不同生态型植物对重金属的积累及耐性研究进展

植物修复是目前治理土壤重金属污染最重要的方法之一，选择合适的植物是植物修复的关键.分类学上种的概念在生态恢复应用上是不充分的，必须从生态型水平上去探讨.不同生态型的同种植物在积累和忍耐重金属方面通常有很大的区别.它们对外源金属的浓度、离子供应形态及金属离子间的相互作用表现出不同的响应特征，富集能力上的差别主要源于不同生态型在金属转运体、解毒机理和遗传特性的不同；金属耐性上的差别主要是由于遗传机制、酶系统、对重金属的避性及区域化不同造成的，植物螯合肽(PC)不是耐性差异的主要因素.不同生态型植物是研究超富集、金属耐性和金属积累机理的理想材料.     

不同浓度砷酸盐胁迫对蜈蚣草根际微生物群落功能多样性特征的影响

蜈蚣草是世界上第一种被发现的砷超富集植物,其根际微生物对土壤砷的转化及蜈蚣草砷的吸收具有重要影响.采用qPCR和Biolog-Eco微平板法对砷胁迫下蜈蚣草根际微生物群落功能多样性特征的差异进行了研究.首先对蜈蚣草根际微生物的16SrRNA基因丰度进行定量分析;其次,利用Biolog-Eco微平板法分析微生物对31种碳源的平均利用率;同时,通过主成分分析、Shannon多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson优势度指数等探讨了微生物对不同类型碳源利用的差异和砷胁迫对微生物多样性的影响.结果表明,砷胁迫不仅降低16SrRNA基因丰度、减少微生物数量,还会显著影响微生物对碳源的利用效率.其中,微生物对碳水化合物类、氨基酸类和胺类碳源的利用受砷胁迫的影响最显著.此外,砷胁迫会诱导抗砷微生物成为优势群落,结构趋于单一.由于长期暴露可增加蜈蚣草根际微生物的数量,后期研究可深入探讨蜈蚣草根系分泌物中特异碳源物质在强化微生物-蜈蚣草修复砷污染土壤过程中的作用.     

重金属污染土壤的植物修复及其机理研究

近年来,作为一种成本低廉、对环境友好的修复方法,重金属污染土壤的植物修复成为环境修复领域的研究热点.早期的研究侧重于超富集植物的发现与实际应用,近来超富集植物重金属富集机理的研究得到了重视.尽管重金属植物累积的生化机制尚未能被完整阐述,但在土壤重金属生物活性、超富集植物重金属的吸收、转运、储存等方面还是取得了大量进展.综述了近年来国内外相关研究工作成果,探讨了该研究领域存在的主要问题,认为在有机鳌合剂如有机酸与氨基酸等对重金属活性、耐性和离子迁移转运系统中所起作用等方面尚需要深入研究.如果在植物重金属吸收、迁移、解毒机理及其影响因素等重金属富集的关键方面能取得进展,则将大大丰富污染土壤重金属修复的研究与应用领域.     

植物对重金属的耐性机制

近年来,重金属污染土壤的植物修复作为一种成本低廉、环境友好的修复方法,成为环境修复领域的研究热点.本文就植物对于重金属的耐性机制做了概述,从区隔化作用、螯合作用、外排作用、抗氧化系统、离子交互作用等方面进行了探讨,并提出超富集植物对重金属耐性机制在未来的研究重点,以期对我国重金属污染治理的研究和实践提供帮助.     

贵州废弃铅锌矿区优势植物中汞、砷含量及富集特征研究

为了探讨重金属在植物体内的富集特征,以贵州废弃DX铅锌矿区长势较好的27种植物为研究对象,利用原子吸收(AA800)、原子荧光(AF-640)等仪器测定植物体内Hg、As的含量。采用富集系数法和聚类分析法,通过对植物中重金属的含量及分类进行分析。结果表明,27种植物分为5类11个科属,肾蕨科蜈蚣草自成一类,对As的富集能力较强,在其体积累量平均值为36.13mg/kg,富集系数为0.863,可作土壤环境中砷污染修复植物;矿区采集的优势植物对汞的富集能力较小,富集系数最大的为荨麻科糯米藤0.144,说明汞不易从土壤环境中向所研究的植物体内迁移、积累。这为矿区土壤生态环境植物修复提供理论参考。     

化学方法强化园林植物修复镉污染土壤的研究进展

植物修复技术以其修复的彻底性和环境友好性逐渐成为污染土壤修复的有效方法之一。在总结当前园林植物修复研究现状的基础上,结合园林植物自身的特性,阐述了园林植物在修复重金属污染土壤中的技术优势,建议通过采用不同化学方法改善重金属在土壤中的存在形态,提高园林植物对重金属离子的富集和转运作用,同时强化园林植物的耐性,以进一步提高园林植物对重金属污染土壤的修复效果,为大规模治理重金属污染土壤和商业化应用提供技术途径和科学依据。     

土壤重金属镉污染的植物修复与土壤酶活性

用盆栽法研究植物对土壤重金属 Cd的吸收富集和植物修复效应、土壤重金属 Cd浓度与土壤酶活性的关系 ,以及经植物修复后不同时间内土壤酶活性恢复情况。研究结果表明 :1植物对土壤 Cd污染具有富集和修复作用 ,但种间存在较大差异 ;2土壤脲酶活性随土壤 Cd浓度的增加而降低 ;3回归分析表明土壤脲酶活性与土壤 Cd浓度显著相关 ,可表示出土壤受 Cd污染程度 ;4受 Cd污染的土壤经过植物修复后 ,脲酶活性得到恢复 ,可根据脲酶活性恢复状况判断植物的修复效果。     

钒冶炼厂周边陆生植物对重金属的富集特征

对某钒冶炼厂周边土壤和植被进行现场采样,共采集到高等植物20科29种,土壤样品7个,采用ICP- MS和ICP-OES分析本土植物和土壤中重金属含量.结果表明,冶炼厂周边土壤普遍存在V、Cr和Cd污染现象,重金属V和Cr的污染问题突出.29种植物体内均检测到V、Cr、Cd和Pb,其中V含量相对较高.本土植物蜈蚣草体内重金属V含量最高,其地上部分V积累量为86.51 mg·kg-1,地下部分为814.25 mg·kg-1;野胡萝卜对Cd的富集和转运能力显著高于其他植物,地上部分和地下部分Cd含量分别为18.56 mg·kg-1和5.66 mg·kg-1.两种植物表现出对钒冶炼导致周边复合重金属污染极高的耐性,可作为钒冶炼厂周边土壤重金属污染植物修复的先锋物种.     

重金属污染土壤的电动-植物联合修复技术研究进展

土壤电动修复是一种高效的原位修复技术。笔者就电场对植物富集重金属的作用、电场配置方式及其与添加剂的协同影响研究现状进行了分析。多数研究表明:选用合适的电场配置和电场强度,不仅能够提高土壤中重金属的有效性,进而促进植物对污染土壤中重金属的富集,而且对植物生物量具有一定的促进作用。总体来说,选用交流电场或是低强度的直流电场不仅能够提高重金属的生物有效性,还能够避免电场给植物造成的不利影响,是针对重金属污染土壤修复较好的选择。笔者认为,在重金属污染土壤植物修复领域,未来的研究重点在于加强超富集植物与电场联合修复机理研究,研发高效低廉环境友好型强化剂,最终形成针对一种或多种重金属污染土壤的植物-电动联合修复关键技术。     

3种禾本科植物耐铅性及富集特征比较

采用盆栽试验方法,研究狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne)和早熟禾(Poa annua)3种禾本科植物在不同浓度Pb胁迫下的耐性和富集特征。结果表明:随Pb浓度的增加,3种植物的株高、地上部和地下部干重呈不断下降的趋势,其耐性指数(TI)和根系耐性指数(RTI)不断减小;3种植物地上部Pb富集和转运系数均小于1,根系是富集Pb的主要器官;在Pb处理浓度大于等于1 500 mg·kg~(-1)时,狗牙根的修复潜力指数最高,在Pb污染土壤修复中更具应用前景。     

Evidence of vacuolar compartmentalization of arsenic in the hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata

Pteris vittata can hyperaccumulate arsenic （As） to 〉1% of its dry weight without showing any signs of toxicity, indicating the existence of effective plant-internal detoxificaUon mechanisms. Although vacuolar compartmentalization is known to play an important role in heavy metal detoxification and tolerance, direct evidence of arsenic compartmentalization in this hyperaccumulator was lacking. Here we report the subcellular localization of As in the callus of P. vittata. The callus induced from gametophytes of P. vittata exposed to 0.2 mmol/L arsenate for 20 days were examined by directly isolating cell walls, protoplasts and vacuoles, and determining arsenic concentrations. Of the total As in the callus, about 94% was in the protoplast, and of that, 91% was present in the vacuoles, indicating that vacuoles are a major storage site for As in P. vittata. In addition, the changes in the chemical components of vacuoles were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）.     

Subcellular distribution and compartmentalization of arsenic in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pteris vittata</Emphasis> L.

The subcellular distribution of arsenic （As） in Pteris vittata L., an As-hyperaccumniator, was studied to determine As compartmentalization and to explore the mechanisms that confer As tolerance. When the plant was grown in a nutrient solution without additional As, most of the accumulated As was isolated to the cell wall. However, in plants growing in a nutrient solution containing 0.1 or 0.2 mmol/L As, approximately 78% of the total As accumulated within the pinna. The proportions of As accumulation in the cyto- plasmic supernatant fraction were 78 % of that in the pinna and 61% of that in the plant. In either treatment group （0.1 or 0.2 mmol/L As）, the fraction containing the lowest level of As was the organelle fraction. These results suggest that As accumulates in the pinna where it is primarily distributed in the cytoplasmic supernatant fraction. The role of As compartmentalization may be intricately linked with As detoxification in P. vittata L.     

Arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris Vittata L. and its arsenic accumulation

An arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. (Chinese brake) was first discovered in China by means of field survey and greenhouse cultivation. Field survey showed that Chinese brake had large accumulating capacity to arsenic; the orders of arsenic content in different parts of the fern were as follows: leaves>leafstalks>roots, which is totally different from that of ordinary plants; bioaccumulation coefficients of the above ground parts of the fern decreased as a power function of soil arsenic contents. In the control of pot trials with normal unpolluted soil containing 9 mg/kg of arsenic, the bioaccumulation coefficients of the above ground parts and rhizoids of Chinese brake were as high as 71 and 80 respectively. Greenhouse cultivation in the contaminated soil from mining areas has shown that more than 1 times greater arsenic can be accumulated in the leaves of the fern than that of field samples with the largest content of 5070 mg/kg As on a dry matter basis. During greenhouse cultivation, arsenic content in the leaves of the fern increased linearly with time prolonging. Not only has Chinese brake extraordinary tolerance and accumulation to arsenic, but it grew rapidly with great biomass, wide distribution and easy adaptation to different environmental conditions as well. Therefore, it has great potential in future remediation of arsenic contamination. It also demonstrates important value for studies of arsenic physiology and biochemistry such as arsenic absorption, translocation and detoxification mechanisms in plants.     

Effect of phosphorus on arsenic accumulation in As-hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. and its implication

Pot experiment was conducted to understand the effect of phosphorus on arsenic accumulation in As-hyperaccumulator Chinese brake (Pteris vittata L.). It is shown that arsenic concentrations in the fronds and rhizoids, the arsenic bioaccumulation factor, and the total arsenic in the fronds were not influenced significantly under low levels of phosphorus (≤400 mg/kg) and increased sharply under high levels of phosphorus (>400 mg/ kg). The discovery implies that the efficiency of arsenic removal in phytoremediation using the hyperaccumulating plant can be greatly elevated by the phosphorus addition at high rates. The interaction between the accumulation of phosphorus and that of arsenic in plant was stimulated mutually. The result represents that Chinese brake is a good material for plant physiologist to conduct comparative and mechanism studies on the uptake behaviors of phosphorus and arsenic, and phosphorus is also a potential accelerator for phytoremediation of arsenic-contaminated soils.     

三种生态型大米草在逆境条件下同工酶表达的差异

三种不同生态型大米草无论在对照还是在温度胁迫下,其５叶期植株叶片内ＭＤＨ和ＰＯＤ同工酶存在一定的差异。     

湖南省石门县高砷地区的蕨类植物资源调查——兼论高砷地区环境污染的植被恢复

为寻找更多、更有效的砷富集蕨类植物，对湖南省石门县雄黄矿场砷富集区的蕨类植物的种类及其生长状况进行了系统性调查分析.蕨类植物的亲缘关系分析结果表明：湖南省石门县雄黄矿场砷富集区的22种蕨类植物中有5种蕨类植物属于凤尾蕨类，5种属于金星蕨-铁角蕨类，4种属于鳞毛蕨类，其余7种则分散于蕨类植物的其他类群.频度及多度分析表明：蜈蚣草（Pteris vittata）、井兰边草（P.multifida）、渐尖毛蕨（Cyclosorus acuminatus）和贯众（Cyrtomium fortunei）在高砷地区有较高的频度和多度.石门高砷区生长的蕨类植物和已报道的砷富集蕨类植物的系统发育关系及其生物习性表明凤尾蕨类植物中发现了新的砷富集者.     

Edaphic factors determining variation of two ecotypes of Leymus chinensis in North China

Leymus chinensis(Trin.) Tzvel .is a type ofperennial ,rhizome grass with biological andecologicalproperties of resisting drought , poor-nutrient andsalt-alkaline stress .L. chiensiscan adapt to manycomplicated habitats due toits highecological plastici-ty.L. chinensisis always distributed as scatteredpatches with either grey-green or yellow-greenleaves. Steppe dominated by this species is widelydistributed at the eastern end of the Eurasian steppezone. Its main locations in China are the Son…     

Edaphic factors determining variation of two ecotypes of Leymus chinensis in North China

To identify ecotypic variation of L. chinensis, the physiological characteristics and environmental factors were measured and assessed for grey-green and yellow-green ecotypes of L. chinensis grown in the salt-alkalized and aeolian sandy soils. Although both ecotypes presented a similar salt-alkaline tolerance under the experimental conditions, they differed in several aspects. The L. chinensis grown in the aeolian sandy soils had higher water potential and chlorophyll content and lower proline content in their leaves than those grown in the salt-alkalized habitat, and the grey-green ecotype of L. chinensis in both types of soils had higher water potential, chlorophyll and proline contents than the yellow-green ecotype. Besides, grey-green ecotypes had higher salt-alkaline tolerance than the yellow-green ecotype. The stepwise regression analysis showed that soil conductance and pH value were the main ecological factors affecting the physiology of L. chinensis. From the natural distribution of the two ecotypes, we considered that salt-alkaline in the soils is the leading factor in determining ecotypic variation of L. chinensis. The two ecotypes were first named grey-green and yellow-green ecotypes respectively.     

Edaphic factors determining variation of two ecotypes of Leymus chinensis in North China

To identify ecotypic variation of L. chinensis, the physiological characteristics and environmental factors were measured and assessed for grey-green and yellow-green ecotypes of L. chinensis grown in the salt-alkalized and aeolian sandy soils. Although both ecotypes presented a similar salt-alkaline tolerance under the experimental conditions, they differed in several aspects. The L. chinensis grown in the aeolian sandy soils had higher water potential and chlorophyll content and lower proline content in their leaves than those grown in the salt-alkalized habitat, and the grey-green ecotype of L. chinensis in both types of soils had higher water potential, chlorophyll and proline contents than the yellow-green ecotype. Besides, grey-green ecotypes had higher salt-alkaline tolerance than the yellow-green ecotype. The stepwise regression analysis showed that soil conductance and pH value were the main ecological factors affecting the physiology of L. chinensis. From the natural distribution of the two ecotypes, we considered that salt-alkaline in the soils is the leading factor in determining ecotypic variation of L. chinensis. The two ecotypes were first named grey-green and yellow-green ecotypes respectively.