细胞膜锚定蛋白LY6E对T细胞活化及HIV-1感染的相关研究

淋巴细胞抗原6复合体E(LY6E)是细胞膜表面的糖基磷脂酰肌醇(glycosylphophatidylionositol,GPI)锚定蛋白,对T细胞功能的影响以及在HIV-1感染中起到的作用并不明确.本实验构建了LY6E过表达的Jurkat稳定细胞系Jurkat-LY6E,并用anti-CD3和anti-CD28抗体刺激该细胞系活化后检测相应细胞因子表达,实验结果表明,LY6E过表达的Jurkat细胞系产生白介素-2(interleukin-2,IL-2)的水平要明显高于对照细胞系Jurkat-p WPI;而利用HIV-1假病毒感染Jurkat细胞,结果表明LY6E并未对HIV-1复制产生明显影响.综上所述,LY6E分子可以促进T细胞活化,但并不能影响HIV-1假病毒在T细胞中的感染复制过程.     

环亲和素A的重组表达及其促进肝癌细胞侵袭转移的体外研究

为研究环亲和素A（CyclophilinA,CyPA）与肝癌转移的关系,用原核重组表达并纯化了CyPA。在不同浓度的CyPA刺激下,利用凝胶酶谱检测人肝癌细胞FHCC-98分泌基质金属蛋白酶（matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs）的能力。选择合适的刺激浓度,用BordenChamber检测肝癌细胞的侵袭能力。同时用抗CD147的抗体阻断CypA与其受体CD147的结合,检测阻断后FHCC-98在CyPA刺激下分泌MMPs及转移的能力。结果表明重组表达的CyPA能促进FHCC-98分泌激活或非激活形式的MMP-2并能促进FHCC-98的转移,而抗CD147的抗体能阻断其作用。实验结果表明：环亲和素A能与肝癌细胞表面的受体分子CD147结合,促进肝癌细胞的转移,提示其在“炎-癌”链中起到一定的作用。     

瘦素基因佐剂对小鼠抗原提呈细胞表型的影响

目的:研究瘦素(Leptin)基因佐剂在体内对抗原提呈细胞的影响。方法:根据小鼠瘦素基因设计引物,采用RT-PCR方法获得瘦素cDNA,与pVAX1连接构建瘦素真核表达载体作为基因佐剂,制备无内毒素重组质粒,转染B16细胞鉴定瘦素的表达,并采用肌注方式分析瘦素基因佐剂在体内对小鼠抗原提呈细胞表型的影响。结果:克隆得到的瘦素编码区全长序列,经DNA测序后证明与已报道序列相同,成功构建小鼠瘦素的真核表达载体,可在B16细胞表达;瘦素基因佐剂在体内对CD3-CD19-CD11c+细胞的MHC II和CD83的表达无明显影响,但能显著上调CD3-CD19-CD11c-免疫细胞表面MHC II类分子的表达。结论:成功构建小鼠瘦素基因佐剂,体内试验可促进免疫细胞上调MHC II类分子,提示瘦素基因佐剂有可能通过增强免疫细胞尤其是抗原提呈细胞的活化而促进免疫应答。     

谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶模拟物6-ySeCD对过氧化氢诱导小鼠成纤维细胞损伤的保护作用

考察不同剂量的H₂O₂作用于小鼠成纤维细胞（NIH3T3）后, 细胞脂质过氧化、 存活率、 DNA片段化的变化情况, 并研究谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPX）的模拟物6A,6B-环己胺-6A′,6B′-硒桥联-β-CD（6-CySeCD）抗H₂O₂诱导小鼠成纤维细胞损伤的能力. 结果表明: H₂O₂对NIH3T3细胞有严重损伤; 6-CySeCD能有效保护细胞, 防止紫外线引起的损伤.     

脑特异性高表达蛋白TMEM59L诱导细胞凋亡的机制

TMEM59L为近年来新发现的脑特异性高表达蛋白,具有促凋亡效果,但其具体的凋亡机制还不清楚.构建了TMEM59L重组质粒,并在HEK293T细胞中过表达TMEM59L,用Annexin V-FITC/PI双染法确定了TMEM59L可以诱导细胞凋亡,之后用免疫印迹方法检测细胞内凋亡相关分子激活情况.结果显示,外源TMEM59L可以降低Bcl-2的蛋白表达水平,诱导细胞色素c从线粒体释放进入细胞质,并且激活caspase-9、caspase-7和caspase-3,但不激活caspase-8;活化的caspase-7和caspase-3进一步酶解死亡底物PARP,导致细胞凋亡;此外,用广谱caspase抑制剂Z-Val-Ala-Asp-FMK(Z-VAD-FMK)抑制caspase-7和caspase-3活性后,死亡底物PARP的酶解也基本被抑制.由此可见,TMEM59L是通过caspase依赖的线粒体途径诱导HEK293T细胞凋亡.     

T细胞对不同配体的鉴别模型

T淋巴细胞对抗原多肽的免疫应答是免疫系统的重要事件,T细胞对于分辨不同的MHC－pep复合物有着不同寻常的能力,抗原多肽上信号氨基酸部分的细小判别,将有效的引起截然不同的T细胞响应,有些可以激活T细胞,而另外一些却抑制了细胞的活化,此模型深入考虑了PTK的活性及TCP与其配体的亲和力,将早期信号事件与决定了T细胞活化的持续信号联系了起来,为T细胞对不同配体的免疫应答提供了一个合理的理论解释。     

T细胞共刺激信号系统研究进展

T细胞是获得性免疫应答的主要识别和效应细胞．T细胞的活化需要两种信号同时存在（即双信号模型，two-signal model）：一是由T细胞受体（TCR）与MHC-抗原肽复合物介导的第一信号，该信号决定了T细胞抗原应答的特异性；二是由表达于T细胞表面的膜蛋白分子及其配体介导的共刺激信号，该信号对于T细胞识别抗原后的完全活化是必须的．共刺激分子的发现为调控T细胞活化及其介导的免疫反应提供了新策略．     

T细胞共刺激信号系统研究进展

T细胞是获得性免疫应答的主要识别和效应细胞．T细胞的活化需要两种信号同时存在（即双信号模型，two-signal model）：一是由T细胞受体（TCR）与MHC-抗原肽复合物介导的第一信号，该信号决定了T细胞抗原应答的特异性；二是由表达于T细胞表面的膜蛋白分子及其配体介导的共刺激信号，该信号对于T细胞识别抗原后的完全活化是必须的．共刺激分子的发现为调控T细胞活化及其介导的免疫反应提供了新策略．     

抗伊氏锥虫单克隆抗体的研究——一、分泌抗伊氏锥虫单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株的建立

为了对伊氏锥虫病的免疫诊断提供有价值的单克隆抗体,笔者通过了3次SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞与伊氏锥虫抗原免疫的BALB/c小鼠脾细胞间的融合试验和多次筛选以及克隆化,建立起7株分泌单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株。对其中ⅡG_6杂交瘤作了进一步的检定分析,用ⅡG_6上清液对T.e.抗原进行ELISA试验,显示出高度的特异性,与血吸虫、弓形虫抗原均未出现交叉反应。ELISA测试ⅡG_6细胞株培养上清效价为1:5.1×10~3,而杂交瘤细胞接种BALB/c小鼠诱生腹水抗体的效价为1:1.6×10~7。该株单克隆抗体免疫球蛋白的类型鉴定属IgG_1亚类。该株细胞已在体外培养下,稳定地分泌特异性抗体至少达6个月之久,同时在液氮冻存近8个月之后仍能保持分泌抗体的能力。     

鞣花酸对马兜铃酸I所致肾小管上皮细胞毒性的保护作用

探究了鞣花酸（ellagic acid,EA）对马兜铃酸I(aristolochic acids I,AAI)诱导的HK-2人肾小管上皮细胞毒性的保护作用和潜在机制.用噻唑蓝（MTT）比色法,乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性检测法评价了细胞活力;用Hoechst 33258荧光染色法和流式细胞分析法（FITC-Annexin V/PI双染）检测了细胞凋亡;用免疫印迹和实时荧光定量PCR检测了细胞内NF-κB和NLRP3通路相关因子的表达水平.结果显示：EA显著改善了AAI所致的HK-2细胞活力下降与凋亡增加的现象.进一步研究表明,AAI通过激活NF-κB上调HK-2细胞内NLRP3炎症小体组分编码基因的转录. EA则能明显阻断AAI对NF-κB/NLRP3通路的激活作用.综上所述,EA能明显缓解AAI诱导的HK-2细胞的毒性,其作用机制可能与阻断AAI对细胞内NF-κB/NLRP3级联的激活作用紧密相关.     

T3-Ti receptor triggering of T8+ suppressor T cells leads to unresponsiveness to interleukin-2

T3-associated disulphide linked heterodimers (Tin) comprised of clonally unique alpha-chains of molecular weight (MW) 49,000-54,000 and beta chains of MW 43,000 have been identified as the antigen receptors on human cytotoxic effector and inducer T-lymphocytes. Crosslinking of Ti molecules by either the appropriate nominal antigen/MHC specificity or anti-clonotypic monoclonal antibody results in clonal expansion of such cells via induction of IL-2 receptor expression, endogenous IL-2 release and IL-2-IL-2 receptor interaction. To determine whether analogous antigen receptor molecules and autocrine growth mechanisms are utilized by suppressor T-cells, we produced an anti-clonotypic monoclonal antibody against a non-cytotoxic T8+ suppressor T-cell, T8AC6, which defines a T3-associated disulphide-linked heterodimer of similar molecular weight to the above clonotypes. We find that Te-Ti triggering of suppressor clones (T8AC6, T8AC7 or T8RW) does not result in IL-2 production or T-cell proliferation and in contrast to inducer clones, also leads to a transient IL-2 unresponsive state. We suggest that such T3-Ti receptor mediated autoregulation of suppressor T-cell growth is necessary in the facilitation of initial inducer T-cell activation following antigenic perturbation.     

A novel population of T-cell receptor alpha beta-bearing thymocytes which predominantly expresses a single V beta gene family

Recent studies have demonstrated that CD3 is expressed on a subset of thymocytes with a CD4-CD8- (double negative) phenotype. At least some of these cells bear the CD3-associated gamma delta T-cell receptor (TCR gamma delta). Here we describe a second subset of double negative thymocytes which expresses CD3-associated alpha beta receptors (TCR alpha beta). Surprisingly, these cells express predominantly the products of a single V beta gene family (V beta 8). These CD4-CD8-, TCR alpha beta+ cells appear relatively late in ontogeny (between birth and day 5 of life) and thus are unlikely to be the precursors to the TCR alpha beta-bearing cells (CD4+CD8- and CD4-CD8+) already present at birth. They can be selectively expanded in vitro by stimulation with a monoclonal antibody to V beta 8 (F23.1) in the presence of interleukin I (IL-1). We propose that this cell type is a unique T-cell population distinguishable from typical TCR alpha beta+ T cells by its CD4-CD8- phenotype and a restricted TCR V beta repertoire. Analysis of the unique phenotype of these cells suggests that they may represent the normal counterpart of the defective CD4-CD8- T cells found in the lpr autoimmune mouse.     

Deletion of self-reactive T cells before entry into the thymus medulla

The thymus is important in the differentiation of bone marrow-derived precursor cells into functional T cells; humoral factors, as well as physical interactions with nurse cells, dendritic cells and epithelial cells, are thought to be instrumental in this process. Thymic lymphocytes mature during their migration from the cortical to the medullary region of the thymus, when they undergo phenotypic changes that include the acquisitions of T-cell antigen receptors, hormone receptors and differentiation antigens. Cortical T cells are thus mostly CD4+CD8+, whereas medullary T cells are either CD4+CD8- or CD4-CD8+. During this period T cells are subjected to two types of repertoire selection: all T cells recognizing self-MHC with low affinity may be preferentially amplified (positive selection), and in a second step T cells with high-affinity receptors for self-MHC determinants plus self antigens are eliminated (negative selection). We have described two monoclonal antibodies specific for the V beta 6 gene segment of the alpha/beta heterodimeric T-cell antigen receptor and have shown that most CD4+/V beta 6+ T cell recognize the Mlsa antigenic determinant but not Mlsb; similar results have been reported for V beta 8.1 and Mlsa. In both situations, tolerance to Mlsa correlated in an MHC-dependent fashion with absence of V beta 6 or V beta 8.1 T-cell antigen receptor expressing T cells in the periphery. We show here by immunostaining of thymus cryosections and cytofluorometric analysis that V beta 6-expressing cortical T cells are present at high density in both Mlsa and Mlsb mice, but do not enter the medullary region of Mlsa animals.     

Monoclonal antibody and ligand binding sites of the T cell erythrocyte receptor (CD2)

The human T cell erythrocyte receptor (CD2 antigen) allows thymocytes and mature T cells to adhere to thymic epithelium and target cells through a cell surface protein, LFA-3 (refs 1-6). Monoclonal antibodies recognizing CD2 can either block adhesion or, in certain combinations, induce an antigen-independent T cell activation. We have identified the binding sites for 16 monoclonal antibodies against CD2 by a rapid and generally applicable mutational analysis. The binding sites fall in three discrete regions: antibodies that participate in activation and block erythrocyte adhesion bind to the first region; antibodies that block adhesion bind to the second region; and antibodies that participate in activation but do not block adhesion bind to the third region. A large number of mutations selected for loss of antibody reactivity in the first two regions also weaken the CD2-LFA-3 interaction. Good agreement was observed between mutational lesions blocking LFA-3 binding and lesions blocking binding by activating antibodies, which supports the view that such antibodies induce T cell activation by mimicking the effect of LFA-3 binding. CD2 sequences that participate in LFA-3 binding correspond to immunoglobulin variable region hypervariable sequences when the homologous domains are aligned.     

Interleukin-4 mediates CD8 induction on human CD4+ T-cell clones

CD4 and CD8 antigens are simultaneously expressed on most of the cortical thymocytes, that weakly express the T-cell antigen receptor(TCR)/CD3 complex. Mature peripheral T cells, however, strongly express the TCR complex and are positive for either CD4 or CD8. Nevertheless, a small percentage of peripheral CD3+ T cells express CD4 and CD8 simultaneously. These mature, double positive cells could be intermediates between CD4+CD8+ thymocytes and mature, single positive T cells, or they may originate from single positive T cells that acquire either CD4 or CD8. Here we report that activation and culturing of cloned CD4+ T cells in interleukin-4 (IL-4), results in the acquisition of CD8 due to its de novo synthesis. The IL-4-induced co-expression of CD8 on CD4+ T cells is reversible, in that CD8 disappeared from double positive T-cell clones isolated in IL-4, when they were cultured in IL-2. CD8 induced by IL-4 can be functional as a monoclonal antibody to CD8 inhibited anti-CD3-mediated cytotoxicity by a double positive T-cell clone.     

Development of CD4-CD8+ cytotoxic T cells requires interactions with class I MHC determinants

Differentiation of bone marrow derived precursors into mature T cells takes place in the thymus. During differentiation, T cells develop the receptor repertoire which allows them to recognize antigen in the context of self major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Mature T helper cells (mostly CD4+ CD8-) recognize antigen in the context of class II MHC molecules, whereas cytotoxic T cells (mostly CD4-CD8+) recognize antigen in the context of class I MHC determinants. Thymic MHC-encoded determinants greatly influence the selection of the T-cell receptor repertoire. In addition to positive selection, a negative selection to eliminate self-reactive T-cell clones is thought to occur in the thymus, but how this 'education' occurs is not well understood. It has been suggested that during differentiation an interaction between the T-cell receptor (TCR) and MHC-encoded determinants occurs, leading to the selection of an MHC-restricted receptor repertoire. In support of this hypothesis, class-II-specific, CD4+ CD8- helper T cells fail to develop in mice neonatally treated with anti-class II monoclonal antibody (mAb). As CD4-CD8+ cells differ from the CD4+ CD8- lineage (in function, MHC-restriction specificity and perhaps site of education) we examined whether interactions with MHC determinants are also necessary for the development of class-I-specific T cells. Here we show that mice chronically treated with anti-class I mAb from birth lack CD4-CD8+ cells and cytotoxic T-cell precursors, indicating that most CD4-CD8+ T cells need interaction with class I MHC molecules during differentiation.     

Two tyrosines in CD3ε-ITAM are required to induce T lymphocyte apoptosis

CD3ε of T cell antigen receptor complex (TCR/CD3) plays an important role in the resembling of the complex and activation signaling through its conservative immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) in the cytoplasmic tail. Previous study showed that a chimera molecule, consisting of the extracellular-transmembrane domain of human CD8α fused to the cytoplasmic domain of CD3ε, induced apoptosis of T lymphocytes, indicating that apoptotic signals were transduced through the CD3ε- ITAM. To elineate involvement of the two tyrosines in apoptotic signaling pathway, cDNAs with mutations at Y170F, Y181F and Y170F/Y181F in CD8-ε-ITAM were made by point mutation and PCR, and then cloned into pcDNA3 eukaryotic expression vectors. Stable expression cell lines were established after transfection of the expression vectors into CD8+- Jurkat T lymphocytes. Stimulation of these cell lines with anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody showed that only the cells with expression of wild type chimera CD8-ε died by apoptosis, but not those cells with expressions of mutated CD8-ε chimera, indicating that the two tyrosines in CD3ε-ITAM were required for the apoptotic signal transduction in T lymphocytes.     

T-lymphocyte T4 molecule behaves as the receptor for human retrovirus LAV

Many viruses, including retroviruses, are characterized by their specific cell tropism. Lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) is a human lymphotropic retrovirus isolated from patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) or related syndromes, that displays selective tropism for a subset of T lymphocytes defined by the expression of a surface glycoprotein of relative molecular mass 62,000 (62K) termed T4 (refs 6-8). This glycoprotein delineates a subset of T lymphocytes with mainly helper/inducer functions, while T lymphocytes of the reciprocal subset express a glycoprotein termed T8, have mainly cytotoxic/suppressor activities, and are unable to replicate LAV. Such a tropism may be controlled at the genomic level by regulatory sequences, as described for the human T-cell leukaemia viruses HTLV-I and -II (refs 2, 3). Alternatively or concomitantly, productive cell infection may be controlled at the membrane level, requiring the interaction of a specific cellular receptor with the virus envelope, as demonstrated recently for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Therefore, we have investigated whether the T4 molecule itself is related to the receptor for LAV. We report here that preincubation of T4+ lymphocytes with three individual monoclonal antibodies directed at the T4 glycoprotein blocked cell infection by LAV. This blocking effect was specific, as other monoclonal antibodies--such as antibody to histocompatibility locus antigen (HLA) class II or anti-T-cell natural killer (TNK) target--directed at other surface structures strongly expressed on activated cultured T4+ cells, did not prevent LAV infection. Direct virus neutralization by monoclonal antibodies was also ruled out. These results strongly support the view that a surface molecule directly involved in cellular functions acts as, or is related to, the receptor for a human retrovirus.     

Positive selection of CD4-CD8+ T cells in the thymus of normal mice

The diversification of the repertoire of T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) specificities is influenced by at least two selection processes which occur in the thymus. One of these, termed 'negative selection', is required to install a state of tolerance to self-antigens in the T-cell repertoire and is often achieved by clonal deletion. The second type of selection operating in the thymus results in preferential differentiation of T cells that have restriction specificity for thymic major histocompatibility complex glycoproteins, but the mechanisms leading to this selective process are not yet clear. One model used to describe this 'positive selection' proposes that only those T cells with sufficient avidity for the MHC glycoproteins expressed in the thymus are allowed to acquire functional competence. Here we directly investigate the generation of TCR specificities by following the fate of developing V beta 17+ CD4-CD8+ T cells under conditions where one of the main class I-MHC molecules, either H-2K or H-2D, was specifically blocked by in vitro monoclonal antibody treatment. The results show that development of V beta 17+ CD4-CD8+ T cells in the SJL H-2s mouse strain is selectively abrogated by blocking class I-Ks molecules but is unaffected by blocking class I-Ds molecules. These data directly demonstrate that generation of CD4-CD8+ T cells expressing a particular TCR V beta segment can be correlated with the expression of a particular class I-MHC molecule, thereby providing evidence for positive selection.