molten steel can be removed effectively by feeding composite spheres in RH ladle. Compared with conventional inclusion removal technology, using this novel technology, the amount of oxide inclusions can be decreased to a lower level and the inclusion size becomes finer, the total oxygen content in the as-cast slab can approach 5×10⁻⁶, and the cost per ton of steel produced can be reduced by 5–12 Yuan RMB.     

武功山-袁河流域森林资源和森林涵养水源净化水质价值核算

根据鄱阳湖流域课题组历时2年的实地调研科考和2009年江西省森林二调数据,统计出袁河流域国土面积779 116.2 hm2[1](未含新干县三湖镇相邻河段10.92 km长的区域),林地面积433 065.8 hm2,活立木蓄积量13 354 927 m3。通过核算流域林地价值0.097亿元,立木(立竹)经济林价值38.66亿元;森林涵养水源和净化水质价值为233.64亿元。其它生态服务功能价值待续。     

林火干扰对广东马尾松林土壤有机碳密度及其活性有机碳的影响

【目的】森林在全球碳循环中发挥着重要作用。林火干扰是全球生物地球化学循环的关键驱动因子,影响植被结构变化及森林演替方向,从而对森林生态系统土壤有机碳密度及碳周转产生重要作用,进而影响森林碳循环与碳平衡。笔者定量研究林火干扰对森林生态系统土壤有机碳密度及其活性有机碳的影响,科学阐明林火干扰对森林生态系统土壤有机碳的影响机制,为火烧迹地恢复与森林碳减排增汇提供参考。【方法】以广东省佛冈马尾松林为研究对象,采用相邻样地比较法、化学分析法,在森林生态系统水平上,定量测定不同林火干扰强度对土壤有机碳密度、土壤活性有机碳含量和细根生物量的影响,对林火干扰后土壤有机碳密度的变化进行定量研究,探讨林火干扰对土壤有机碳密度以及活性有机碳的影响机制,深入分析森林生态系统土壤有机碳的循环与分配过程。【结果】林火干扰对马尾松林的土壤有机碳密度、活性有机碳含量和细根生物量均有影响,不同林火干扰强度下土壤有机碳密度与土壤活性有机碳含量变化趋势均表现为对照>轻度林火干扰>中度林火干扰>重度林火干扰。轻度林火干扰对土壤有机碳密度的影响差异不显著(P>0.05),而中度和重度林火干扰则显著降低土壤有机碳密度(P<0.05)。林火干扰的马尾松林土壤细根生物量均低于对照样地,变化趋势为重度林火干扰>中度林火干扰>轻度林火干扰,轻度林火干扰只显著降低土壤表层细根生物量(P<0.05),而中度和重度林火干扰显著降低了土壤表层和浅层细根生物量(P<0.05)。【结论】林火干扰减小了土壤有机碳密度,减少幅度随土壤剖面深度增加而逐渐变小。轻度林火干扰仅显著降低了表层土壤有机碳密度,而中度和重度林火干扰显著降低了土壤表层和浅层土壤有机碳密度,进而导致土壤有机碳密度显著变化。林火干扰对土壤活性有机碳含量产生了影响。林火干扰后马尾松林4种土壤活性有机碳含量均呈下降趋势,但仅中度和重度林火干扰差异显著。活性有机碳含量各组分随林火干扰强度增加沿土壤剖面递减的幅度呈现一定差异,重度林火干扰后的递减趋势最强。此外,林火干扰还降低了马尾松林土壤细根生物量。