Heat shock in Escherichia coli alters the protein-binding properties of the chaperonin groEL by inducing its phosphorylation.

When bacterial or eukaryotic cells are exposed to high temperatures or other harsh conditions, they respond by synthesis of a specific set of heat-shock proteins. Certain heat-shock proteins such as groEL, called 'chaperonins', can prevent misfolding and promote the refolding and proper assembly of unfolded polypeptides generated under harmful conditions. We report here a new aspect of the heat-shock response in Escherichia coli: at high temperatures a fraction of groEL becomes modified covalently, altering its interaction with unfolded proteins. The heat-modified form can be eluted with ATP from an unfolded protein more easily than normal groEL. The critical heat-induced modification seems to be phosphorylation, which is reversed on return to low temperature. Treatment of the modified groEL with phosphatases caused its apparent size, charge and binding properties to resemble those of the unmodified form. Thus during heat shock some groEL is reversibly phosphorylated, which allows its ATP-dependent release from protein substrates in the absence of its usual cofactor (groES), and probably promotes the repair of damaged polypeptides.     

Homologous plant and bacterial proteins chaperone oligomeric protein assembly

An abundant chloroplast protein is implicated in the assembly of the oligomeric enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase, which catalyses photosynthetic CO2-fixation in higher plants. The product of the Escherichia coli groEL gene is essential for cell viability and is required for the assembly of bacteriophage capsids. Sequencing of the groEL gene and the complementary cDNA encoding the chloroplast protein has revealed that these proteins are evolutionary homologues which we term 'chaperonins'. Chaperonins comprise a class of molecular chaperones that are found in chloroplasts, mitochondria and prokaryotes. Assisted post-translational assembly of oligomeric protein structures is emerging as a general cellular phenomenon.     

Mitochondrial heat-shock protein hsp60 is essential for assembly of proteins imported into yeast mitochondria

A nuclear encoded mitochondrial heat-shock protein hsp60 is required for the assembly into oligomeric complexes of proteins imported into the mitochondrial matrix. hsp60 is a member of the 'chaperonin' class of protein factors, which include the Escherichia coli groEL protein and the Rubisco subunit-binding protein of chloroplasts.     

GroE heat-shock proteins promote assembly of foreign prokaryotic ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oligomers in Escherichia coli

Assembly of foreign prokaryotic ribulose bisphosphate carboxylases (Rubiscos) in Escherichia coli requires both heat-shock proteins groEL and groES. GroEL is related to a chloroplast protein implicated in Rubisco assembly. Bacteria and chloroplasts therefore have a conserved mechanism that uses auxiliary proteins to assist in the assembly of Rubisco.     

基于groEL基因序列鉴定丹毒丝菌属菌种

对4株红斑丹毒丝菌的16SrRNA基因和groEL基因进行测序及系统发育分析,探讨groEL基因序列分析法在丹毒丝菌属菌种分类鉴定中的应用.测序结果表明,4株红斑丹毒丝菌groEL基因长度为1 614bp,编码由537个氨基酸残基组成热休克蛋白HPS60,与红斑丹毒丝菌ATCC19414株和扁桃体丹毒丝菌ATCC43339株groEL基因的同源性分别为99%和86%,而16SrRNA基因长度为1 351bp,与红斑丹毒丝菌ATCC19414株和扁桃体丹毒丝菌ATCC43339株的同源性均为99%.系统发育分析结果表明,groEL基因比经典的16SrRNA基因序列分析分辨率高,可适用于红斑丹毒丝菌和扁桃体丹毒丝菌的分类鉴定.     

Protein folding in mitochondria requires complex formation with hsp60 and ATP hydrolysis

Mitochondrial heat-shock protein hsp60 functions in the folding of proteins imported into mitochondria. Folding occurs at the surface of hsp60 in an ATP-mediated reaction, followed by release of the bound polypeptides. We propose that hsp60 catalyses protein folding.     

Reconstitution of active dimeric ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase from an unfoleded state depends on two chaperonin proteins and Mg-ATP.

In vitro reconstitution of active ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) from unfolded polypeptides is facilitated by the molecular chaperones: chaperonin-60 from Escherichia coli (groEL), yeast mitochondria (hsp60) or chloroplasts (Rubisco sub-unit-binding protein), together with chaperonin-10 from E. coli (groES), and Mg-ATP. Because chaperonins are ubiquitous, a conserved Mg-ATP-dependent mechanism exists that uses the chaperonins to facilitate the folding of some other proteins.     

A molecular chaperone from a thermophilic archaebacterium is related to the eukaryotic protein t-complex polypeptide-1

There is evidence to suggest that components of archaebacteria are evolutionarily related to cognates in the eukaryotic cytosol. We postulated that the major heat-shock protein of the thermophilic archaebacterium, Sulfolobus shibatae, is a molecular chaperone and that it is related to an as-yet unidentified chaperone component in the eukaryotic cytosol. Acquired thermotolerance in S. shibatae correlates with the predominant synthesis of this already abundant protein, referred to as thermophilic factor 55 (TF55). TF55 is a homo-oligomeric complex of two stacked 9-membered rings, closely resembling the 7-membered-ring complexes of the chaperonins, groEL, hsp60 and Rubisco-binding protein. The TF55 complex binds unfolded polypeptides in vitro and has ATPase activity-features consistent with its being a molecular chaperone. The primary structure of TF55, however, is not significantly related to the chaperonins. On the other hand, it is highly homologous (36-40% identity) to a ubiquitous eukaryotic protein, t-complex polypeptide-1 (TCP1). In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, TCP1 is an essential protein that may play a part in mitotic spindle formation. We suggest that TF55 in archaebacteria and TCP1 in the eukaryotic cytosol are members of a new class of molecular chaperones.     

Efficient and reproducible folding simulations of the Trp-cage protein with multiscale molecular dynamics

Folding simulations are often time-consuming or highly sensitive to the initial conformation of the simulation even for mini protein like the Trp-cage. Here, we present a multiscale molecular dynamics method which appears to be both efficient and insensitive to the starting conformation based on the testing results from the Trp-cage protein. In this method the simulated system is simultaneously mod- eled on atoms and coarse-grained particles with incremental coarsening levels. The dynamics of coarse-grained particles are adapted to the recent trajectories of finer-grained particles instead of fixed and parameterized energy functions as used in previous coarse-grained models. In addition, the compositions of coarse-grained particles are allowed to be updated automatically based on the coherence during its history. Starting from the fully extended conformation and other several different conformations of the Trp-cage protein, our method successfully finds out the native-like conformations of the Trp-cage protein in the largest cluster of the trajectories in all of the eight performed simulations within at most 10 ns simulation time. The results show that approaches based on multiscale modeling are promising for ab initio protein structure prediction.     

Protein folding and misfolding

The manner in which a newly synthesized chain of amino acids transforms itself into a perfectly folded protein depends both on the intrinsic properties of the amino-acid sequence and on multiple contributing influences from the crowded cellular milieu. Folding and unfolding are crucial ways of regulating biological activity and targeting proteins to different cellular locations. Aggregation of misfolded proteins that escape the cellular quality-control mechanisms is a common feature of a wide range of highly debilitating and increasingly prevalent diseases.     

T-complex polypeptide-1 is a subunit of a heteromeric particle in the eukaryotic cytosol.

The murine t-complex encodes t-complex polypeptide-1 (TCP1), which is constitutively expressed in almost all cells, and upregulated during spermatogenesis. Mammalian sequences have greater than 96% identity with each other, and greater than 60% identity with Drosophila melanogaster and yeast orthologues. TCP1 is essential in yeast, and is postulated to be the cytosolic mammalian equivalent of groEL. We report here that, in the native state, murine and human TCP1 is distributed throughout the cytosol as an 800K-950K hetero-oligomeric particle in association with four to six unidentified proteins and two Hsp70 heat-shock proteins. Negative-stain electron microscopy indicates that the structure is two stacked rings, 12-16 nm in diameter. Therefore, despite similarities with the chaperonin 60 proteins, these data indicate that TCP1 is biochemically and structurally unique. We suggest that TCP1 may represent one of a family of molecules in the eukaryotic cytosol involved in protein folding and regulated in part by their heteromeric associations.     

Characterization of the yeast HSP60 gene coding for a mitochondrial assembly factor

The hsp60 protein isolated from the protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila is induced in response to heat stress and is a member of an immunologically conserved family represented in Escherichia coli and in mitochondria of plants and animals. We report here the cloning and characterization of a nuclear gene, HSP60, which codes for the hsp60 homologue from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that yeast hsp60 is related to the groEL protein of E. coli and the RUBISCO-binding protein (RBP) of chloroplasts. HSP60 was found to be the genetic locus of the conditional-lethal mutation described by Cheng et al., which at non-permissive temperature is defective in the assembly of several different multisubunit complexes in mitochondria. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the groEL-related proteins serve an evolutionarily conserved function as accessory factors facilitating the folding and/or association of individual subunits of multimeric protein complexes.     

江西汉族7项不对称行为特征的研究

调查了江西省丰城市高中生汉族372例(男为233例,女为139例)扣手、利手、叠臂、叠腿、利足、起步类型、优势眼等7项不对称行为特征.结果显示:(1)江西汉族扣手右型率为60.20％,在我国族群中处于中等偏上水平；利手右型率为94.4％,利足右型率为94.01％,在我国族群中居较高水平；叠臂右型率为48.1％,叠腿右型率为71.5％,在我国族群中右型率较低；起步类型右型率为48.4％,小于多数我国北亚类型族群,但大于多数南亚类型族群；优势跟的右型率为64.8％,在我国族群中居中等水平.(2)江西汉族7项不对称行为特征的出现率均不存在性别间差异.(3)在江西汉族21对不对称行为特征中,有扣手与利手、扣手与叠腿、利手与叠腿、利手与利足、叠臂与叠腿、叠腿与利足、利足与起步类型、起步类型与利眼共8对性状具有相关性.     

四川资阳汉族7项不对称行为特征的研究

以四川省资阳地区作为取样点,调查了497例(男220例,女277例)简阳市汉族高中生的7项不对称行为特征(扣手、利手、叠臂、叠腿、利足、起步类型和优势眼).研究结果显示:(1)四川资阳汉族7项不对称行为特征出现率均R型高于L型.(2)四川资阳汉族7项不对称行为特征的出现率均不存在性别间差异.(3)四川资阳汉族与蒙古族等12个民族R型率比较,经u检验显示,除藏族外,与其他12个民族均有4项及以上不对称行为特性与其出现显著差异.(4)与其他7个地区汉族人群比较的u检验显示,四川资阳汉族与其他6个地区汉族均有3项以上不对称行为出现显著差异.(5)分析了四川资阳汉族7项指标间的相关性,发现扣手与利足、扣手与起步、利手与利足、利手与起步、叠腿与利足、叠腿与起步、利足与起步也存在显著的相关性,且R-R型组合(右型-右型)的出现率远高于L-L型组合(左型-左型)的出现率.     

Demonstration by genetic suppression of interaction of GroE products with many proteins

The way in which proteins attain and maintain their final form is of fundamental importance. Recent work has focused on the role of a set of ubiquitous proteins, termed chaperonins, in the assembly of phage and multisubunit proteins. The range of chaperonin action is unknown; they could interact with most cellular polypeptides or have a limited subset of protein partners. Included in the chaperonin family is the essential heat-shock regulated Escherichia coli groEL gene product. Over-expression of the groE operon in E. coli causes enhanced assembly of heterologously expressed ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase subunits and suppresses the heat-sensitive mutant phenotype of several dnaA alleles. It has been inferred that suppression of heat-sensitive mutations is confined to dnaA alleles and that this confinement could reflect an interaction between the groE operon products and a dnaA protein aggregate at the replication origin. We now report that multiple copies of the groE operon suppress mutations in genes encoding several diverse proteins. Our data indicate a general role for the groE operon products, the GroEL and GroES proteins, in the folding-assembly pathways of many proteins.     

Inhibition of telomerase by G-quartet DNA structures

The ends or telomeres of the linear chromosomes of eukaryotes are composed of tandem repeats of short DNA sequences, one strand being rich in guanine (G strand) and the complementary strand in cytosine. Telomere synthesis involves the addition of telomeric repeats to the G strand by telomere terminal transferase (telomerase). Telomeric G-strand DNAs from a variety of organisms adopt compact structures, the most stable of which is explained by the formation of G-quartets. Here we investigate the capacity of the different folded forms of telomeric DNA to serve as primers for the Oxytricha nova telomerase in vitro. Formation of the K(+)-stabilized G-quartet structure in a primer inhibits its use by telomerase. Furthermore, the octanucleotide T4G4, which does not fold, is a better primer than (T4G4)2, which can form a foldback structure. We conclude that telomerase does not require any folding of its DNA primer. Folding of telomeric DNA into G-quartet structures seems to influence the extent of telomere elongation in vitro and might therefore act as a negative regulator of elongation in vivo.     

制定企业标准，为企业发展保驾护航——论富阳市涂布白纸板生产企业制定企业标准的必要性

GB／T103354—2004《涂布纸和纸板涂布白纸板》对富阳市涂布白纸板生产实际存有不适用之处，为符合法律法规和企业自身发展需求，企业必须制定充分反映市场、用户和消费者要求的企业标准。     

折叠产品的基本规律及其广泛应用

讨论了折叠的概念与研究领域 ,折叠产品的产生、发展及广泛应用 ,在考察了大量折叠产品的基础上总结了折叠产品的基本规律 .折叠产品体积小 ,使用方便 ,易于存贮和运输 ,在各个领域发挥着重要的作用 .最后提出了折叠产品设计的注意事项     

低信噪比下GPS信号P码直接捕获技术

对扩展复制重叠捕获技术和均值法,两种当前P码捕获频域处理的典型方法进行了性能分析和比较. 基于均值法提出一种最小资源P码直接捕获硬件实现方法,进行硬件系统设计和实现,对P码捕获的性能进行实际测试. 结果表明,在满足低信噪比捕获概率情况下,相对扩展复制重叠捕获技术和直接FFT法,均值法降低资源消耗,缩短捕获时间,达到设计指标要求.     

基于小波分析法的蛋白质结构研究

用小波的方法预测了一个已知结构蛋白质的二级结构，并把它同互连网蛋白质结构预测服务及其他结构预测软件得到的二级结构进行比较。结果表明：该方法可以较好地确定蛋白质的二级结构且不必进行同源蛋白质序列的联配。在预测未知结构的蛋白质序列方面，该方法与其他方法相比，预测结果并无显著差异，这说明小波分析法可以用于蛋白质结构研究，若与其他方法结合用于结构预测,将会起到更好的作用。