Commercial production of transgenic Bt insect-resistant cotton varieties and the resistance management for bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner)

There are currently three kinds of transgenic Bt insect-resistant cotton germplasm lines, Shanxi 94-24, Zhongxin 94 and R19, in China. They showed high resistance to the neonate larvae of bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera). Transgenic Bt insect-resistant cotton varieties or hybrids have been bred using the three kinds of germplasm lines as parents. Our researches reveal that there exist different expressions in resistant level at different developmental stages in the three categories of germplasm lines. When neonate larvae are fed with leaves of cotton plant at the seeding stage with less than 10 leaves on the main stem, the mortality of the neonate larvae is 100%, but the resistance level will decline at later season. When Bt gene has been transferred to the cotton genome, it can be steadily transferred to the progeny, the level of resistance to bollworm keeps fundamentally uniform. Such insects as tobacco budworm (Heliothis virencens) in laboratory directive selection are very apt to produce resistance to the Bt insecticidal crystal protein. From the present crop system of cotton region in the Yangtze and Yellow River Valleys, and the expression characteristic of transgenic Bt resistant cotton, we suggest that the resistance to toxin protein in bollworm is not apt to be produced if the transgenic Bt insect-resistant cotton varieties are released and grown in the regions except in the Xinjiang cotton region. The managing strategies to delay or retard the resistance are discussed.     

河北省水稻育种目标及发展策略

通过对河北省水稻育种历史的回顾和面临形势的分析,结合育种实践,明确了育种目标,提出了资源引进创新、采用聚合杂交、利用逆境进行定向选择,培育抗条纹叶枯病品种,同时注重粳型杂交稻选育,加强育种科技储备的育种策略。     

Can other host species of cotton bollworm be non-Bt refuges to prolong the effectiveness of Bt-cotton?

The potential ecological risks ofBacillus thurigiensis (Bt) insecticides and Bt-crops have caused increasing concern since their commercial release in the field, among which pests’ resistance to Bt-crops is the major ecological risk. Refuge tactic, which can produce sensitive populations, has proved to be a key and sound resistance management strategy in USA and Australia; however, no tactics have been performed in China where Bt-cotton is mostly planted with other host crops of cotton bollworm. Genetic variation and gene flow among different host populations of the cotton bollwormHelicoverpa armigera were analyzed using PCR fingerprinting method. The results show that maize and castor-oil plant, as well as cotton can take effect as refuges to prevent resistance of cotton bollworm to Bt-cotton, while peanut and sesame are not as suitable for planting with Bt-cotton as refuges in the field as low gene flow was detected among populations on peanut, sesame and Bt cotton.     

转溶菌酶基因籼稻在湖南地区的抗稻瘟病研究

以转溶菌酶基因粳稻中花9号[ZH9(R)]与几个湖南地区目前生产上有广泛应用价值但感病的籼型杂交稻亲本9311、MH63、288、E32和PA64s进行一次杂交和多次回交转育,从各转育世代中选育出优良的抗病株系,进而配制新的杂交稻组合,以期获得优良杂交稻亲本新品系。试验结果表明,各转育后代发病情况均明显轻于对应籼稻亲本;在这5个品种中,MH63要优于其它几个亲本,其转育后代抗性和农艺性状也相对优良,且已基本趋于稳定;田间筛选到的353份优良单株的DNA样中检测到269个阳性样,阳性检出率达76.20%,对应田间的抗性表现,吻合率达94.05%。     

上海市11种常规粳稻抗稻瘟病基因分子标记检测

利用分子标记检测技术,对9种参加2020年上海市水稻区域试验的品种和2种本课题组新培育的新品系的共10个抗稻瘟病基因位点进行了检测.结果显示,Pi37,Pi41,Pi-d23个基因在11种水稻中出现的频率达100％,Pi2,Pi5,Pi9,Pi36,Pikm和Pib抗性基因在11种水稻中出现的频率分别为18.18％,9...     

The recent disciplinal progresses of agricultural entomology in China

In this paper, four recent advances and achievements of China in agricultural insect research, namely, on the genome of silkworm （Bombyx mori Linnaeus）, on the geographical differentiation and regional migration of cotton bollworm （Helicoverpa armigera （Hübner））, on the standardized monitoring techniques for safety of honey bee （Apis mellifera Linnaeus） products, and on the virus transmission property of small brown planthopper （Laodelphax striatellus （Fallén）） as well as the interactions between vector and rice stripe virus （RSV）, were reported. All of these researches are very important for controlling agricultural insect pests and the diseases they transmit, accelerating the molecular biological research of silkworm, and promoting the international trade of honey bee products. Most of these achievements mentioned above have got the national, provincial, ministerial or municipal awards on science and technology.     

利用分子标记辅助选育优质香软水稻新品系“上师大22号”及试种

为培育适合上海市及其周边地区种植的优质香软水稻，以优质水稻“银香38”为母本，以抗稻瘟病水稻品系“13-2”为父本，进行杂交获得了F1种子；再以抗倒性较强的“武运29185”香稻为母本，与F1植株进行复交，然后多代自交，期间利用香味基因和抗稻瘟病基因分子标记辅助筛选，成功培育出优质香软水稻“上师大22号”.试种结果显示：“上师大22号”水稻全生育期比目前上海市主栽常规水稻“秀水134”短12 d，接近“银香38”水稻；“上师大22号”亩产量分别比“秀水134”和“银香38”增加2.84%和3.96%；“上师大22号”稻瘟病抗性及抗倒性都比“银香38”明显提高.“上师大22号”水稻新品系的成功培育，为上海市进一步推广优质稻品种奠定了基础.     

河北省地方水(陆)稻品种抗性的研究

鉴定了近３００ 份河北省地方水（陆）稻品种抗“三逆两病两虫”的情况。结果表明,河北省水（陆）稻品种的耐寒性和耐旱性种质频率高、强度大,耐性种质占８５．６０％ 和４８．６２％ ,高耐种质占２０．１６％ 和１５．５２％ ;抗稻瘟病和白叶枯病种质频率较高,为４５．８６％ 和５０．３４％ ,但高抗种质仅为０．３４％ 和１．０３％ ;耐盐性、抗褐稻虱和白背飞虱种质频率较低,为６．４６％ 、４．５１％ 和３．３４％ ,且抗性强度低。耐寒性种质频率水稻高于陆稻,随纬度增加、经度西移及温热条件降低而增加;耐旱性种质频率陆稻高于水稻,河北省东北地区高,西北及冀中库淀地区低;抗稻瘟病种质频率和强度陆稻均高于水稻,冀东集中种植亚区（唐山、秦皇岛两市）抗性种质丰富,强度高;抗白叶枯病种质频率和强度陆稻均高于水稻,随纬度的增加、生产期的缩短、海拔高度的增高及温热条件的降低,抗性频率和强度呈递减趋势。     

新疆昌吉市棉花害虫种类及防治现状调查

对昌吉市棉花害虫种类进行了调查.结果表明:棉花害虫(螨)有17种,其中害螨4种,为害严重的害虫(螨)有棉铃虫、棉蚜、棉叶螨等.文章阐述了昌吉市棉花主要害虫的危害及防治现状,提出了今后对棉花害虫(螨)综合治理的意见和建议.     

Obtaining transgenic rice resistant to rice fungal blast disease by controlled cell death strategy

The strategy of the two-component system,composed of Barnase and Barstar which encode RNase and a specific inhibitor to the RNase respectively, is adopted to obtain transgenic rice resistant to rice fungal blast disease. In this study, two chimeric promoters, induced by rice blast fungus pathogen (Magnaporthe grisea), are fused with Barnase respectively to construct two plant expression vectors, pWBNBS and pPBNBS together with the Barstar driven by CaMV 35S promoter. The resistance of the transgenic rice lines to rice blast fungus disease and rice blight disease are evaluated. The results show that (1) the expression of Barnase is induced in rice leaves when inoculated with the spores of Magnaporthe grisea; (2) the induced expression level of Barnase surpasses the level of Barstar, which elicits a similar hypersensitive response (HR) in the leaves, and the transgenic plant shows high resistance to the rice fungal blast disease; and (3) transgenic rice plants also show obvious resistance to rice bacterial blight disease. Taken together, these results suggest that the transgenic rice plants harboring this two-component system acquire relatively broad spectrum resistance against pathogens, especially high resistance to rice fungal pathogen.     

新疆伊犁地区棉铃虫发生与环境因子的关系及其防治技术的研究

1997－1999年连续3年新疆伊犁地区棉铃虫大发生，对上述棉铃虫大发生年份的环境因子进行了相关分析，并对棉铃虫的防治进行了初步试验研究，结果表明，环境因素对棉铃虫的发生有直接的影响作用。     

菏泽地区第五代棉铃虫研究初报

黄河故道生态区,一般年份棉铃虫发生4个世代,若气温偏高,有第五代或不完整的第五代发生。经调查,摸清了第五代棉铃虫发生规律与为害的特点,为测报和防治提供了科学依据。     

四川省2001-2010年审定的杂交水稻中籼迟熟品种的农艺性状分析

该文对2001-2010年四川省审定的杂交水稻中籼迟熟品种的农艺性状进行多元分析.结果表明:结实率是极为活跃和重要的因素;其次是稻瘟病病级;之后是全生育期、株高、穗数、粒数和粒质量.因此,四川省杂交水稻中籼迟熟品种的高产育种方向应是在保持现有全生育期的状态下,适当降低株高,在主攻结实率的同时,协调好穗数和粒质量,强化抗性选择.     

2018年农业科学热点回眸

 盘点了2018年农业科学研发取得的一些重要成果。小麦、水稻、玉米及大豆、荞麦、马铃薯等主要粮食作物在基因组测序、分子育种、遗传机理解析、氮高效利用、起源演化、基因编辑等方面获得快速发展,发布了世界首个六倍体小麦基因组图谱,完成了3000份水稻基因组计划和中黄13的基因组测序,克隆了一系列产量、品质及抗病虫害基因,解析了一些重要的生长发育调控机制。油菜、棉花、茶叶、烟草等主要经济作物在基因组学、风味调控机理、光合效率等方面有所突破,中国油菜基础研究与应用已达到国际领先水平。此外,水稻、小麦、番茄、苹果等作物的病虫害防治,畜禽的繁殖、品种改良和疾病防治,蜜蜂的基因组和转录组解析,蚕病害防治和驯化历史,化肥和水稻品种对气候变化的影响、气候变化对作物产量的影响,茎叶类蔬菜和食用豆收获设备、油菜播种机等农机农艺领域均有突破性进展。     

20世纪四川作物育种科技的发展与思考

四川作物育种科技从20世纪30年代开始,经历了初期、中期和发展时期,特别是80-90年代发展时期的进步大,成绩显著。育成了通过省级以上审定的粮、棉、油新品种(组合)300个以上,创造和发明了杂交水稻的冈型、D型、K型不育系;水稻的无融合生殖“SAR”系;杂交玉米的山区育种模式及“三高”自交系和T型、C型、类型及G型雄不育系;小麦系统应用冬春麦杂交模式及T型雄不育“三系”配套;棉花的“洞A”雄不育系及“两用系法”制种;棉花高抗枯萎病源;油菜雄性不育“三系”配套等。选育了一批高产、优质、抗性好的作物新品种(组合),实现了全省粮、棉、油品种(组合)的四次更新换代,储备了一批超高产的、优质的、高抗病(虫)的后备材料,为21世纪的超高产育种奠定了好的基础。本文总结了20世纪四川作物育种科技的基本经验,提出了发展建议。     

水稻抗条纹叶枯病分子标记在不同品种中的扩增比较

以感水稻条纹叶枯病品种＂日本晴＂、高抗品种＂kasalath＂以及14个目前在我国长三角地区水稻生产中被认为在抵抗条纹叶枯病方面具有较好效果的水稻品种为材料,分析比较了14对分子标记引物扩增16个水稻品种基因组获得的DNA产物.结果显示：在14对分子标记引物中,有8对在扩增感病品种＂日本晴＂和高抗品种＂Kasalath＂水稻基因组时可获得多态性条带.因此推断这8个标记可在以这两个品种为亲本的抗条纹叶枯病选育中使用;并且,本研究结果还将为利用本试验收集的14个水稻品种为亲本的分子标记辅助育种提供重要的背景信息.     

分子标记辅助选育含有抗稻瘟病基因和软米基因两系不育系水稻新品系

以"浦软粳S"为转育亲本,利用分子标记辅助常规育种技术成功培育出含有Pi9,Pita,Pib和Pigm稻瘟病抗性基因及软米基因(Wx~(mq)),同时表现柱头外露率高的两系不育系水稻新品系"2179S"."2179S"不育系茎秆粗壮,矮杆大穗,株高为63.8 cm,柱头外露率平均为60%.研究结果为今后培育具有稻瘟病抗性的优质两系杂交水稻新组合提供不育系亲本.     

新疆北部棉铃虫发生趋势及影响因子分析

针对９０年代以来新疆北部棉区棉铃虫发生有回升的趋势,通过查阅大量区内外文献资料,在对北疆有代表性的棉区,石河子、莫索湾、下野地、玛纳斯、呼图壁、奎屯、车排子等实地调查的基础上,比较了北疆与内地省份近年来的棉铃虫发生情况,并参考８０年代前后棉铃虫的数量动态,较系统地阐述了影响棉铃虫质量、数量动态的生物学、生态学以及人为因子,并提出防治对策。     

Analysis of rice blast resistance genes by QTL mapping

Resistance to rice blast pathogen mostly shows a quantitative trait controlled by several minor genes. Its complexity and the mutable characteristic of rice blast isolates both hinder the development of the blast resistance research. The article here tried to explore the resistance gene distribution on rice chromosomes and the way of function. Totally 124 QTLs have been identified against 20 isolates using Cartographer software with a ZYQ8/JX17 DH population, which separately are at 100 loci of 72 marker intervals on 12 rice chromosomes. Of them, 16 QTLs were determined by the isolate HB-97-36-1. 82 QTLs (66.13%) are from the resistant parent alleles, ZYQ8, while 42 QTLs (33.87%) are from the susceptible parent alleles, JX17. In comparison of their positions on chromosome, most QTLs are clustered together and distributed nearby the major genes especially the regions on chromosomes 1, 2, 8, 10 and 12. Each QTL could account for the resistance variation between 3~2%-68.64%. And, a positional QTL might display the resistance to several different isolates with different contributions.     

Genetic diversity and disease control in rice

Crop heterogeneity is a possible solution to the vulnerability of monocultured crops to disease. Both theory and observation indicate that genetic heterogeneity provides greater disease suppression when used over large areas, though experimental data are lacking. Here we report a unique cooperation among farmers, researchers and extension personnel in Yunnan Province, China--genetically diversified rice crops were planted in all the rice fields in five townships in 1998 and ten townships in 1999. Control plots of monocultured crops allowed us to calculate the effect of diversity on the severity of rice blast, the major disease of rice. Disease-susceptible rice varieties planted in mixtures with resistant varieties had 89% greater yield and blast was 94% less severe than when they were grown in monoculture. The experiment was so successful that fungicidal sprays were no longer applied by the end of the two-year programme. Our results support the view that intraspecific crop diversification provides an ecological approach to disease control that can be highly effective over a large area and contribute to the sustainability of crop production.