In situ measured growth rates of bainite plates in an Fe-C-Mn-Si superbainitic steel

The growth rates of bainite plates in an Fe-C-Mn-Si superbainitie steel were investigated by in situ observation. The lengthening rates of ferrite bainite during both cooling and isothermal holding processes were observed and the growth rates of bainite plates nucleating at grain boundaries, within grains and on preformed bainite were measured. It is indicated that the lengthening rates of bainite plates during the cooling and isothermal processes were different, and that the growth rates of bainite plates nucleating at different types of sites also demon- strated diversity. The bainite plates initiating at [vain boundaries during cooling grew the fastest, while the plates nucleating on preformed bainite did the slowest. However, the growth rate of the bainite plates nucleating at grain boundaries during isothermal transformation de- creased the most, whereas the bainite plates initiating within grains grew the fastest. In addition, the growth rate of ferrite bainite in the study supported the diffusion transformation mechanism of bainite from the viewooint of ~rowth rate.     

On-line spheroidization process of medium-carbon low-alloyed cold heading steel

Conventionally manufactured 35CrMo cold heading steel must undergo spheroidization annealing before the cold heading process. In this paper, different types of deformation processes with various controlled cooling periods were operated to achieve on-line spheroidal cementite using the Gleeble-3500 simulation technique. According to the measured dynamic ferrite transformation temperature (A_d3), the deformation could be divided into two types: low temperature deformation at 810 and 780℃; “deformation-induced ferrite transformation” (DIFT) deformation at 750 and 720℃. Compared with the low temperature deformation, the DIFT deformation followed by accelerated cooling to 680℃ is beneficial for the formation of spheroidal cementite. Samples subjected to both the low-temperature deformation and DIFT deformation can obtain granular bainite by accelerated cooling to 640℃; the latter may contribute to the formation of a fine dispersion of secondary constituents. Granular bainite can transform into globular pearlite rapidly during subcritical annealing, and the more the disperse phase, the more homogeneously distributed globular cementite can be obtained.     

Mechanical properties and characteristics of nanometer-sized precipitates in hot-rolled low-carbon ferritic steel

The microstructures and properties of hot-rolled low-carbon ferritic steel have been investigated by optical microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and tensile tests after isothermal transformation from 600℃ to 700℃ for 60 min. It is found that the strength of the steel decreases with the increment of isothermal temperature, whereas the hole expansion ratio and the fraction of high-angle grain boundaries increase. A large amount of nanometer-sized carbides were homogeneously distributed throughout the material, and fine (Ti, Mo)C precipitates have a significant precipitation strengthening effect on the ferrite phase because of their high density. The nanometer-sized carbides have a lattice parameter of 0.411–0.431 nm. After isothermal transformation at 650℃ for 60 min, the ferrite phase can be strengthened above 300 MPa by precipitation strengthening according to the Ashby-Orowan mechanism.     

CSP生产600 MPa级低碳贝氏体钢的相变

以低碳Nb、V、Ti、Mo和Cr合金化贝氏体钢为研究对象,在Formaster-Digital膨胀仪上测定了过冷奥氏体的静态CCT曲线;在Gleeble-1500热/力模拟机上,用膨胀法测定了奥氏体的动态CCT曲线;采用扫描电镜和透射电镜分析了贝氏体钢的室温组织演变规律.结果表明:合金元素抑制奥氏体向铁素体转变,在冷却速度大于10℃.s-1的范围内,静态CCT和动态CCT的室温组织均为贝氏体,具有较高的强度;奥氏体变形促进了贝氏体转变,贝氏体转变开始温度为610～668℃,终了温度为520～551℃.     

Wear behavior of bainite ductile cast iron under impact load

The dry impact wear behavior of bainite ductile cast iron was evaluated under three different impact loads for 30000 cycles. The strain-hardening effects beneath the contact surfaces were analyzed according to the surfaces’ micro-hardness profiles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to observe the worn surfaces. The results indicated that the material with the highest hardness was the one continuously cooled at 20°C, which exhibited the lowest wear rate under each set of test conditions. The hardness of the worn surface and the thickness of the hardened layer increased with the increases in impact load and in the number of test cycles. The better wear performance of the sample cooled at 20°C is attributed to its finer microstructure and superior mechanical properties. All the samples underwent the transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) phenomenon after impact wear, as revealed by the fact that small amounts of retained austenite were detected by XRD.     

Effects of aging treatment on the microstructure and superelasticity of columnar-grained Cu<Subscript>71</Subscript>Al<Subscript>18</Subscript>Mn<Subscript>11</Subscript> shape memory alloy

The effect of aging treatment on the superelasticity and martensitic transformation critical stress in columnar-grained Cu₇₁Al₁₈Mn₁₁ shape memory alloy (SMA) at the temperature ranging from 250°C to 400°C was investigated. The microstructure evolution during the aging treatment was characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The results show that the plate-like bainite precipitates distribute homogeneously within austenitic grains and at grain boundaries. The volume fraction of bainite increases with the increase in aging temperature and aging time, which substantially improves the martensitic transformation critical stress of the alloy, whereas the bainite only slightly affects the superelasticity. This behavior is attributed to a coherent relationship between the bainite and the austenite, as well as to the bainite and the martensite exhibiting the same crystal structure. The variations of the martensitic transformation critical stress and the superelasticity of columnar-grained Cu₇₁Al₁₈Mn₁₁ SMA with aging temperature and aging time are described by the Austin–Rickett equation, where the activation energy of bainite precipitation is 77.2 kJ·mol?1. Finally, a columnar-grained Cu₇₁Al₁₈Mn₁₁ SMA with both excellent superelasticity (5%–9%) and high martensitic transformation critical stress (443–677 MPa) is obtained through the application of the appropriate aging treatments.     

高扩孔型铁素体/贝氏体双相钢组织性能研究

对540 MPa级铁素体/贝氏体双相钢的组织性能进行分析研究.结果表明,试验钢的显微组织为85％左右的铁素体加上15％左右的贝氏体；铁素体晶粒尺寸细小,基体中有较高的位错密度和大量细小弥散的析出物；贝氏体在铁素体基体上分布均匀,以板条状为主,板条间分布有较多碳化物颗粒.通过合适的成分设计和控轧控冷手段获得的铁素体/贝氏体双相钢组织形态,可较好地保证材料所需的强度-拉伸凸缘性能匹配.     

钒对高强度汽车大梁钢组织细化的影响

利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机、扫描电镜、透射电镜、电子背散射衍射技术等手段研究V对700 MPa级高强度汽车大梁钢组织细化的影响.在冷却速度2~7℃·s-1时,显微组织为针状铁素体+粒状贝氏体组织.V添加提高粒状贝氏体体积分数,细化粒状贝氏体组织,并明显降低粒状贝氏体中M/A岛的尺寸.与无V钢相比,含V钢中大角度晶界比例提高18.2%,对提高钢的韧性有利.由于C含量过低,在实验钢中未观察到单独的VC析出,由此推测V主要固溶在基体中,以合金化方式促进钢的贝氏体相变,使组织得到有效细化.     

Effect of cooling parameters on the microstructure and properties of Mo-bearing and Cr-bearing steels

To develop low-cost low carbon bainitic steel, Mo-bearing and Cr-bearing steels were melted in a vacuum induction furnace and were researched by thermal simulation and hot rolling at the laboratory. As the cooling rate increases from 0.2 to 50℃/s, the transformation temperatures of two steels lie between 650 and 400℃, and the final microstructures of them change from quasi-polygonal ferrite and granular bainite to lath bainite. Compared with cooling in air or by interrupted cooling, Mo-bearing and Cr-bearing steel plates cooled by sprayed water boast higher strength and superior toughness, for large-size islands are responsible for the poor mechanical properties. Compared to Mo, Cr is effective to isolate the bainitic reaction in low carbon steel, and the bainitic microstructure can also be obtained in Cr-bearing steel cooled at a wide range of cooling rate.     

含铌微合金低碳钢的连续冷却过程的相变

用Gleeble-1500热力模拟实验机研究了含铌微合金低碳钢在不同变形条件下连续冷却过程的相变规律,利用热膨胀法结合金相法建立了静态和动态的连续冷却转变曲线,分析了变形参数对组织的影响规律.研究表明,高温变形促进了珠光体相变,在950℃以上,变形温度的升高导致铁素体转变区减少;从贝氏体转变开始温度看,950℃变形促进了贝氏体相变;在相同变形温度下,随着变形量的增加,先共析铁素体的量增多,贝氏体量减少;在900℃以下变形促进了高温等轴铁素体的形成,抑制了贝氏体的相变.     

铁素体-贝氏体球墨铸铁的初步研究

本文研究了不同比率的铁素体-贝氏体两相组织对球墨铸铁拉伸特性和冲击韧性的影响。当铁素体球墨铸铁在900℃奥氏体化,400℃等温淬火,贝氏体体积分数为54％和93％时,延伸率及断面收缩率均出现两个峰值。实验证明,当铁素体和贝氏体的比率在最佳范围时,能明显提高其强度和韧性。X—射线衍射证实,贝氏体为无碳化物上贝氏体。能获得良好的韧性,主要由于在石墨球周围形成环状组织的无碳化物上贝氏体,可能是这种高强度、高韧性的贝氏体在石墨-贝氏体界面阻止了裂纹萌生的结果。     

不同终轧温度下36Mn2V钢的连续冷却转变规律

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟机,测定了36Mn2V钢经四种终轧温度变形后的连续冷却膨胀曲线,结合金相-硬度法,获得了该钢种的连续冷却转变曲线.结果表明:随冷却速度的增大,实验钢的γ/α相变开始温度逐渐降低,贝氏体相变开始温度先升高到一个平台,随冷却速度的进一步增加又降低,晶粒细化;随终轧温度的降低,实验钢的动态连续冷却转变曲线整体向左上方移动,网状铁素体和晶内铁素体明显减少,晶粒略有细化;经四种温度终轧后以3℃.s-1的冷速冷却到室温的四个试样中,唯独950℃终轧的试样中未观察到贝氏体.     

Development of a new coated electrode with low nickel content for welding ductile iron and its response to austempering

Coated Electrodes with small amounts of nickel were developed for welding ductile iron (DI) and conversion of the same into austempered ductile iron (ADI) after austempering. Among six electrodes, Trials 3 and 4 were selected for establishing crack-free weld deposits via preheating and post-weld heat treatment. Austenitization was performed at 900℃ for 2 h and austempering at 300 or 350℃ for three different holding times to observe the results of austempering with respect to the microstructure, hardness, and austempering kinetics of the samples. The microstructures of the weld deposits showed needle-like bainitic ferrite with small amounts of retained austenite when treated at 300℃ and feathery bainitic ferrite with large amounts of retainedaustenite when treated at 350℃. The electrode labeled with Trial 3 revealed greater austenite contents than that labeled with Trial 4 when treated with a 2 h holding time regardless of the austempering temperature applied. The transformation rate of the bainitic ferrite of Trial 3 was relatively higher than that of Trial 4 and showed a lower rate constant, leading to a higher diffusion rate of carbon in austenite.     

Toughening mechanisms of a high-strength acicular ferrite steel heavy plate

An ultra-low carbon acicular ferrite steel heavy plate was obtained with an advanced thermo-mechanical control process-relaxed precipitation controlled transformation (TMCP-RPC) at Xiangtan Steel, Valin Group. The heavy plate has a tensile strength of approximately 600 MPa with a lower yield ratio. The impact toughness of the heavy plate achieves 280 J at -40℃. The fine-grained mixed microstructures of the heavy plate mainly consist of acicular ferrite, granular bainite, and polygonal ferrite. The high strength and excellent toughness of the heavy plate are attributed to the formation of acicular ferrite microstructure. The prevention of blocks of martensite/retained austenite (M/A) and the higher cleanness are also responsible for the superior toughness.     

等温温度和时间对超级贝氏体钢Fe-0.40C-2.2Mn-1.5Si相变和组织性能的影响

以超级贝氏体钢Fe-0.40C-2.2Mn-1.5Si为对象,通过热模拟试验、扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析和拉伸试验等方法,研究等温转变温度和保温时间对试验钢的贝氏体相变、微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着等温转变温度的降低,钢的显微组织中贝氏体形貌从颗粒状贝氏体转变为板条状贝氏体,其强度逐渐提高,但伸长率和强塑积先增大后减小;随着保温时间的增加,钢的抗拉强度逐渐降低,而伸长率和强塑积逐渐增大,因此可通过适当延长相变时间来改善钢的综合力学性能;在350℃下保温90min时,试验钢显微组织中残余奥氏体体积分数最大,且具有最大强塑积。     

等温温度对超细贝氏体钢组织演变规律的影响

通过热膨胀试验研究实验钢的等温转变动力学,采用盐浴等温淬火工艺制备超细贝氏体组织,利用扫描电镜、透射电镜和X射线衍射仪定量分析工艺参数对微观组织结构的影响.结果显示:实验钢室温组织由大量超细板条状贝氏体铁素体和板条间分布的薄膜状奥氏体的复相组织构成,210℃等温淬火得到的贝氏体板条间距细化到约60 nm,硬度约为HBW610;实验钢的最终组织特征取决于发生贝氏体转变的等温温度和等温时间,等温温度越低时贝氏体转变完成需要的等温时间越长.     

高扩孔钢变形奥氏体的连续冷却转变

研究了三种硅—锰系低碳钢变形奥氏体的连续冷却转变,分析了w(Si),w(Mn)对相变温度Ar3、转变组织及力学性能的影响.实验结果表明:w(Si)由0.50%增加到1.35%时,Ar3升高15~25℃,而w(Mn)由0.97%增加到1.43%时,Ar3降低30~50℃,锰对Ar3的影响效果强于硅;硅促进了高温等轴铁素体析出,抑制了贝氏体相变,而锰不仅细化了相变组织,还促进了贝氏体形成;w(Si),w(Mn)分别为0.56%和1.43%的钢在850℃变形后以30℃/s冷却,获得均匀、微细化的铁素体/贝氏体双相组织,抗拉强度可达到654 MPa.     

调质低碳贝氏体钢的组织和性能

研究了C--Mn--Mo--Cu--Nb--Ti--B系低碳微合金钢915℃淬火和490～640℃回火的调质工艺对钢的组织及力学性能的影响.用扫描电镜和透射电镜对实验钢的组织、析出物形态和分布以及断口形貌进行观察,采用X射线衍射仪分析钢中残余奥氏体的体积分数.结果表明:调质后,实验钢获得贝氏体、少量马氏体及残余奥氏体复相组织,贝氏体板条宽度只有250 nm,残余奥氏体的体积分数随着回火温度的升高而降低,经淬火与520℃回火后残余奥氏体的体积分数为2.1%.调质后析出物的数量激增,6～15 nm的析出物占70%以上.实验钢经过915℃淬火与520℃回火后,其屈服强度达到915 MPa,抗拉强度990 MPa,-40℃冲击功为95 J.细小的析出物及窄的板条提高了钢的强度.板条间有残余奥氏体存在,改善了实验钢的韧性.     

SPHC钢应变诱导相变细化铁素体晶粒

以SPHC钢为对象,在Gleeble-1500型热模拟机上进行单道次热压缩试验,通过分析变形后的应力与应变曲线及变形过程中的金相组织变化,研究应变诱导相变的基本规律及铁素体晶粒细化效果.结果表明:在750~830℃的变形中存在应变诱导铁素体相变,并获得超细晶铁素体晶粒尺寸为1.6~4.6μm;降低变形温度将增加相变所需化学驱动力,促进应变诱导铁素体相变的发生,从而细化铁素体晶粒;在一定的应变条件下,应变诱导相变获得的铁素体晶粒尺寸和体积分数均随应变速率的增加而减少.     

热处理工艺对低温贝氏体钢微观组织及力学性能的影响

利用SEM、EBSD、XRD及力学性能测试等手段,对比研究了一步、两步等温贝氏体转变及贝氏体转变+深冷处理工艺对低温贝氏体钢显微组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明,相较于一步等温贝氏体转变工艺,两步等温贝氏体及贝氏体转变+深冷处理均可降低钢中块状残余奥氏体含量,细化晶粒;与两步等温贝氏体转变相比,深冷处理可以极大缩短工艺时间,所得材料在获得相近强度的同时,会牺牲部分韧性;两步等温贝氏体处理后,试验钢强塑积达到了19.66GPa·%,U型冲击吸收功可达80J,其综合力学性能最优。