不同纬度大气中氯甲烷浓度的研究( 英文)

氯甲烷在大气中的浓度较低 ,仅为 10 -12 级别 .用GC ECD的方法对不同纬度氯甲烷浓度的分析研究表明 ,大气中氯甲烷的全球浓度表现出从赤道向两级递减的趋势 .这种趋势的解释 :赤道附近的排放是主要原因     

一溴一氯硝基甲烷的紫外光降解

为了研究一溴一氯硝基甲烷(BCNM)在紫外光条件下的降解规律,实验考察了紫外光照强度、初始浓度、pH、自由氯浓度和溴离子浓度对BCNM光降解的影响.实验结果表明:BCNM的光降解率随紫外光照强度、pH的增大而上升,随BCNM初始浓度的增大而下降;当反应溶液中加入自由氯和溴离子时,BCNM的光降解率随加入浓度的增大而上升;当加入自由氯时,BCNM在光降解的同时会有一溴二氯硝基甲烷(BDCNM)、二氯硝基甲烷(DCNM)、一氯硝基甲烷(CNM)、三氯硝基甲烷(TCNM)和一溴硝基甲烷(BNM)生成,且生成量随反应时间先升后降,其峰值随自由氯浓度的增大而增大.BCNM初始质量浓度在0～600μg/L范围内时,其紫外光降解符合准一级反应动力学方程.此研究可为在饮用水和污水消毒过程中控制BCNM的生成提供帮助.     

铜绿微囊藻对摇蚊幼虫代谢产物的影响

研究了摇蚊幼虫代谢物溶液氯胺化过程中铜绿微囊藻、氯胺质量浓度、反应时间、p H值和温度等条件对形成消毒副产物(DBPs)的影响.包括三卤甲烷(THMs)、卤乙酸(HAAs)、卤代乙腈(HANs)、水合氯醛(CH)、三氯硝基甲烷(TCNM)和卤代酮(HK).实验中未检测到三氯乙腈(TCAN)、三氯丙酮(TCP)和三氯硝基甲烷(TCNM).在摇蚊幼虫代谢产物的氯胺消毒过程中,THMs的产生量增加,但在铜绿微囊藻存在下HAAs含量减少.二氯丙酮(DCP)在开始增加,随着氯胺质量浓度、反应时间、p H值和温度的逐渐升高而减少.二氯乙腈(DCAN)和水合氯醛(CH)随着氯胺质量浓度和反应时间的增加而逐渐增加,随着p H值和温度的升高而降低.二氯乙酸(DCAA)随氯胺质量浓度和温度的升高而增加,随反应时间和p H值的增加而降低,三氯乙酸(TCAA)随氯胺质量浓度的增加而增加,随温度的升高而降低.随着总有机碳(TOC)质量浓度的增加,TCM、DCP、DCAA、TCAA呈稳定上升趋势,DCAN、CH呈先上升后下降趋势.     

天津市环境空气中卤代烃污染特征

 为研究天津市区环境空气中卤代烃的污染特征,对夏季天津市区26个采样点进行了卤代烃的监测,并且选择蓟县九山顶风景区作为对照点.采用Agilent7890A/5975C气相色谱质谱联用仪共定量检测出8种卤代烃,其中5种卤代烃的检出率大于50%,分别为二氯甲烷、氯苯、二氯二氟甲烷、三氯氟甲烷和氯甲烷.本文重点对这5种卤代烃进行了浓度水平分析,5种卤代烃的平均浓度从高到低依次为：氯甲烷(6.75μg/m³)>二氯二氟甲烷(5.43μg/m³)>二氯甲烷(4.09μg/m³)>三氯氟甲烷(2.95μg/m³)>氯苯(0.46μg/m³).通过市内6区及不同功能区卤代烃的浓度比较,南开区卤代烃的浓度普遍较高,河西区卤代烃浓度普遍较低.各功能区氯甲烷和氯苯的浓度均高于对照点,商业区三氯氟甲烷的浓度明显高于其他功能区.     

赤道加热对大气波动的影响

研究了赤道大气加热对大气波动的影响，结果表明：(1)赤道加热可以产生赤道对称的定常气压波动，其强度与加热特别是凝结加热密切相关；(2)当加热强度变化时，可激发产生东移的开尔波和西移的Hossby波重力波。     

科技成果产业化潜力无穷——获2001年杭州市科技进步奖的一等奖项目简介

草甘膦副产氯甲烷用于甲基氯硅烷单本合成新工艺 新安化工集团股份有限公司 该工艺是从合成草甘膦过程中水解工序产生的氯甲烷，通过水洗、碱洗、浓硫酸干燥等多级处理后回收，回收的氯甲烷可直接应用于甲基氯硅烷单体的合成。 氯甲烷主要用来生产有机硅化合物——甲基氯硅烷以及甲基纤维素。有机硅单体生产厂家均采用甲醇和盐酸合成制得。通过合成方法得到的氯甲烷原料成本高，生产装置投资大。因本公司采用二烷基酯法合成草甘膦，年生产规模已达２．１ 万吨，与其配套的重要原料亚磷酸二甲酯的生产规模已达２．２ 万吨。二者在生产中均产…     

世界气象组织公报:大气中温室气体浓度再创新高

<正>[科技日报]世界气象组织今天发布的《2009年温室气体公报》指出,地球大气中主要温室气体的浓度持续增加,今年达到自工业革命时期以来的最高水平。自1750年以来,大气中二氧化碳的浓度增加了38%,甲烷浓度增加了     

热层大气赤道异常的研究进展

热层大气赤道异常是指热层大气存在类似电离层赤道异常的驼峰结构,但其南北驼峰出现于磁纬±20~30°区域.热层赤道现象早在40年前就被发现,然而其形成机制一直是电离层学界研究的热点问题.前人陆续提出了化学加热及纬向风场拖曳作用等假说来解释热层赤道异常的形成,但基于这些假说得到的低纬热层结构与观测不符.最近研究发现,热层赤道异常槽与电离层驼峰的形成原因不同,离子与中性大气的场向拖曳作用形成热层赤道槽,且离子与中性气体相互碰撞引起的能量交换是热层赤道异常驼峰的形成机制.本文简述热层大气赤道异常的研究进展以及存在的科学问题.     

波致混合对热带太平洋海气耦合模式中冷舌模拟的改进

非通量调整的大气海洋环流耦合数值模式所模拟的赤道太平洋表层海温（SST）的冷舌偏冷并且过于西伸是一个共性问题．文中在全球大气-海洋环流耦合数值模式FGCM-0中考虑了波致混合的作用后，赤道太平洋地区的SST模拟结果有了显著的改善，在（160—180°E，0—3°N）海域内SST升高在0.8℃以上且最大可达1.2℃．这有效地抑制了冷舌西伸，即赤道太平洋冷舌过于西伸的问题有所改善，26.0℃等温线在赤道附近的顶点从165°E东移至180°E以东，大约向东移动了1650km，这样所模拟的SST更接近于观测．对模拟结果分析表明：耦合模式中SST、近海面大气环流、海洋表层水平环流、海洋表层上升流等要素的距平场是相互间动力协调的，对于改善赤道冷舌模拟偏冷问题是正反馈，而耦合模式中海气热通量距平对改善赤道冷舌模拟偏冷问题是一种负反馈．     

温室气体甲烷质量浓度变化规律

利用Hilbert-Huang变换方法对青海瓦里关观测站1991-05-2010-12期间的月平均甲烷质量浓度观测值进行研究.研究结果表明:瓦里关自1991年以来甲烷质量浓度呈递增趋势,其月平均值比全球甲烷质量浓度平均值高60～110 μg/L;瓦里关甲烷质量浓度的瞬时增长率趋势与甲烷全球平均瞬时增长率趋势一致,但是,其波动范围更大,增长率在-8～23 μg/(L·a)内波动,而全球平均波动范围为-5～15μ/(L·a)；质量浓度变化存在6个本征周期,分别是4月、7月、约1a、约2a、约5a和约11 a；其中约1a的周期与离瓦里关站最近的西宁市气温变化1a周期、西宁市降水11月周期紧密相关,约11a的周期与太阳黑子活动的11a周期相关性大,说明它们是引起甲烷质量浓度变化的重要因素.     

Strong emission of methyl chloride from tropical plants

Methyl chloride is the largest natural source of ozone-depleting chlorine compounds, and accounts for about 15 per cent of the present atmospheric chlorine content. This contribution was likely to have been relatively greater in pre-industrial times, when additional anthropogenic sources-such as chlorofluorocarbons-were absent. Although it has been shown that there are large emissions of methyl chloride from coastal lands in the tropics, there remains a substantial shortfall in the overall methyl chloride budget. Here we present observations of large emissions of methyl chloride from some common tropical plants (certain types of ferns and Dipterocarpaceae), ranging from 0.1 to 3.7 microg per gram of dry leaf per hour. On the basis of these preliminary measurements, the methyl chloride flux from Dipterocarpaceae in southeast Asia alone is estimated at 0.91 Tg yr-1, which could explain a large portion of missing methyl chloride sources. With continuing tropical deforestation, natural sources of chlorine compounds may accordingly decrease in the future. Conversely, the abundance of massive ferns in the Carboniferous period may have created an atmosphere rich in methyl chloride.     

既有混凝土码头的时变氯离子扩散过程

为了研究不同暴露环境(大气区、潮差区和浪溅区)对氯离子在混凝土中传输的影响,以及氯离子扩散过程的时变特性,对北部湾某码头的混凝土现场耐久性进行了检测,得到了不同深度混凝土试样的自由氯离子浓度.结果表明,在同一侵蚀深度,浪溅区的氯离子浓度最大,潮差区的次之,大气区的最小,拟合得到的表面氯离子浓度和表观氯离子扩散系数亦表现出了相同特性;浪溅区是影响临海钢筋混凝土结构耐久性的最不利暴露环境;氯离子扩散系数随侵蚀时间递减,时间参数为服从正态分布的随机变量,大气区、潮差区和浪溅区时间参数的均值分别为0.19,0.36和0.43;在钢筋混凝土结构的耐久性分析中应考虑氯离子扩散系数的时变特性.     

A strong source of methyl chloride to the atmosphere from tropical coastal land

Methyl chloride (CH3Cl), the most abundant halocarbon in the atmosphere, has received much attention as a natural source of chlorine atoms in the stratosphere. The annual global flux of CH3Cl has been estimated to be around 3.5 Tg on the grounds that this must balance the loss through reaction with OH radicals (which gives a lifetime for atmospheric CH3Cl of 1.5 yr). The most likely main source of methyl chloride has been thought to be oceanic emission, with biomass burning the second largest source. But recent seawater measurements indicate that oceanic fluxes cannot account for more than 12% of the estimated global flux of CH3Cl, raising the question of where the remainder comes from. Here we report evidence of significant CH3Cl emission from warm coastal land, particularly from tropical islands. This conclusion is based on a global monitoring study and spot measurements, which show enhancement of atmospheric CH3Cl in the tropics, a close correlation between CH3Cl concentrations and those of biogenic compounds emitted by terrestrial plants, and OH-linked seasonality of CH3Cl concentrations in middle and high latitudes. A strong, equatorially located source of this nature would explain why the distribution of CH3Cl is uniform between the Northern and Southern hemispheres, despite their differences in ocean and land area.     

载锰活性炭对甲基紫染料微波降解作用研究

研究甲基紫染料微波辐射降解的可行性及动力学。制备出一系列负载锰氧化物的颗粒活性炭，研究发现：在活性炭存在下，微波辐射可使甲基紫染料废水迅速脱色。甲基紫的微波降解动力学可近似看作一级反应。微波辐射时间、甲基紫溶液初始浓度、溶液pH值、活性炭量和微波辐射功率等因素对甲基紫的微波降解均有影响。相对于普通活性炭，适当负载锰氧化物后可以明显提高甲基紫的降解率。对微波辐射下甲基紫的降解机理也进行了研究。     

Natural methyl bromide and methyl chloride emissions from coastal salt marshes

Atmospheric methyl bromide (CH3Br) and methyl chloride (CH3Cl), compounds that are involved in stratospheric ozone depletion, originate from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Current estimates of CH3Br and CH3Cl emissions from oceanic sources, terrestrial plants and fungi, biomass burning and anthropogenic inputs do not balance their losses owing to oxidation by hydroxyl radicals, oceanic degradation, and consumption in soils, suggesting that additional natural terrestrial sources may be important. Here we show that CH3Br and CH3Cl are released to the atmosphere from all vegetation zones of two coastal salt marshes. We see very large fluxes of CH3Br and CH3Cl per unit area: up to 42 and 570 micromol m(-2) d(-1), respectively. The fluxes show large diurnal, seasonal and spatial variabilities, but there is a strong correlation between the fluxes of CH3Br and those of CH3Cl, with an average molar flux ratio of roughly 1:20. If our measurements are typical of salt marshes globally, they suggest that such ecosystems, even though they constitute less than 0.1% of the global surface area, may produce roughly 10% of the total fluxes of atmospheric CH3Br and CH3Cl.     

吉林省自东向西城乡连续空间大气汞分布特征研究

为了解水平中尺度气象条件控制下连续空间区域内大气汞污染特征,使用车载塞曼效应汞分析仪(Zeeman RA915+),由吉林省东部汪清县不间断行车至西部镇赉县,同步测定了近1 000 km沿线“城市-乡村”连续空间大气汞质量浓度分布情况.结果表明:研究区域内大气汞含量平均值为(5.99±3.19)ng/m3,最高值出现在城市区(长春市),最低值出现在乡村区(汪清县,敦化市和白城市辖区内).研究区域内大气汞含量空间分布特征表现为由中部地区向东西部地区呈逐渐递减趋势;规模较大的城镇区高于规模较小的城镇区,城镇区显著高于乡村区;东部地区与西部地区具有不同的大气汞浓度空间特征,上述特征与区域内大气汞含量受燃煤汞排放过程控制有关.研究区域城镇全域(含乡村)大气汞含量特征表现为长春地区(9.07±6.36) ng/m3,吉林地区(7.02±2.70)ng/m3,延边地区(5.08±2.06) ng/m3,松原与白城地区(4.70±0.98)ng/m3;城镇辖区内(不含乡村)大气汞含量长春市(16.41±8.65)ng/m3最高,镇赉县(3.47±0.60)ng/m3最低.     

温度、氯离子和铬元素对J55油套管钢钝化膜半导体性能的影响

利用电容测量法及电化学阻抗谱技术研究了温度、氯离子浓度和铬元素对目前广泛使用的J55油套管钢在模拟土壤环境中所成钝化膜半导体性能的影响.结果表明:钝化膜呈现n型半导体特性,随着成膜温度的升高、铬元素的加入和氯离子浓度的增加,Mott-Schottky曲线直线部分的斜率减小,表明膜内杂质密度增加.阻抗谱结果表明:在同一温度下,离子在膜内的传递电阻R1随着氯离子浓度增加而减小,膜内的扩散系数YW增加;同一氯离子浓度下,随着成膜温度的升高,扩散系数YW减小.表明温度升高、溶液中氯离子浓度的增加以及铬元素的加入会使钝化膜对J55油套管钢基体的保护作用减弱.     

Low European methyl chloroform emissions inferred from long-term atmospheric measurements

Methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3, 1,1,1,-trichloroethane) was used widely as a solvent before it was recognized to be an ozone-depleting substance and its phase-out was introduced under the Montreal Protocol. Subsequently, its atmospheric concentration has declined steadily and recent European methyl chloroform consumption and emissions were estimated to be less than 0.1 gigagrams per year. However, data from a short-term tropospheric measurement campaign (EXPORT) indicated that European methyl chloroform emissions could have been over 20 gigagrams in 2000 (ref. 6), almost doubling previously estimated global emissions. Such enhanced emissions would significantly affect results from the CH3CC13 method of deriving global abundances of hydroxyl radicals (OH) (refs 7-12)-the dominant reactive atmospheric chemical for removing trace gases related to air pollution, ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect. Here we use long-term, high-frequency data from Mace Head, Ireland and Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, to infer European methyl chloroform emissions. We find that European emission estimates declined from about 60 gigagrams per year in the mid-1990s to 0.3-1.4 and 1.9-3.4 gigagrams per year in 2000-03, based on Mace Head and Jungfraujoch data, respectively. Our European methyl chloroform emission estimates are therefore higher than calculated from consumption data, but are considerably lower than those derived from the EXPORT campaign in 2000 (ref. 6).     

叔丁醇亚铜催化甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合

研究了叔丁醇亚铜为催化剂、四种卤代烃OET基氯、正丁基溴、叔丁基氯、叔丁基溴）为引发剂的甲基丙烯酸甲酯的聚合反应。考察了催化剂用量、引发剂和催化剂比例、聚合温度、单体浓度以及卤代烃中烷基结构和卤素等因素对聚合反应的影响。聚合反应具有明显的诱导期，不同聚合反应时间的转化率和聚合物分子量之问不呈线性关系，表明本聚合反应并不具有活性特征。