光滑和粗糙明槽湍流流动结构分析

采用大涡模拟方法和Ｓｍａｇｏｒｉｎｓｋｙ及Ｄｙｎａｍｉｃ亚格子（ＳＧＳ）模拟数值计算了光滑及粗糙明槽湍流运动。以槽高为参考长度和来流平均流速为参考速度的雷诺数分别为３０００、２２８００和１０＾５,数值离散方法为有限体积法,自由面处理使用了简单的刚盖假定,固壁面采用了壁函数。与低雷诺数直接模拟和物理实验结果相比,本文数模呈现了良好的预测结果,也揭示了自由面附近不同于固壁的湍流结构。     

低雷诺数k-ε模型钝体绕流场预测能力研究

以1∶3缩比标准MIRA三厢车型为对象,基于合理的网格策略,应用AB、LS、AKN和CHC四种低雷诺数k-ε湍流模型,对其外部绕流场进行数值仿真.以风洞试验数据为准,通过比较气动阻力系数及车身表面压力系数,系统研究四种低雷诺数湍流模型针对处于车体不同部位存在不同运动特征流动的仿真特性,进而明确四种低雷诺数模型针对高雷诺数临地面钝体绕流预测能力的强弱.     

四种常用湍流模型在二维后向台阶流数值模拟上的性能比较

利用Fluent软件的四种常用湍流模型（k-ε湍流模型、RNGk-ε湍流模型、Realizablek-ε湍流模型、以及k-ω湍流模型）对雷诺数（Re）处于200到6500之间的二维后向台阶流的性能进行比较分析。得到了各种模型下具有不同雷诺数的瞬时平均流场和时均流场的分布特征,得到了回流区长度和涡心位置与Re的关系,并与齐鄂荣等人所作的实验结果进行了对比分析。     

风沙运动的力学机理研究

风沙运动机理研究是认识土壤风蚀、沙尘天气(甚至沙尘暴)以及风沙灾害本质,进而实现有效防治的基础。其中所涉及的诸如多尺度、多场耦合、随机性、非线性、尺度效应和复杂系统等科学问题也是当今科学前沿所关注的共性和热点课题。本文在简要回顾与风沙运动力学机理研究相关的已有工作的基础上,重点介绍了兰州大学风沙环境力学研究组针对风沙流中的沙粒带电量和风沙电场的基本规律及其对风沙流和无线电通讯的影响、风沙流发展过程的理论预测、固沙结构有效尺寸的分析、风成地貌主要特征的计算机模拟等方面所开展的研究工作。     

垂直管内气固两相湍流模型及其数值计算

分析了气固两相湍流在垂直管道内的流动．利用热力学守恒气固两相湍流模型,考虑流体流动为高雷诺数的情况,建立了垂直管道内二维气固两相湍流流动模型．使用ＳＩＭＰＬＥＲ算法,利用气相与固壁无滑移、固相与固壁有微小滑移的条件,计算了一种实际流动,得到了满意的结果．计算结果表明,因为固粒的脉动,使气相的湍流场更加趋于平缓．     

不同湍流模型下偏导射流伺服阀 前置级流场特性仿真

利用常用的k-ε湍流模型对偏导射流阀前置级流场进行数值模拟,探讨不同湍流模型对偏导射流伺服阀流场信息的影响.在相同初始条件下,对偏导射流阀前置级流场进行两相流二维数值计算,获得不同湍流模型下,压力、速度场信息及气穴分布特点.针对两接收腔压力仿真值比实测值要小的情况,主要是由于将流场边界层流动视为高雷诺数流动与实际情况不符造成,引入低雷诺数模型对边界层进行处理.在此模型的基础上继续深入研究单向流和两相流模型及不同背压和湍流强度对流场特性的影响.仿真结果表明:接收腔压力提高并与实测值相一致.采用两相流模型获得的结果更为真实,并且提高背压和增大湍流强度都会使两接收腔压力升高,对空化现象有一定的抑制作用.     

基于多种湍流模型的电解加工温度多场耦合仿真

针对型面电解加工过程中的间隙温度分布难以预测和测量的问题,建立型面二维电解加工温度多物理场耦合仿真模型,分别基于SA、k-ε、k-ω、SST和低雷诺数k-ε等湍流模型求解加工间隙流场分布,耦合电场、流场和温度场求解间隙温度场分布,并将计算值与试验值进行对比。结果表明,求解近壁区流速时采用低雷诺数壁处理比采用壁函数处理的精度高,间隙温升能在较短时间内达到准稳态,基于SST、低雷诺数k-ε模型的间隙温度仿真值非常接近,其耦合气泡的温度多场耦合模型仿真值与试验值更为接近。     

静止方柱和圆柱绕流的二维数值分析

运用流体计算软件CFX模拟了静止方柱和圆柱在不同雷诺数条件下（层流区、亚临界区、超临界区）的绕流问题.采用层流和SST湍流模型,基于二维纳维斯-斯托克斯方程（N-S方程）,计算得到了相应的绕流参数：斯托罗哈数St和阻力系数Cd.将绕流参数与现有文献的绕流结果进行比较,验证了该数值模拟方法的正确性.分析了雷诺数Re对绕流参数的影响,获得了方柱和圆柱的St、Cd随Re的变化规律.通过对比方柱和圆柱的绕流参数,发现较大雷诺数时方柱的斯托罗哈数远低于圆柱的斯托罗哈数,但同时其阻力系数却高于圆柱的阻力系数,而在圆柱绕流中明显存在的阻力危机现象在方柱绕流中并不明显.     

基于欧拉双流体模型的风沙运动模拟

针对风沙运动的复杂性,基于N-S方程和标准k-ε湍流模型,利用CFD商业软件Fluent 6.3中的欧拉双流体模型,数值模拟了在不同摩阻风速、不同颗粒粒径下风沙流场随时间的变化情况,给出了风沙流达到稳定状态时所需的时间和给定空间位置上沙粒相体积分数的分布曲线.模拟的主要结果与已有的文献报道相一致,从而说明该模型可以用于风沙颗粒流体体系的动力学特性研究.     

振荡流底层拟序结构运动理论模式

湍流拟序结构是一种可检测的有序运动,在壁面湍流结构中往往表现出复杂的三维结构.针对对称振荡流(纯振荡流),建立了描述对称振荡流湍流拟序结构的理论模式,并对其特性进行了研究.探讨了振荡流拟序结构能够保持的雷诺数范围、拟序扰动波数范围以及所能激发不稳定拟序波的波数频率范围,分析了振荡流激发的二维扰动波与三维扰动波的相互关系以及拟序波的对称性特征、拟序扰动流速、雷诺应力、附加涡量的时空分布等.结果表明,对称性振荡流拟序结构不仅与通常研究的雷诺数等因素有关,而且与振荡频率有很大的关系.     

The trend of sand flux and the meteorology elements changes in the near-surface layer of Tengger desert in the spring of 2006

Dust storm events, especially those associated with strong winds, are immediately dangerous, and have long-term harmful effects. During a dust storm event, dust in the near-surface atmospheric layer decreases visibility, and changes local meteorological parameters. In this paper, we analyzed levels of near-surface turbulence during and outside a dust storm event and found differences in the degree of turbulence, with wind speed increasing and amounts of windblown sand greatly increasing air turbulence during the dust storms compared with the corresponding values on a sunny day. In addition, the wind profile during the dust storm deviated from the normal profile and became more complex. In the near-surface atmospheric layer, sand and dust flux during the dust storm also differed from those on a sunny day.     

Territorial Features of Atmospheric Environment in Beijing and Impact of Dust-storm

1Introduction　TheenvironmentproblemsontheEarthcanbeclassifiedasthreekinds ,whicharecalledasthelocalenvironment,terri torialenvironmentandglobalenvironmentproblems ,respec tively .Nowthekindsofanthropogenicactivityhaveledtotheseriousterritorialenvironmentproblemsallovertheworld .Recently ,theterritorialenvironmentproblemsinChinahavebeengraduallyrecognized .　Nowalthoughtheseparateseriouspollutionshavebeende creasedbyremovingandcontrollingthestrongpollutionsources ,theterritorialpollutionprobl…     

展向和流向间距不同的粗糙元壁湍流ADV实验研究

为了揭示粗糙元对壁湍流的影响,采用声学Doppler流速仪(ADV)对布有展向或流向圆柱形粗糙元的壁湍流进行了实验测量。研究了不同Reynolds数下不同间距粗糙元对壁湍流流向平均速度和湍流度的影响。结果表明:在同一Reynolds数下,粗糙元展向间距为7倍直径时的壁湍流流向平均速度最小,湍流度最大。粗糙元流向布置的壁湍流流向平均速度随粗糙元间距的减小而减小,湍流度随粗糙元间距的减小而增大。相比流向粗糙元,展向粗糙元对湍流流动特性影响更大。研究结果对壁湍流流动控制和强化换热的工程应用具有指导意义。     

不同沙尘天气微气象和沙尘演变规律的对比研究

利用内蒙古浑善达克沙地沙尘暴实验探测资料,给出2004年春季多次沙尘天气过程近地面微气象学要素、湍流通量及沙尘浓度的极值对比,重点分析了3月27-28日强沙尘暴过境时近地面微气象学要素和辐射分量的变化特征。结果表明： 沙尘天气过程中,白天近地层温差均有不同程度的降低,夜间逆温强度减弱;净辐射与感热通量较晴空值均有不同程度的削弱。沙尘天气过境时,动量通量显著增加,动力湍流与热力湍流配合,有利于加强沙尘源区的局地起沙和沙尘的垂直输送过程。3月27-28日强沙尘暴过境时,伴随地面水平风向的转变,沙尘浓度迅速增加,风速及其垂直梯度增大;在沙尘暴增强阶段,近地层降温达7℃,比湿出现极大值,净辐射和感热通量降为负值。当沙尘浓度达到最大值后,净辐射上升至零,反映了夜间沙尘气溶胶对低层大气和地表的保温作用。     

Characteristics of near-surface turbulence during a dust storm passing Minqin on March 19, 2010

Twelve-hour real-time and synchronous measurements of the three-dimensional components of the near-surface turbulence at four heights (8, 16, 32 and 47 m) during a dust storm are obtained by sonic anemometers for the first time. The experimental results show that (1) the mean vertical velocities at all four heights have considerably positive values during the dust storm, illustrating a strong upward flow near the surface; (2) during the dust storm, the mean vertical velocity is higher at 8 m than at 16 and 32 m, implying that the convection is stronger at 8 m than at the other two heights; and (3) when the longitudinal velocity is a maximum, the mean of the vertical components of wind velocities at 8 m is a minimum and the standard deviation is a maximum, which reveals weaker vertical convection during the period of greatest dust storm intensity, while the turbulence intensity contrarily increases, which may result in more entrainment of surface dust. The analysis results also show that the standard deviations of the longitudinal and vertical velocities increase as the mean inflow velocity increases, but the standard deviation of the lateral velocity is hardly affected by the mean inflow velocity. Based on the calculated skewness and kurtosis of the longitudinal, vertical and lateral velocities every 20 min at different heights, it is seen that all three components obviously fluctuate with height, which further indicates the importance of performing real-time and synchronous measurements at different heights near the surface during a dust storm so as to reveal the three-dimensional turbulence structure accurately.     

沙尘暴次数和持续时间呈指数关系N=A·10-bt

通过分析中国国家气象局整理的中国沙尘暴资料,发现持续时间大于t的沙尘暴次数N满足：N=A·10^-bt,其中A、b是正的常数。这个规律具有普适性。另外,还发现b值与沙尘暴阈值风速有关,沙尘暴阈值风速较小的地区,如沙漠、沙地以及干旱的黄土高原,b值较小;沙尘暴阈值风速较大的地区,如戈壁、高山等,则b的值较大。     

Study and case simulation of a regional dust model coupled with a nonhydrostatic dynamics model

A new regional dust model suitable for simulation and forecasting of dust storms over northern China was described. The dust model was developed by coupling the mesoscale dynamics model MM5 (the Fifth-Generation NCAR/Penn State Mesoscale Model) with a set of mass conservation equations for the particles. The model includes all the atmospheric physical processes of dust storms including occurrence, lifting, transport, and dry and wet deposition. It considers the parameterization of dry and wet deposition, the dust size distribution and microphysical processes in detail. The dust flux from the surface is parameterized based on the friction velocity, which is provided by the mesoscale nonhydrostatic dynamics model, which takes account of the vegetation coverage, land use, soil category, and soil moisture. This new dust model is used to simulate the dust storm that occurred on 19--21 March, 2002 in North China. The results show that there is high dust concentration and its movement is consistent with the surface weather record and satellite monitoring images of the observed dust storm. The simulated dust concentration coincides with the observation data of the particulate concentration of PM10 (dust particles smallerthan 10 μm in diameter). The new numerical model also successfully simulates the formation and migration of the dust storm of 6-8 April, 2002 in North China.     

Contributions of different land cover types in Otindag Sandy Land and Bashang area of Hebei Province to the material source of sand stormy weather in Beijing

Different land cover types in Otindag Sandy Land and Bashang area of Hebei Province are linked to a material source of sand stormy weather in Beijing based on results of field vegetation and soil survey and laboratory works. Results of grain size analysis show that dust release potential in per unit area of moving sandy land is small,while lowland meadow and meadow steppe in stony hills have high potential of releasing dusts in per unit area during sand stormy weather occurrence. Further considering the effects of vegetation, it is inferred that the moving sandy land served as a material source of past dust storm and the possibility of dust release in per unit area is low in current time.Typical steppe in stony hills is undergoing desertification and its dust release possibility in per unit area is high. Farmland has strong potential of release dusts when they are ploughed in spring, but a large amount of therophytes grow and thus prevent dusts from release when cultivation was terminated.Potentials of dust release in per unit area in fixed sand dunes,stony mountain meadow steppe and low land meadow are lowdue to high cover of perennials. Sand dune reactivation and desiccation of lakes and lowlands under estimated future climatic change will make them serve as a future material source of sand stormy weather.     

春季沙尘天气与气压的关系

利用西北地区10个站近30年（1971—2000年）春季月平均气压与沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘月发生次数计算分析了沙尘暴多发年、正常年、少发年春季地面气压场（距平均）特征差异,研究了中国西北地区春季扬沙、浮尘月发生次数与春季地面气压场的相关性。