黄土发育表土结皮过程和微结构分析的试验研究

对采自晋西离石的马兰黄土进行了模拟降雨试验，研究表土微结构与表土结皮发育过程的关系．模拟降雨强度为１．２ｍｍ／ｍｉｎ，降雨历时为１～３０ｍｉｎ．通过对表土微结构的变化观测可以清楚看到，在３０ｍｉｎ降雨过程中经历了两次表土结皮的形成过程．初始形成的表土结皮是很不稳定的，在表土结皮的初期发育阶段较容易被破坏．在稍后阶段形成的表土结皮会更加稳定．观测到的表土微结构变化过程揭示出它们是呈周期性变化：团聚体被破坏、土壤颗粒发生垂直和水平位移、表土结皮层和淋溶层的孔隙和结构不断形成和破坏、表土结皮的形成破坏、表土变得比较密实．土壤抗剪强度可以用标准锥体贯入仪来测定，由土壤含水量和土壤抗剪强度关系得到的表土结皮强度指标与观测到的表土微结构变化密切相关．     

毛乌素沙地南缘沙区不同类型地表水分特征曲线测定与分析

为探明不同类型地表(裸沙、浅灰色藻类结皮、黑褐色藻类结皮和藓类结皮)的持水性能,采用砂性漏斗法对毛乌素沙地南缘沙区不同类型地表表层[(0~5)cm]土壤水分特征曲线进行了测定;并用v-G模型进行拟合。结果表明:1不同类型地表持水性能有差异,持水性能由弱到强依次是裸沙、浅灰色藻类结皮、黑褐色藻类结皮和藓类结皮,不同类型生物结皮样地持水性能分别是裸沙的1.3、1.7和2倍,不同类型生物结皮的持水性随结皮的发育呈增加的趋势;2不同类型地表土壤水分特征曲线呈"S"型分布,不同类型地表吸湿过程较脱湿过程具有显著的滞后性;3用v-G模型对测定结果进行拟合,拟合系数均小于0.009,拟合度高,表明该模型适用于此地区土壤,可用于模拟水分特征曲线;研究结果有助于全面了解生物结皮的水文效应,为受损系统的生态修复过程具有现实意义。     

Cementing mechanism of algal crusts from desert area

34-, 17-, 4-, 1.5-year old natural algal crusts were collected from Shapotou Scientific Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 40-day old field and greenhouse artificial algal crusts were in situ developed in the same sandy soil and the same place (37°27′N, 104°57′E). Their different cohesions both against wind force and pressure were measured respectively by a sandy wind-tunnel experiment and a penetrometer. On the basis of these algal crusts, the cementing mechanism was revealed from many subjects and different levels. The results showed that in the indoor artificial crusts with the weakest cohesion bunchy algal filaments were distributed in the surface of the crusts, produced few extracellular polymers (EPS), the binding capacity of the crusts just accomplished by mechanical bundle of algal filaments. For field crusts, most filaments grew toward the deeper layers of algal crusts, secreted much more EPS, and when organic matter content was more than 2.4 times of chlorophyll a, overmuch organic matter (primarily is EPS) began to gather onto the surface of the crusts and formed an organic layer in the relatively lower micro-area, and this made the crust cohesion increase 2.5 times. When the organic layer adsorbed and intercepted amounts of dusts, soil particles and sand grains scattered down from wind, it changed gradually into an inorganic layer in which inorganic matter dominated, and this made the crusts cohesion further enhanced 2–6 times. For crust-building species Microcoleus vaginatus, 88.5% of EPS were the acidic components, 78% were the acidic proteglycan of 380 kD. The uronic acid content accounted for 8% of proteglycan, and their free carboxyls were important sites of binding with metal cations from surrounding matrix.     

科尔沁沙地放牧干扰恢复过程中植被组成和生物结皮微生物数量的变化

通过对科尔沁沙地禁牧10年后自然恢复状况的调查和实验分析,得出以下结论:(1)不同放牧强度自然恢复过程中,样地维管植物明显呈现出由一年生植物组成向多年生植物组成过渡的特点,盖度表现为轻牧恢复区(L)、中牧恢复区(M)、重牧恢复区(H)的盖度显著高于对照恢复区(C)、未围封放牧区(N)(P＜0.05);各处理样地生物结皮中苔藓植物和藻类植物的组成变化不大,但盖度表现为:苔藓结皮 L＞M＞H＞C＞N 区,藻结皮C＞H＞M＞L＞N区.(2)围封各恢复区(L、M、H)和未围封放牧区(N)藓结皮的含水量、结皮厚度及有机质含量方面显著高于藻结皮的(P＜0.05),而pH值却低于藻结皮的.(3)围封各恢复区微生物的数量显著高于未围封放牧区的(P＜0.05),在围封各恢复区内不论是藻结皮还是藓结皮,细菌、自身固氮菌和放线菌的数量在中度放牧恢复区数值最大,重度放牧恢复区的数量最少,两者差异达到显著水平(P＜0.05).(4)藻结皮、藓结皮微生物数量都随土壤深度的增加而呈降低的趋势,0～3 cm层的与3～5、5～10、10～20 cm三层的有显著差异(P＜0.05),藓结皮层及下层土壤微生物的数量要明显高于藻结皮层及下层土壤的.     

科尔沁不同类型沙地土壤微生物类群的研究

土壤中的生物是维持土壤质量的重要组分.采用稀释平板法,对固定沙地、半固定沙地和流动沙地的土壤微生物类群进行了研究.结果表明: 芽孢型细菌、放线菌和霉菌各类群数量为:固定沙地》半固定沙地》流动沙地;不同类型沙地中微生物各类群数量垂直分布的基本趋势依次为:结皮层(固定沙地)》0～15 cm》30～45 cm》75～90 cm,随土层的加深而递减;芽孢型细菌中的巨大芽孢杆菌和地衣芽孢杆菌占优势;放线菌中的95%以上是链霉菌属,其中白孢类群占优势;霉菌中的青霉和毛霉占优势;土壤微生物各类群数量与有机质含量、植被盖度、植物种类和凋落物的多少呈正向关系;从固定沙地到半固定沙地再到流动沙地的过程,是沙地微生物类群、植物群落和有机质丧失的过程,是沙漠化发生和发展的重要标志.     

Characteristics of surface runoff in a sandy area in southern Mu Us sandy land

To better understand the key role of biological soil crusts (BSCs) in redistribution processes of limited water resources in semi-arid sandy ecosystems, surface runoff over BSCs in a sandy area in the southern Mu Us sandy area was observed in this study. The results indicated that runoff occurred twice among six rainfall events during the experimental period. Runoff yields varied among types of BSCs, and that they increased in the following order: light algae crusts, dark algae crusts and moss crusts. These findings showed that runoff yields were increasing with the development of BSCs. The percentage of runoff in individual rainfall events increased from light algae crusts to moss crusts, which indicated that the redistribution ratios of different types of BSCs differed. Surface runoff of BSCs may be influenced by rainfall, rain intensity, degree of water saturation of the BSCs before the rain and degree of development of BSCs. Formation of BSCs on the surface of sand dunes changed the spatial distribution pattern of water in this semi-arid sandy ecosystem, which increased the heterogeneity of resources such as water and nutrients. Therefore, making appropriate disturbances of BSCs during storm season is beneficial to maintaining the balance of natural resources in the semi-arid sandy ecosystem.     

荒漠地区土壤表层固碳作用研究进展

 干旱、半干旱地区的生态环境条件脆弱,光能自养生物在荒漠地区地表的物质循环和能量流动中起着重要作用。藻类和苔藓是荒漠地区地表普遍存在的固碳生物,不仅能够改善土壤的物理性质,起到保护土壤的作用,同时能够通过特定蓝藻的固氮作用增加土壤的氮含量,最重要的是这些固碳生物能够通过光合作用固定空气中的CO₂,是荒漠地区土壤表层固碳的主要贡献者。荒漠地区生态系统固碳量的研究也是研究全球气候变化的重要组成部分,固碳量的大小不仅受自然条件的约束,也与土壤表层固碳生物（主要是藻类和苔藓）的组成密切相关。当土壤中仅有丝状蓝藻存在时固碳速率较低,随着绿藻等高等藻类和苔藓的出现,固碳速率快速增加。本文综述了荒漠地区土壤表层固碳生物组成和影响地表固碳的因素,回顾和展望了地表固碳的研究方法。     

内蒙古库布齐沙带东段油蒿固定沙丘土壤微生物数量的垂直分布研究

对内蒙古库布齐沙带东段油蒿（Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａｏｒｄｏｓｉｃａ）固定沙兵土壤微生物数量的垂直分布进行了研究．１）好气性细菌和真菌数量的垂直分布是结皮层（０－０．５ｃｍ）〉０．５－１０ｃｍ〉３０－４０ｃｍ〉６０－７０ｃｍ,在０－１０ｃｍ,油蒿固定沙丘与流动沙丘比值;好气性细菌数量为１３．７：１,真菌数量为１５．２：１;２）芽孢细菌和放线菌数量的垂直分布是０．５－１０ｃｍ〉３０－４０ｃｍ〉结皮层（０－     

Research progress on algae of the microbial crusts in arid and semiarid regions

Microbial crusts are attracting much interest in view of their possible uses in environmental conservation and ecological restoration of the arid and semiarid regions.Because algae play an irreplaceable important role in the early formation and the strengthening of microbial crusts,they are paid much more attention to than other cryptogams.In this paper,an overview of the current knowledge on the fine structure and development of microbial crust,focusing on the algal biomass,vertical distribution,succession,influential factors on algae,cohesion of soil stabilization,cementing mechanism for soil particles and the microalgal extracellular polymers is given,with particular emphasis on the authors' researches,and some prospects are put forward as well.     

Ecological and environmental explanation of microbiotic crusts on sand dune scales in the Gurbantonggut Desert, Xinjiang

Results obtained from the field investigation and the analysis in laboratory show that many species of microbiotic crusts of lichens, mosses and algae develop extensively in the Gurbantonggut Desert, Xinjiang. The formation, species and distribution are closely related to the environmental conditions at the different positions of sand dunes. The animalcule crusts develop mainly on the mobile or semi-mobile sand surface of dune tops, the alga crusts develop mainly at the upper to middle parts of dune slopes, the lichen crusts develop at middle and lower parts of dune slopes, and the moss crusts are mainly distributed at the lower part of dune slopes and the interdune lowlands. The species, thickness and developing degree of microbiotic crusts increase from the upper part to the middle and lower parts of dune slopes and the interdune lowlands, and an obvious contrast between the microbiotic crusts and the different species of plant communities forms. The development and differentiation of microbiotic crusts at the different positions of dunes are the ecological appearance and the natural selection of synthetic adaptability of the different microbiotic crust species to the local environmental conditions, and are closely related to the ecological conditions, such as the physiochemical properties of soils and stability of topsoil texture.     

不同生长发育期土壤绿藻——集球藻细胞形态结构研究

集球藻是一种广泛分布于生物结皮中的土壤绿藻,能够积累红色素(如虾青素)和油滴,显示出其独特的生理特性和潜在的应用价值.目前对集球藻的细胞结构以及色素积累研究非常匮乏.本文报道应用光学显微镜和透射电境观察集球藻在温室液体培养条件下,细胞形态与超微结构变化.结果表明,培养早期时营养细胞转变为生殖细胞,并通过细胞分裂产生子代...     

模块沙障对土壤微生物和酶活性变化的影响

 按照生态系统组成特征,在流动沙地人工构建了集防风固沙、局部土壤改良和植被恢复3 大功能于一体的模块沙障。为掌握模块沙障对局部土壤生物特性的影响程度,测定了土微生物含量和土壤酶活性,研究设置了5 年后的模块沙障内部及其对周边土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性变化的影响。结果表明,模块沙障内部土壤3 大微生物总量比对照样地0~10 cm 土层高1.91倍,细菌、真菌和放线菌含量分别比对照样地高1.33 倍、1.76 倍和2.83 倍,蔗糖酶和脲酶活性分别比对照样地增加2.47 倍和67.64%;模块沙障覆盖下0~10 cm 土层土壤微生物总量比对照样地0~10 cm 土层高1.22 倍,细菌、真菌和放线菌含量分别增加0.83 倍、0.87 倍和2.14 倍,蔗糖酶和脲酶的活性分别比对照样地增加2.01 倍和29.41%。此外,模块沙障及其内部填充基质能够通过降雨淋溶、填充基质扩散等作用有效的改善沙障迎风侧或背风侧70 cm 范围内土壤微生物含量和蔗糖酶、脲酶活性,实现了“肥岛作用“改善土壤的生物化学特征。     

辽宁省彰武县阿尔乡围封沙地土壤动物生态研究

围绕阿尔乡围封沙地土壤环境状况,依据不同地貌类型,利用土壤动物分布特点对围封沙地进行了生物多样性分析研究,结果表明:阿尔乡围封沙地土壤环境固定沙地好于半流动沙地,半流动沙地好于流动沙地.     

蓝藻接合转移系统以及相关因素

蓝藻是一类进行光合放氧的原核生物,蓝藻因其结构的特点,已经成为表达外源基因的理想宿主之一,而接合转移是蓝藻基因转移系统中普遍使用的一种方法。通过接合转移技术可以深入研究光合作用、细胞分化、氮固定和对环境的抵抗。介绍了有关蓝藻接合转移的载体、质粒以及接合转移在蓝藻中的应用,为蓝藻基因工程发展提供信息。     

The role of microbes in accretion, lamination and early lithification of modern marine stromatolites

For three billion years, before the Cambrian diversification of life, laminated carbonate build-ups called stromatolites were widespread in shallow marine seas. These ancient structures are generally thought to be microbial in origin and potentially preserve evidence of the Earth's earliest biosphere. Despite their evolutionary significance, little is known about stromatolite formation, especially the relative roles of microbial and environmental factors in stromatolite accretion. Here we show that growth of modern marine stromatolites represents a dynamic balance between sedimentation and intermittent lithification of cyanobacterial mats. Periods of rapid sediment accretion, during which stromatolite surfaces are dominated by pioneer communities of gliding filamentous cyanobacteria, alternate with hiatal intervals. These discontinuities in sedimentation are characterized by development of surface films of exopolymer and subsequent heterotrophic bacterial decomposition, forming thin crusts of microcrystalline carbonate. During prolonged hiatal periods, climax communities develop, which include endolithic coccoid cyanobacteria. These coccoids modify the sediment, forming thicker lithified laminae. Preservation of lithified layers at depth creates millimetre-scale lamination. This simple model of modern marine stromatolite growth may be applicable to ancient stromatolites.     

兰州北山生物结皮中陆生藻种类组成与群落结构

通过对沙井驿、刘家堡、九州台、白塔山、小牛圈沟等样点采集的生物结皮样的培养和鉴定 ,研究了兰州市北山生物结皮中陆生藻种类组成及其群落结构 .结果发现 ,该地陆生藻共计 5 3种 ,其中蓝藻 34种 ,绿藻 7种 ,硅藻10种 ,裸藻 2种 .蓝藻中以丝状种类占优势 (6 5 % ) ,绿藻中仍以球状种类居多 (5 7% ) ,但也有不少丝状个体(43% ) .黄土结皮以非洲席藻为第一优势种 ,石崖表具鞘微鞘藻占绝对优势 ,人工草丛中小球藻最丰富 ;种类数在砾质黄土中最多 (2 3) ,黄粘土中最少 (16 ) .     

康平沙地治理过程中土壤微生物数量与土壤肥力的关系

 土壤微生物在土壤生态系统物质循环和能量流动方面都有着十分重要的作用。选取辽宁省康平县海洲乡的典型土壤和典型植被的根际土测其土壤微生物数量的变化,对在相同生长状况下不同植被类型的土壤微生物数量进行比较,分析在沙地治理过程中土壤肥力质量的响应与演变规律,为寻求该地区的最佳固沙植被提供依据。结果表明,土壤微生物的数量基本变化趋势为：固定沙丘＞半固定沙丘＞流动沙丘土;各类型的微生物在不同类型的沙土中分布比例不相同,微生物三大类群总数量排列依次为细菌>放线菌>真菌;半固定沙丘不同地带不同环境中的微生物类群组成和各类群之间的比例各不相同;不同植被在相同的生长地带土壤微生物的组成比例各不相同,其中乔本植被微生物数量要高于灌木丛和草本植被。     

杭州湾浅层储气砂土的持水特性试验研究

杭州湾嘉甬跨海高铁大桥遇到的储气砂土是一类特殊的非饱和土,以往砂土类主要以重塑样进行持水特性试验,而实际工程中,原状样的结构性对持水特性具有显著影响。以杭州湾储气砂土为研究对象,基于压力板仪试验研究了不同初始孔隙比砂土原状样与重塑样的持水特性,对比分析Brooks-Corey模型、Van Genuchten模型和Fredlund-Xing模型对砂土土-水特征曲线(soil water characteristics curve, SWCC)的适用性;利用等粒球状颗粒的不同排列方式分析了产生基质吸力差异的机理。结果表明:Van Genuchten模型更适用于描述和预测杭州湾储气砂土SWCC;对于相同孔隙比下的砂土原状样与重塑样,重塑样比原状样的失水斜率更小,但重塑样与原状样的进气值基本一致。原状砂土与重塑砂土不同的颗粒排列结构是造成其SWCC差异性的主要原因之一,重塑砂土比原状土具有更加均匀的孔隙分布,原状砂土结构性对SWCC的影响不可忽略,采用原状储气砂样的Van Genuchten模型可为实际工程提供更精准的预测和参考。     

造纸废水污灌对土壤微生物数量动态的影响

初步研究造纸废水污灌对土壤理化性质的影响以及土壤中细菌、放线菌、丝状真菌等微生物数量的变化，分析了土壤理化性质与土壤微生物数量的关系。结果表明：污灌后土壤的含水率与有机质含量提高、钠离子含量下降是导致土壤微生物数量发生不同程度变化的主要原因。     

冲击碾压加固吹填粉细砂地基机理及应用

从砂土液化的角度研究冲击碾压技术加固粉细砂地基的实质,揭示了冲击碾压技术加固此类粉细砂地基的作用机理.通过对首钢曹妃甸吹填粉细砂地基处理中采用冲击碾压技术的工业实验资料和效果进行分析研究,证明使用冲击碾压技术加固粉细砂地基是可行的.