Isothermal oxidation behavior and mechanism of a nickel-based superalloy at 1000℃

The oxidation behavior of a nickel-based superalloy at 1000℃ in air was investigated through X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis. A series of oxides, including external oxide scales (Cr₂O₃, (TiO₂ + MnCr₂O₄)) and internal oxides (Al₂O₃,TiN), were formed on the surface or sub-surface of the substrate at 1000℃ in experimental still air. The oxidation resistance of the alloy was dependent on the stability of the surface oxide layer. The continuity and density of the protective Cr₂O₃ scale were affected by minor alloying elements such as Ti and Mn. The outermost oxide scale was composed of TiO₂ rutile and MnCr₂O₄ spinel, and the growth of TiO₂ particles was controlled by the outer diffusion of Ti ions through the pre-existing oxide layer. Severe internal oxidation occurred beneath the external oxide scale, consuming Al and Ti of the strength phase γ' (Ni₃(Al,Ti)) and thereby severely deteriorating the surface mechanical properties. The depth of the internal oxidation region was approximately 35 μm after exposure to experimental air at 1000℃ for 80 h.     

Microstructure of Ni–Al powder and Ni–Al composite coatings prepared by twin-wire arc spraying

Ni–Al powder and Ni–Al composite coatings were fabricated by twin-wire arc spraying (TWAS). The microstructures of Ni-5wt%Al powder and Ni-20wt%Al powder were characterized by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that the obtained particle size ranged from 5 to 50 μm. The morphology of the Ni–Al powder showed that molten particles were composed of Ni solid solution, NiAl, Ni₃Al, Al₂O₃, and NiO. The Ni–Al phase and a small amount of Al₂O₃ particles changed the composition of the coating. The microstructures of the twin-wire-arc-sprayed Ni–Al composite coatings were characterized by SEM, EDS, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that the main phase of the Ni-5wt%Al coating consisted of Ni solid solution and NiAl in addition to a small amount of Al₂O₃. The main phase of the Ni-20wt%Al coating mainly consisted of Ni solid solution, NiAl, and Ni₃Al in addition to a small amount of Al and Al₂O₃, and NiAl and Ni₃Al intermetallic compounds effectively further improved the final wear property of the coatings. TEM analysis indicated that fine spherical NiAl₃ precipitates and a Ni–Al–O amorphous phase formed in the matrix of the Ni solid solution in the original state.     

Effect of niobium alloying level on the oxidation behavior of titanium aluminides at 850°C

This work addresses the alloying of titanium aluminides used in aircraft engine applications and automobiles. The oxidation resistance behavior of two titanium aluminides of α₂ + γ(Ti₃Al + TiAl) and orthorhombic Ti₂NbAl, recognized as candidates for high-temperature applications, was investigated by exposure of the alloys for 100 h in air. Thus, oxidation resistance was expressed as the mass gain rate, whereas surface aspects were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and the type of oxidation products was analyzed by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The orthorhombic Ti₂NbAl alloy was embrittled, and pores and microcracks were formed as a result of oxygen diffusion through the external oxide layer formed during thermal oxidation for 100 h.     

Microstructural characterization and oxidation resistance of multicomponent equiatomic CoCrCuFeNi-TiO high-entropy alloy

CoCrCuFeNi-TiO was prepared by arc melting of the pure elements and Ti₂CO powder under an Ar atmosphere. Both CoCrCuFeNi and CoCrCuFeNi-TiO alloys are composed of a face-centered cubic (fcc) solid solution, whereas the alloys of CoCrCuFeNi-TiO are basically composed of an fcc solid solution and TiO crystals. The microstructures of CoCrCuFeNi-TiO are identified as dendrite and interdendrite structures such as CoCrCuFeNi. The morphology of TiO is identified as an equiaxed crystal with a small amount of added Ti₂CO. By increasing the amount of Ti₂CO added, the TiO content was dramatically increased and part of the equiaxed crystals changed to a dendrite structure. A test of the oxidation resistance demonstrates that the oxidation resistance of CoCrCuFeNi-TiO is better than that of CoCrCuFeNi. However, as the TiO content increases further, a corresponding decrease is observed in the oxidation resistance.     

Rare earth effect of yttrium on formation and property of Cr2O3 oxide film formed on Co-Cr binary alloy

The isothermal oxidizing kinetics of Co-40Cr alloy and its yttrium ion?implanted samples were studied at 1000 ℃ in air by thermal?gravity analysis (TGA). Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the Cr2O₃ oxide film's morphology after oxidation. Secondary ion mass spectrum (SIMS) method was used to examine the binding energy change of chromium caused by Y?doping and its influence on formation of Cr2O₃ film. Acoustic emission (AE) method was used in situ to monitor the cracking and spalling of oxide films formed on both samples during oxidizing and subsequent air?cooling stages. Theoretical model simulating the film fracture process was proposed to analyze the acoustic emission spectrum both on time domain and on AE?event number domain. It is found that yttrium ion?implantation can remarkably reduce the isothermal oxidizing rate of Co-40Cr and improve the anti?cracking and anti?spalling properties of Cr2O₃ oxide film. Reasons for the improvement are mainly that the implanted yttrium can reduce the grain size of Cr2O₃ oxide, increase the high temperature plasticity of oxide film, and remarkably reduce the number and size of Cr2O₃/Co-40Cr interfacial defects.     

Rare earth effect of yttrium on formation and property of Cr2O3 oxide film formed on Co-Cr binary alloy

The isothermal oxidizing kinetics of Co-40Cr alloy and its yttrium ion?implanted samples were studied at 1000 ℃ in air by thermal?gravity analysis (TGA). Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the Cr2O₃ oxide film's morphology after oxidation. Secondary ion mass spectrum (SIMS) method was used to examine the binding energy change of chromium caused by Y?doping and its influence on formation of Cr2O₃ film. Acoustic emission (AE) method was used in situ to monitor the cracking and spalling of oxide films formed on both samples during oxidizing and subsequent air?cooling stages. Theoretical model simulating the film fracture process was proposed to analyze the acoustic emission spectrum both on time domain and on AE?event number domain. It is found that yttrium ion?implantation can remarkably reduce the isothermal oxidizing rate of Co-40Cr and improve the anti?cracking and anti?spalling properties of Cr2O₃ oxide film. Reasons for the improvement are mainly that the implanted yttrium can reduce the grain size of Cr2O₃ oxide, increase the high temperature plasticity of oxide film, and remarkably reduce the number and size of Cr2O₃/Co-40Cr interfacial defects.     

Creep behavior and effect factors of a TiAl–Nb alloy at high temperature

The effect of solution treatment on the microstructure and creep properties of forged TiAl-Nb alloys was investigated.The results showed that the microstructure of forged alloy mainly consisted of γ/α₂ lamellar colonies and fine equiaxed recrystallized γ/α₂ grains.During the solution treatment the microstructure of the alloy transformed into a fully lamellar structure due to the lamellar colonies growth by consuming equiaxed grains.Compared with the forged alloy the creep l...     

Effect of Al2O3 and Y2O3 on the corrosion behavior of ZrO2-benzotriazole nanostructured coatings applied on AA2024 via a sol-gel method

zirconia-based nanostructured coatings were deposited on AA2024 to improve the corrosion resistance properties. Three different nanostructured coatings, namely, zirconia-benzotriazole, zirconia-alumina-benzotriazole, and zirconia-yttria-benzotriazole, were applied on AA2024 via a sol-gel method using the dip-coating technique. Next, the coatings were annealed at 150℃ after each dipping period. The phases and morphologies of the coatings were investigated using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The corrosion properties were evaluated using electrochemical methods, including polarization and electrochemical impedance techniques in 3.5wt% NaCl solution. The obtained results confirm the formation of homogeneous and crack free zirconia-benzotriazole-based nanostructured coatings. The average roughness values for zirconia-benzotriazole, zirconia-alumina-benzotriazole, and zirconia-yttria-benzotriazole nanostructured coatings were 30, 8, and 6 nm, respectively. The presence of alumina as a stabilizer on zirconia coating was found to have a beneficial impact on the stability of the corrosion resistance for different immersion times. In fact, the addition of alumina resulted in the dominance of the healing behavior in competition with the corrosion process of zirconia-benzotriazole nanostructured coating.     

Effect of Y_2O_3 content in the pack mixtures on microstructure and oxidation resistance of B–Y modified silicide coating

B–Y modified silicide coatings were prepared on Nb–Si based alloy by pack cementation at 1300 ℃ for 10 h. The effect of Y_2O_3 content in the pack mixtures on microstructure and oxidation resistance of the coatings was investigated. The results show that the four coatings have similar structures, which possess a(Nb,X)Si_2 outer layer and a(Nb,X)_5Si_3 transitional layer. Y_2O_3 content in the pack mixtures has an obvious effect on the Si content in the coating. The mass gains of the coatings prepared with 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 wt% Y_2O_3 in pack mixtures are 2.33, 1.96, 2.05 and 2.86 mg/cm~2 after oxidation at 1250 ℃ for 100 h, respectively. The coating prepared with 1 wt% Y_2O_3 exhibits the best oxidation resistance due to the formation of a dense glass-like borosilicate scale.     

Mechanical behavior of a near α titanium alloy under dynamic compression: Characterization and modeling

Dynamic compression tests under strain rates from 870 s^?1 to 2100 s^?1 were conducted for a near α Ti–8Al–1Mo–1V titanium alloy with equiaxed microstructure. Compression behavior, adiabatic shearing and band microstructure were investigated via characterization and calculation. The results demonstrate that all dynamic constitutive curves exhibited obvious stress fluctuation phenomenon with double increase-decrease changing stages at the primary stage of compression. The dislocation multiplication theory can be used to explain this phenomenon. After the stress fluctuation period, work hardening coexisted with the thermal softening, resulting in the slow hardening tendency in constitutive curves. J-C model was utilized to quantify the dynamic constitutive curves. The deviations between the predicted and experimental curves under high strain rates may be attributed to the over-consideration of thermal softening effect in J-C model. Adiabatic shearing band (ASB) began to form under the strain rate of 2100 s^?1. A total shearing strain of 8.1 within ASB achieved in 8.9 μs, corresponding to a local strain rate of about 9.1 × 10⁵ s^?1 and is over 430 times of the macro strain rate. Post annealing was conducted on ASB before EBSD characterization. Due to the static recrystallization during annealing, the α phase within ASB generally presented as ultra-fine grains less than 1 μm in diameter.     

Mechanical properties of a Gum-type Ti-Nb-Zr-Fe-O alloy

A new Gum-type alloy (Ti-Nb-Zr-Fe-O) in which Fe is used instead of Ta was subjected to a particular thermomechanical processing scheme to assess whether its mechanical characteristics (fine β-grains with high strength and low modulus) render it suitable as a biomedical implant material. After a homogenization treatment followed by cold-rolling with 50% reduction, the specimens were subjected to one of three different recrystallization treatments at 1073, 1173, and 1273 K. The structural and mechanical properties of all of the treated specimens were analyzed. The mechanical characterization included tensile tests, microhardness determinations, and fractography by scanning electron microscopy. The possible deformation mechanisms were discussed using the Bo-Md diagram. By correlating all of the experimental results, we concluded that the most promising processing variant corresponds to recrystallization at 1073 K, which can provide suitable mechanical characteristics for this type of alloys:high yield and ultimate tensile strengths (1038 and 1083 MPa, respectively), a low modulus of elasticity (62 GPa), and fine crystalline grain size (approximately 50 μm).     

Tensile deformation behavior of a solution-treated Ti-33Nb-4Sn alloy with a dual β and α" phases under cyclic loading-unloading

The cyclical tensile deformation behavior of a solution-treated(ST) Ti-33Nb-4Sn alloy with a dual β and α "phases was investigated in this study.Experimental results indicated that the ST Ti-33Nb-4Sn alloy exhibited different deformation behavior during two different loading-unloading cycles,and that the deformation behavior was closely related to the characteristics of stress-induced martensitic(SIM) transformation,mainly including the extent and the reversibility of SIM transformation.During the first cycle,the extensive and incompletely reversible SIM transformation occurred,resulting in notable "double yielding" during loading and residual permanent strain after unloading.In the second cycle,however,a slight and reverse SIM transformation,together with pure elastic deformation,taken place concurrently,giving rise to a recoverable nonlinear deformation behavior.Our results also imply that by tailing the characteristics of SIM transformation,the Ti-based alloys with a mixture of α" and β phases might perform recoverable deformation and possess a promising potential for engineering applications.     

NiCrAlY涂层/TC4基体界面反应机理

采用电弧离子镀技术在TC4(Ti6Al4V)合金基体表面沉积制备NiCrAlY涂层.通过扫描电镜与能谱分析、X射线衍射分析及显微硬度测试,研究真空热处理对NiCrAlY涂层组织性能的影响;分析界面反应产物的形成过程;讨论Cr元素在界面反应中的作用机制.研究结果表明:真空热处理后NiCrAlY涂层中有γ'-Ni3Al相析出,提高了涂层的表面硬度;在870℃以下热处理,NiCrAlY涂层/TC4基体界面反应产物的出现顺序依次为:相变影响区→Ni3(Al,Ti)和Ti2Ni化合物层→TiNi化合层;Cr元素在870℃以上开始扩散并参与界面反应,形成TiCr2化合物.     

Hydrothermal synthesis and corrosion behavior of the protective coating on Mg-2Zn-Mn-Ca-Ce alloy

Protective coatings were synthesized on the Mg-2Zn-Mn-Ca-CeMg alloy through the hydrothermal method with de-ionized water as the reagent. The coatings were composed of Mg hydroxide, generally uniform and compact.Hydrogen evolution tests and electrochemical tests in the Hanks' solution demonstrated that the Mg(OH)_2coatings effectively decreased the bio-degradation rate of the Mg alloy substrate. Microstructure observation showed that the coating formation on the secondary phases was more difficult than that on the α-Mg matrix,which led to micro cracks and pores on the secondary phases after drying. Over synthesizing time, the coating layer on secondary phases gradually becomes more compact and uniform. Meanwhile, owing to the thicker and more compact coatings, the corrosion resistance and protective efficiency were significantly improved with longer synthesizing time as well.     

CrN/Cr涂层对Ti22Al26Nb合金的高温防护研究

采用电弧离子镀技术在O相Ti22Al26Nb合金表面镀覆CrN以及CrN/Cr涂层并研究了其在800和900℃空气中的等温氧化行为,结果显示O相钛合金表面施加单一的CrN涂层后,涂层表面在氧化时形成了保护性的氧化膜Cr2O3层,因此合金受到了良好的高温防护,但是涂层和基体合金之间发生了明显的互扩散;在CrN涂层和钛合金基体之间施加纯Cr扩散障层后形成的CrN/Cr涂层,其表面除了象单一CrN涂层那样氧化后形成了一层连续、致密、结合良好的保护性氧化膜Cr2O3层外,还能有效的抑制涂层与基体合金之间的互扩散,此外扩散障Cr层的存在使得靠近其基体的晶粒也出现了长大现象。     

包渗法制备硅化物涂层的结构形貌及形成机理

采用包渗法在C-103 铌合金基体上制备MoSi2 涂层,通过X 射线衍射、扫描电镜和能谱分析等手段研究涂层表面、截面形貌以及氧化后涂层结构变化,并分析硅化过程中涂层的形成机理.研究结果表明包渗法制备硅化物涂层是通过反应扩散形成的,硅化过程服从抛物线规律;该涂层为复合结构MoSi2 相为主体层;以NbSi2相为主、并含少量Nb5Si3 相的两相为过渡区;Nb5Si3 相为扩散层.在高温氧化环境下,涂层表面生成致密的非晶氧化层,有效地阻止了氧向涂层内扩散.     

Microstructure and properties of an Al-Ti-Cu-Si brazing alloy for SiC-metal joining

An Al-Ti-Cu-Si solid-liquid dual-phase alloy that exhibits good wettability and appropriate interfacial reaction with SiC at 500-600℃ was designed for SiC-metal joining. The microstructure, phases, differential thermal curves, and high-temperature wetting behavior of the alloy were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and the sessile drop method. The experimental results show that the 76.5Al-8.5Ti-5Cu-10Si alloy is mainly composed of Al-Al₂Cu and Al-Si hypoeutectic low-melting-point microstructures (493-586℃) and the high-melting-point intermetallic compound AlTiSi (840℃). The contact angle, determined by high-temperature wetting experiments, is approximately 54°. Furthermore, the wetting interface is smooth and contains no obvious defects. Metallurgical bonding at the interface is attributable to the reaction between Al and Si in the alloy and ceramic, respectively. The formation of the brittle Al₄C₃ phase at the interface is suppressed by the addition of 10wt% Si to the alloy.     

陶瓷涂层/GH202合金界面显微组织的演化

航天发动机工作时,要求燃气通道内表面具有优越的抗高温、抗氧化性能和良好的机械性能.作者在GH202合金制备的火箭发动机关键零件表面加涂高温无机涂层,并通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱分析及硬度测试,观察和分析了涂层/GH202合金界面显微组织的演化.研究结果表明GH202合金表面高温无机涂层经历了1000℃25℃的50次热循环后,涂层无崩裂、脱落现象,涂层与基体结合牢固,性能良好.在1000℃时的扩散退火过程中,合金中的Cr元素向涂层/基体合金界面扩散,在涂层一侧形成富Cr元素的化合物层,在基体一侧形成富Ti,Al元素的晶间氧化物层;涂层中主要元素Si向金属基体中扩散.为提高涂层与基体合金的结合强度以及涂层的热腐蚀性能提供了依据.     

电沉积因瓦合金镀层成分的影响因素

采用电沉积方法在硫酸盐体系中制得了Fe-Ni合金镀层.研究了Fe2 与Ni2 的摩尔比、氯化亚铈浓度、抗坏血酸浓度、镀液温度、pH、阴极电流密度和电沉积时间对镀层铁含量的影响规律,确定了适宜电沉积因瓦合金的最佳工艺条件,并采用EDS,XRD和TEM对所得镀层进行了分析.验证性实验结果表明,制备的镀层具有与因瓦合金相似的成分,其Fe和Ni质量分数分别为61.8%～62.1%和37.9%～38.1%,它是由单一的纳米晶?固溶体组成.     

Preparing Ca-P coating on biodegradable magnesium alloy by hydrothermal method: In vitro degradation behavior

Magnesium alloys are potentially attractive biodegradable materials.However,their rapid corrosion rate limits their biomedical application.To slow down the rate of biodegradation,a protective calcium-phosphate coating was formed on a magnesium alloy substrate by a hydrothermal method.Scanning electron microscope results showed that the coating consisted of two layers with different crystalline characteristics.The loose outer layer showed a prism-like crystal structure,while the compact inner layer is a dense ultra-fine regular di-pyramid-like structure with an average grain dimension of ～200 nm.The compositions of the inner layer and outer layer were calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (Ca-def HA) and dicalcium phosphate (DCPa),respectively.The coating adhered well to the substrate with a thickness of about 15 m.Immersion in Hank’s solution indicated that the coating could significantly improve the degradation properties of magnesium alloy.The pH of the solution containing the coated samples increased much more slowly than the untreated control.After 8 d immersion,the uncoated sample had corroded seriously while the coated sample was much less corroded.The Ca/P atom ratio in both the layers of the coating increased and the coating was still protecting the substrate.The two layers of the coating corroded differently because of differences in solubility.The outer layer was more severely attacked and many holes were formed on the surface,the inner layer suffered less attack.In addition,a growth of precipitate on the inner layer was observed,indicating that surface bioactivity was improved by the coating.Thus,magnesium alloys coated with a Ca-P coating prepared by a hydrothermal method are promising candidate biodegradable biomaterials,and further investigation of in vivo degradation behavior is suggested.