不同时间尺度青藏高原湖泊水位变化影响因素分析

使用能够指示年代际尺度及千年尺度水位变化的水位、面积和其他代用指标数据,采用经验正交分解法,研究不同时间尺度青藏高原地区湖泊水位变化规律及影响因素.结果显示:在年代际尺度上,青藏高原地区湖泊水位整体呈上升趋势,在千年尺度上,青藏高原地区湖泊水位整体呈下降趋势.不同区域湖泊水位的影响因素不同,降水和蒸发作为两大主要影响因素,在不同时间尺度上对青藏高原地区湖泊水位变化影响不同.在年代际尺度上,蒸散发在青藏高原地区湖泊水位变化影响因素中发挥主导作用,降水发挥次要作用,同时湖泊水位变化与气候、地形、风速以及温度等要素存在一定的联系;在千年尺度上,青藏高原地区湖泊水位变化主要受控于降水,其次受控于蒸散发.     

呼伦湖湖泊动态变化及其驱动力分析

呼伦湖地处呼伦贝尔高原,是周边生态环境的重要载体,其湖面面积的波动,直接影响到生态环境的稳定.基于呼伦湖地区2000年-2015年的遥感影像,使用NDWI和近红外波段阈值模型,解译得出湖面面积的变化规律.研究结果表明,近16年来呼伦湖水面面积呈现出先减少后增加的趋势,其面积共减少251.31km~2.象限方位分析法显示在2005年后,位于呼伦湖东部和东北部的湖泊干涸后至今尚未恢复,水面面积变化波动均发生在湖泊南部,其东部和东北部共减少166.52km~2,其南部共减少28.83km~2.偏相关和主成分分析表明,由农业产值、工业产值和总牲畜数构成的社会因素是导致呼伦湖湖泊面积波动的主要影响因子,可解释湖泊动态变化的55.0%.本研究结果对于呼伦湖湿地的保护与生态恢复可提供一定的科学依据.     

基于TM/ETM+遥感影像的达里湖补给源研究

以近十年的多时相Land Sat TM/ETM+影像为数据源,从面积、变化率等方面对湖泊的变化过程进行研究,并结合达里湖流域临近四个雨量站的降雨量、蒸发量数据进行分析.结果表明,达里湖从2003—2013年湖面面积不断减小,面积由204.11 km2减小到180.02 km2,面积减少了24.09 km2,平均每年减少2.41 km2;近十年来,达里湖流域降雨量波动较大,但是没有明显减少趋势,流域蒸发量波动较小且远大于当地降雨量.分析达里湖流域湖泊面积变化与降雨量和蒸发量的关系显示,降雨量并非湖泊面积变化的决定性因素,蒸发量对湖泊面积变化影响较小.达里湖除接受降水补给外,还接受地下水的补给,且地下水可能并非来自当地降水.     

近30年岱海湖泊面积动态变化及其驱动力分析

以干旱-半干旱过渡区的岱海湖泊为研究对象,选取1989-2018年中6期美国Landsat系列卫星遥感影像数据,使用面向对象多尺度分析方法分割岱海流域湖面面积和对不同土地利用类型进行提取分析,探讨其近30a内湖泊面积变化过程及机制。结果表明:岱海湖面面积从1989年的115.36km~2萎缩到2018年的53.00km~2,萎缩了62.36km~2,以2.15km~2/a的速度迅速减小。由相关性分析可知:岱海湖面面积萎缩主要受建设用地、未利用土地和人工林地等面积变化的影响,这些土地利用类型的面积受人类活动影响较大。由主成分分析可知,引起岱海湖面面积萎缩的第一主成分贡献率为55.533%,主要为GDP、工业总产值等社会因子;第二主成分贡献率为22.884%,主要为日照时数、降水量等自然因子。由此可知岱海湖面面积萎缩主要受人类社会生产生活影响较大,其次为自然因素的影响。     

1975—2010年辉河自然保护区湖泊面积变化规律及成因分析

湖泊作为湿地的重要组成部分,对研究区域湿地的变化有重要意义.基于1975,1989,2000,2010年遥感影像,借助MapGIS软件平台和湖泊动态度模型,研究辉河自然保护区湖泊面积变化规律及成因,结果显示:1)1975 2010年,湖泊面积呈先增后减变化规律,总体为减少趋势.1975 1989年,以大约0.012km2/a的速度增加;而1989 2010年,湖泊总面积不断减少且速度不断加快,1989 2000年以0.003km2/a的速度减少,20002010年以0.019km2/a速度减少;1975 2010年总体以0.004km2/a的速度减少.2)气温升高、降水量减少、蒸发量增加、人文干扰是影响辉河自然保护区湖泊面积和数量变化的主要原因.     

巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊遥感信息提取及动态变化趋势

 结合巴丹吉林沙漠的地物光谱特征,提出了改进的MDLWI 水体指数法。该方法增加了水体与植被以及水体与干湖盆的区分度,提高了提取沙漠中水体的效率和精度。利用MDLWI 水体指数法,分析了巴丹吉林沙漠1990-2010 这20 年间夏季（1991,1995,2000,2005,2010）和秋季（1990,1996,2000,2006,2010）两个系列湖泊面积的年际变化趋势。结果表明,夏季湖泊面积平均值为19.11 km²,秋季湖泊面积平均值为17.74 km²,秋季湖泊面积明显小于夏季;20 年来秋季湖泊面积年际变化呈缓慢减少趋势,而夏季湖泊面积变化呈先减少后增大再减少趋势,且变化幅度相对较大;降雨不是湖泊补给的主要来源,湖泊面积的变化主要受地下水补给变化的影响,夏季地下水补给量大于秋季。     

老哈河流域水文要素变化研究

对老哈河流域近50a的水文要素进行了年际变化、年代际变化和线性变化趋势的研究,结果表明:(a)年降雨量的年际变化幅度最均匀、离散度最小,而年径流深和年径流系数的年际变化不均匀、离散度大.降雨量是影响径流的主要因素,但并不是唯一因素,在某些年份径流还受到其他因素的强烈干扰.另外,年径流深不仅受年降雨总量的影响,也受降雨的年内时空分布的影响.(b)从20世纪60年代到21世纪初,各要素的年代际变化不一致:年降雨量变化为少-多-少-多-少,年径流深和年径流系数变化为多-少-少-多-少.年降雨量年代际距平变化最小,变化幅度较平缓,而年径流深和年径流系数的年代际变化都比年降雨量的年代际变化大得多.(c)降雨量没有明显的增减变化,而径流却具有显著的减少趋势,其中年径流深通过了95%的置信度检验,年径流系数通过了99%的置信度检验.分析结果表明,径流的变化除了受降雨量的影响之外,还可能受气温变化和人类活动等其他因素的影响.     

贵州省赤水河流域土地利用/覆被变化及驱动力分析

以遥感影像与土地利用/覆被详查资料为主要数据,在Arc-GIS支持下研究贵州省赤水河流域2000-2010年间土地利用/覆被变化,分析土地利用结构变化和动态变化特征,阐明耕地变化的驱动因素.结果表明：2000-2010年间,耕地（旱地、水田）面积减少51.84 km2;园地、水域、灌木林和裸岩面积变化程度较小;草丛、稀疏植被和森林面积分别增加了1.98 km2、2.19 km2和12.85 km2;其中,建设用地年变化率与动态变化最显著分别为10.98％、13.18％,面积增加了33.40 km2.研究认为,除自然因素外,政府政策、工业化、城镇化等人文因素是影响流域土地利用的主要驱动力.     

基于RS/GIS的湖北省湿地近20年来变迁研究

以20世纪80年代、90年代、2005年前后的遥感影像为主要依据,运用GIS/RS技术与景观生态学研究方法分析了湖北省湿地近20多年来的时空变化规律.结果表明,20世纪80年代、90年代、2005年前后全省湿地总面积为16 104.18km2 (不含水田),36892.62km2 (含水田)、36308.04km2 (含水田).近20多年来,湖泊湿地和水田、滩地、沼泽地的面积在减少.河流湿地、库塘湿地面积有所增加.20世纪80年代中期,湖北省湿地资源的多样性指数H最大,优势度指数D最小,均匀度指数E最大.到21世纪初,多样性指数H又增加,优势度指数D又减少,均匀度指数E增加,说明湖北省湿地资源的类型逐渐趋于多样化.总的来说,近20年中,滩地和沼泽地是向着分散的方向发展的,湖泊是向着聚集的方向发展的.     

基于遥感影像群的洪湖水面利用变化检测

湖泊作为湿地的重要组成部分,对生态多样性的保持和环境功能的维系起着不可替代的作用.在经济社会发展的不同阶段,人类对于湖泊的开发利用体现出不同的特点.获取不同时期湖泊利用的信息不仅有助于了解湖泊变化的规律和原因,也可为湖泊未来的合理利用及生态管理提供决策支持.洪湖是湖北境内江汉湖群的最大湖泊.利用1985、1995、2000和2005年四期平水期TM/ETM遥感图像提取各期洪湖水面利用信息并进行分析.结果显示:1985年至2005年间,洪湖未利用湖面面积1985年到2000年由于受人为作用影响有所减少,2000年至2005年后基本维持谷值;围网养殖区的面积从1985年不断扩大直至2000年达到峰值,此后基本保持稳定;湖区水生植被相应也从1985年不断减少至2000年的谷底值,随后由于生态建设工程的实施,水生植被迅速恢复.     

Classification of Tibetan lakes based on variations in seasonal lake water temperature

Widespread lakes on the Tibetan Plateau （TP） are valuable archives for investigating climate and environment changes, which could provide essential information on the mechanisms of past climate changes on the TP and their interaction with the global climate systems. However, there is a lack of in-depth investigation of modern limnological processes in the Tibetan lakes, which hampers the understanding of paleolimnological records and lake ecosystem succession. In this study, we performed continuous temperature monitoring at two lakes, Bangong Co, a freshwater lake in the western TP, and Dagze Co, a brackish lake in the central TP, in order to characterize the patterns of seasonal temperature variability, stratification, and mixing. Temperature data for an entire hydrological year demonstrate that Bangong Co is a dimictic lake and that Dagze Co is a meromictic lake. The higher salinity in the deep water at Dagze Co prevents the lake from overturning completely, and this finding is supported by simulations using a physical limnological model Lake Analyzer. Continuous lake water temperature monitoring provides fundamental data for classifying Tibetan lakes, as well as the hydrological basis for understanding their pa- leolimnological records and ecosystem succession.     

High-altitude salt lake elevation changes and glacial ablation in Central Tibet, 2000-2010

This research quantifies lake level variations in the Siling Co, Co’e and Bangor Co salt lakes in Central Tibet from 1976 to 2010, and most notably for the 2000-2010 periods. In particular, the effects of different water replenishment modes on the lakes have been analyzed. Here we have provided new evidences for climate warming and accelerated glacial ablation on the Central Tibetan Plateau from 2000 to 2010. Based on fieldwork involving Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) surveying and Remote Sensing (RS) interpretations of the lake area, we have drawn the following conclusions. (1) From 1976 to 2010, the process of lake level variation in Siling Co can be divided into two stages. From 1976 to 2000, the lake level rose 4.3 m in a steady fashion (from 4530 to 4534.3 m); the rise rate was 0.18 m/a. From 2000 to 2010, the lake level rapidly rose 8.2 m (from 4534.3 to 4542.5 m), with a dramatically higher rise rate of 0.82 m/a. Compared with the rapidly increasing lake level of Siling Co from 2000 to 2010, the fluctuations observed at Co’e and Bangor Co were smooth and inconspicuous. (2) From 1976 to 2009, the lake area of Siling Co experienced a steady-rapid-steady expansion pattern. The lake area of Siling Co increased 656.64 km2 in the 34 years to 2010, a proportional growth of 39.4%. This was particularly significant in the 2000-2010 period, when the lake area of Siling Co increased by 549.77 km2, a proportional growth of 30.6%. (3) According to correlation analysis, the rise in regional temperatures, which has led to the ablation of glaciers, is the main reason for the rapid rise in Siling Co lake levels in the 10 years to 2010. During this period, Siling Co rose approximately 8 m as the direct result of glacial melting. An increase in precipitation in the Siling Co catchment area is the secondary factor. This contrasts with Bangor Co, where the dominant factor in lake level change is the long-term increase in precipitation; here, the increasing temperature is the secondary factor.     

Hydrodynamic process of Tibetan Plateau lake revealed by grain size: Case study of Pumayum Co

Under the background of global warming,some lakes on the Tibetan Plateau(TP) are potentially sensitive to temperature change.With a case study of Pumayum Co,where glacier meltwater is important to supply(we call this a glacier-fed lake hereafter),we analyze the sensitivity of lake sediment grain size to temperature change.This is done by resolving the modern hydrodynamic process,coupled with comparison of paleoclimatic proxies.According to the spatial distributions of parameters,percentage of grain size and the grain size frequency distribution curve,hydrodynamic processes are analyzed.Five clastic sedimentation types are thereby discriminated.In the open lake area,suspended load transport is the main transport agent.Grain Size Trend Analysis(GSTA),a sediment dynamics model,reveals a trend toward eastward transport.This indicates that the largest and glacier-fed river,the Jiaqu River,influences the entire lake(not just the subsurface alluvial fan),and that lake sediment grain size may serve as a temperature indicator.Time series comparison between grain size of a short core from the central lake and meteorological data confirms this temperature indication,which in turn shows reliability of the method discriminating the hydrodynamic process.This case study will improve the ability of paleoclimatic reconstruction using lake sediment in glacier-fed lakes on the Tibetan Plateau.     

基于LEGOS HYDROWEB的青藏高原湖泊群水位和面积动态变化分析

湖泊面积和水位的变化客观地反映了区域水资源的时空变化过程。利用LEGOS HYDROWEB提供的湖泊信息数据,对青藏高原1993~2014年21年间63个典型湖泊的水位变化,以及其中59个湖泊的面积变化趋势进行分析。根据变化趋势将湖泊分为增长型、稳定型和衰退型;并在这三种类型的湖泊中分别选取两个典型湖泊进行回归分析。结果表明:63个湖泊中水位增长型湖泊42个,稳定型湖泊12个,衰退型9个;59个湖泊中面积增长型湖泊32个,稳定型19个,衰退型8个。对于增长型湖泊而言,水位和面积增长最大是Ziling湖,分别增长了10.90 m和361.72 km~2;衰退型湖泊中水位和面积衰退趋势最大的是Yamzho-yumco湖,分别减少了2.29 m和28.65 km2。高原内陆水体的水位和面积的动态变化对研究气候演变和地表水资源的影响具有重要意义。     

青藏高原植被活动对降水变化的响应

为揭示气候变异对青藏高原植被生长的影响,根据2000-2004年间增强型植被指数(EVI)数据和研究区内43个气象台站的气候资料,研究了近5年来青藏高原植被活动及其与气候因子的关系。结果显示,青藏高原植被的EVI呈现由东南向西北递减的分布格局,降水是导致植被覆盖空间变化的主要因素;2000?2004年青藏高原植被活动的年际变化总体上不显著,局部出现较大变异;EVI的变异系数(CV)与年降水的变异系数显著正相关,说明降水波动是引起植被活动变化的主要因素。此外,EVI 的CV与年降水量存在着显著的负相关关系,表明年降水量越大的地区植被活动的年际变化越小,即植被的稳定性越大。     

A high-resolution environmental change record since 19 cal ka BP in Pumoyum Co,southern Tibet

A 380-cm-long sediment core was acquired from the deep water area of Pumoyum Co, southern Tibet. Twenty-five plant residue samples were selected, and organic carbon stable isotopes were obtained using the AMS ¹⁴C chronological method. The ¹⁴C age and carbon reservoir effect were calibrated with surface sedimentation rate measurements using ²¹⁰Pb dating. Results showed that the core sediment deposited over 19 cal ka BP. Based on a multi-proxy analysis of TOC and IC contents, grain size and pollen assemblage data, the palaeoclimatic evolution of Pumoyum Co was reconstructed since the last glacial. Pumoyum Co was a shallow lake prior to 16.2 cal ka BP; although the glacier around the lake began to melt due to increasing temperatures, climate was still cold and dry. In the interval of 16.2–11.8 cal ka BP, the sedimentary environment fluctuated drastically and frequently. Two cold-events occurred at 14.2 and 11.8 cal ka BP, and these may correspond to the Older Dryas and the Younger Dryas events, respectively. After 11.8 cal ka BP, Pumoyun Co developed into the deep lake as it is now. The lake water temperature was relatively lower at that time because of influx of cold water from glacial meltwater entering the lake. As a result, the multi-proxy indicators showed no sign of warm conditions. Comparisons between the sedimentary record of Pumoyum Co with that of other lakes of the same age in southern Tibet indicate a warmer climate following the last deglaciation influenced the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. These results imply that the southwest Asian monsoon gradually became stronger since the deglaciation during its expansion to the inner plateau. The glacial-supplied water of the lake responded sensitively to cold-events. The entire southern Tibet region was dominantly influenced climatically by the southwest Asian monsoon during the Holocene.     

Water balance estimates of ten greatest lakes in China using ICESat and Landsat data

Lake level and area variations are sensitive to regional climate changes and can be used to indirectly estimate water balances of lakes. In this study, 10 of the largest lakes in China, ～1000 km² or larger, are examined to determine changes in lake level and area derived respectively from ICESat and Landsat data recorded between 2003 and 2009. The time series of lake level and area of Selin Co, Nam Co, and Qinghai Lake in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and Xingkai Lake in northeastern China exhibit an increasing trend, with Selin Co showing the fastest rise in lake level (0.69 m/a), area (32.59 km²/a), and volume (1.25 km³/a) among the 10 examined lakes. Bosten and Hulun lakes in the arid and semiarid region of northern China show a decline in both lake level and area, with Bosten Lake showing the largest decrease in lake level (?0.43 m/a) and Hulun Lake showing the largest area shrinkage (?35.56 km²/a). However, Dongting, Poyang, Taihu, and Hongze lakes in the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin present seasonal variability without any apparent tendencies. The lake level and area show strong correlations for Selin Co, Nam Co, Qinghai, Poyang, Hulun, and Bosten lakes (R ² >0.80) and for Taihu, Hongze, and Xingkai lakes (～0.70) and weak correlation for East Dongting Lake (0.37). The lake level changes and water volume changes are in very good agreement for all lakes (R ² > 0.98). Water balances of the 10 lakes are derived on the basis of both lake level and area changes, with Selin Co, Nam Co, Qinghai, and Xingkai lakes showing positive water budgets of 9.08, 4.07, 2.88, and 1.09 km³, respectively. Bosten and Hulun lakes show negative budgets of ?3.01 and ?4.73 km³, respectively, and the four lakes along the Yangtze River show no obvious variations. Possible explanations for the lake level and area changes in these four lakes are also discussed. This study suggests that satellite remote sensing could serve as a fast and effective tool for estimating lake water balance.     

青藏高原近地面层气象要素变化特征

利用第2次青藏高原气象科学实验(TIPEX)1998年5-7月改则、当雄和昌都3个大气边界层加强观测站获取的近地面层观测资料,分析了青藏高原西部、中部和东部地区近地面层风速、温度和湿度的日变化特征及其廓线规律,给出了青藏高原地区地表空气动力学参数和地表温度变化规律,讨论了高原近地面层湍流通量特征及逆湿现象。     

1990—2020年那曲地区冰湖变化研究

基于Landsat遥感影像,采用目视解译的方法提取了青藏高原内部那曲地区冰湖和冰川1990、2000、2010及2020年4期边界数据,并分析近30年来该地区冰湖变化的特征与原因．结果表明:那曲地区现有冰湖255个,总面积（27.829±4.62） km2,冰湖主要集中在东南部,其次是西南部;1990—2020年,研究区新增冰湖72个,面积增长6.14 km2;冰湖扩张趋势明显,具体表现为低海拔地区（≤4 700 m）原有冰湖快速扩张,较高海拔地区（>5 100~5 700 m）新增冰湖集中出现;气温与降水是冰湖变化的关键因素,由于降水与气温分布及变化存在时空差异,冰湖变化呈现“南快北慢,逐期加快”的特征;冰湖与冰川的位置关系也会影响冰湖变化,离冰川位置越近,对冰湖发育越有利,同时与冰湖接触的冰川退缩速率相较于其余冰川有更大的退缩速率,但冰川与冰湖面积变化速率并无明显相关性．      

川西高山高原过渡带植被对气候变化的响应

植被是陆地生态系统的主体,被认为是人类环境评价和监测的重要参数,利用遥感技术来监测植被生长及其对气候因子的响应成为当前全球变化研究的热点之一.川西高山高原区是我国地势最高一级的青藏高原向川西南山地和四川盆地的过渡地带,属生态环境脆弱区,对全球气候变化敏感.基于MODIS植被产品及气温、降水站点数据对2001-2010年川西高山高原过渡带的气温和降水的年际变化、NDVI的时空演变及其与气候因子的相关关系,较好的揭示了研究区的植被生长对气候因子变化的响应特点.研究结果表明:NDVI与降水量和气温均呈正相关关系.温度是春季植被生长的主要影响因素,降水量是秋季植被生长的主要影响因素.