西藏雅鲁藏布江水质时空特征分析

通过对雅鲁藏布江的水质分析发现,在6～10月,溶氧值低、水温较高、12月～次年2月高,溶氧值高、水温较低、8月悬浮物含量高;下游较中游的pH值和悬浮物含量低.拉孜、怒各沙和羊村水质属于Ⅲ类,曲水、米林和怒下河段为II类水.检测水质除雅鲁藏布江上游的拉孜、怒各沙和中下游的羊村水质属于Ⅲ类外,其它河段为II类水.雅鲁藏布江下游水质符合渔业水质标准,但雅鲁藏布江干流中上游江段Cu含量、整个干流8月份的水体悬浮物含量超出渔业水质标准.     

Glacial distribution and mass balance in the Yarlung Zangbo River and its influence on lakes

Glaciers in the Yarlung Zangbo River witness severe glacial retreat nowadays, which gives important influence on lake processes in the region. We have studied glacial distribution, glacial mass balance and found large deficit in glacial mass and its impact in the region. Our study also integrated the variation in glacial-fed lakes of the Nam Co and Ranwu Lake, and presented an initial assessment of the impact of glacial mass balance on lakes. The study has shown a significant contribution of glacial melting to recent lake expansion and lake level rising.     

西藏南部雅鲁藏布江缝合带的沉积－构造演化

西藏南部雅鲁藏布江缝合带从晚侏罗世至今可能经历了新特提斯洋的两期俯冲作用,早期俯冲从晚侏罗世至早白垩世,以桑日群和恰布林组为代表,雅鲁藏布江古蛇绿岩在此期形成;而晚期俯冲从中白垩世至始新世,以混杂岩、雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩和日喀则为代表,拉孜－浪卡子断裂可能代表了印度大陆与亚洲大陆碰撞的实际地表位置,由此提出包括新特提斯洋两期俯冲作用在内的五个阶段的雅鲁藏布江缝合带沉积－构造演化过程。     

雅鲁藏布江中下游地区湿季降雨量的空间分布模型

对于水文气象站点稀少的青藏高原山区,获得较为精确的降雨空间分布信息是进行降雨径流模拟的前提。该文利用GIS手段和多元回归方法,建立了雅鲁藏布江中下游地区旱、偏旱、正常、偏涝、涝等5种类型年份的湿季(5—9月)降雨量的空间分布模型。结果显示:多种地理地形因子对湿季降雨空间分布均有重要影响。统计分析表明:(1)雅鲁藏布江中下游流域地形复杂、降雨站点稀少,回归分析中的地理、地形因子共线性问题突出,方差扩大因子法、Pear-son相关系数法和因子分析法的组合应用是识别和解决共线性问题的有效方法;(2)影响湿季降雨的局部地形因子表达存在着最优空间尺度,15—25km半径范围内的平均坡度、平均坡向、开放度值与降雨也有较高相关性,但考虑其他局部地形因子后,开放度对降雨空间分布的影响可以忽略。     

雅鲁藏布江流域TRMM降水数据降尺度研究

为了获取我国西南典型缺资料地区雅鲁藏布江流域较高时空分辨率的降水空间分布数据,开展了复杂地形条件下的卫星降水资料降尺度方法研究.构建了基于TRMM降水数据的雅鲁藏布江流域降水时空降尺度模型,并利用搜集的降水实测数据对模型进行了率定和精度验证,结果表明:1)研究提出的水汽运移距离因子在雅江流域与降水具有很强的相关性,在构建的空间降尺度模型中其显著性优于传统地形指示因子DEM;2)TRMM降尺度结果较原始降水数据空间分布更为合理性且细节刻画能力更强,但统计精度月际差异明显,月R2值主要集中在0.5~0.9之间,RMSE值在3.7~40mm之间波动,且整体呈现随月降雨量增加而增大的趋势,个别月份由于降水观测极值出现而导致R2值不足0.1.日尺度上,降尺度结果受原始TRMM降水数据精度影响,平均精度R2不足0.3.     

雅鲁藏布江拉萨河流域水文模型应用比较研究

雅鲁藏布江是我国水能资源最丰富的河流之一,拉萨河作为雅鲁藏布江支流中流域面积最大、最长的河流,更是西藏自治区水利开发的重点,但拉萨河流域水文模型应用研究甚少。本文介绍改进的TOPMODEL,并应用该模型和新安江模型对拉萨河流域进行水文模拟,结果表明：两模型都取得了较好的模拟效果,弥补了雅鲁藏布江拉萨河流域水文模型应用研究的不足,为开展缺资料地区的水文模型应用研究进行了一定的尝试。     

雅鲁藏布江河谷地区黄土的物理力学指标统计分析

在野外调查和室内试验的基础上,利用Origin7．0软件对西藏雅鲁藏布江中部流域河谷地区黄土的物理及力学指标进行统计分析,建立了土性指标的线性方程,并探讨了各个指标间的相互关系,结果可作为该地区地基基础可靠性设计相关参数合理选取的理论依据。     

雅鲁藏布江加查峡谷河段古洪水沉积特征

对雅鲁藏布江加查峡谷河段古洪水平流沉积物进行了野外调查与试验分析,结果表明:其野外沉积除具备一般的特征外,还常表现为细颗粒物充填巨砾的特殊堆积形态;其粒度特征表现为分选性较好,分选系数在1.2以下,以砂质、粉砂质颗粒为主,中值粒径在3~4之间等,且与谷坡沉积物、滩地泛滥沉积物的粒度特征之间存在明显差异;其重矿物组合特征与沉积类型及沉积物的搬运条件等相关;通过孢粉特征分析,确定了研究区域在大约距今3 000 a的气候条件与近现代气候条件具有较明显的一致性,为研究河段古洪水分析计算,以及藏木水电站的设计洪水确定提供了基础资料信息.     

雅鲁藏布江中游游荡型河道演变规律研究

雅鲁藏布江的演变受到水流泥沙的影响外,地壳运动、高原抬升、气候变化等对其作用显著,多重叠加作用下的演变较为复杂。根据收集研究河段的水文泥沙、实测地形及历史卫星影像等资料,分析雅鲁藏布江中游游荡型河段的洲滩变化、主槽与支汊的变化和河相关系,探索雅鲁藏布江中游游荡型河道的演变规律。研究结果表明,雅鲁藏布江中游游荡型河道河谷的宏观边界基本由高山控制;雅鲁藏布江的游荡不仅与宽深比有关,河岸的约束性、河道比降及床沙粒径对游荡型河道影响也较大;根据河相关系分析,拉萨河口至泽当段稳定性稳定性较差,进一步游荡的趋势明显,米林至尼洋河口段则相对稳定。     

基于HHT的雅鲁藏布江径流变化周期及趋势分析

 采用Hilbert Huang变换对雅鲁藏布江干支流上的10个水文站1956-2000年天然径流资料进行分析,探讨了雅鲁藏布江流域年径流变化的近似周期及其演变趋势。研究结果表明,雅鲁藏布江全流域范围内存在约3、6~8、9、11~13、16~17及22~24 a的近似周期。同时研究还发现,雅鲁藏布江干支流在20世纪60年代左右径流量较大,但在进入60年代中后期之后,年径流量呈逐渐减小的趋势,这种趋势在80年代附近达到极小值,此后径流量逐渐回升,并在90年代后逐渐进入相对丰水期。     

雅江流域多源遥感驱动的SRM模型精度影响因子研究

利用多源遥感数据驱动SRM模型模拟雅鲁藏布江4个不同水文站控制流域的融雪过程,分析流域特征(面积、地形地貌因子、植被类型)、模型输入变量(气温、降水、积雪覆盖率)对遥感驱动SRM模型模拟精度的影响.研究表明:遥感驱动的SRM模型在雅鲁藏布江研究区域模拟精度较高,NSE系数达到0.83以上;但其精度受流域面积大小的影响,具有尺度阈,在一定面积尺度上模拟精度最大,流域地形越复杂,其模拟效果越差;植被覆盖类型影响融雪径流过程的模拟,进而影响模拟结果;模型3个主要输入变量气温、降水、积雪覆盖率对遥感驱动的SRM模型的模拟精度同样有很大程度的影响.研究结果对资料匮乏的高海拔地区水资源利用具有重要意义,同时可为遥感驱动的SRM模型的推广应用提供有效支撑.     

Apatite fission track dating evidence for tectonic movement of Yarlung Zangbo Thrust Zone

Fission track geological chronology is an effective method of study on tectonic movement of fault zone. Apatite fission track (AFT) dating analyses of 9-apatite and 4-zircon samples collected from Lhasa to Langkazi, ~70-km-long in SN provide an understanding of the age and the uplifting of both sides of the Yarlung Zangbo Thrust Zone (YZTZ) in this work. The AFT ages range from ~37 to 14 Ma, indicating the time of major tectono-thermal events, i.e. the continent-continent collision along the YZTZ. Based on the relationship between the AFT ages and the sample elevations, there were two tectonic active periods: ~37—20 Ma and 20—14 Ma. In the first period the tectonic event did not bring on differential uplifting. Rapid differential uplifting with rapid cooling, resulting from thrusting, took place in the second period. The vertical displacement was ~1020 m and total ~2.9 km of overburden has been removed from the present-day surface since cooling below ~110℃ began. The maximum cooling and denudation occurred at a rate of ~7℃/Ma and ~207 m/Ma respectively since ~14 Ma. The zircon fission track analysis demonstrates that the temperature of tectono-thermal events did not exceed 310℃.     

Analysis on Landscape Pattern in the Upper and Middle Reaches of Yarlung Zangbo River：Taking Zhongba County, Angren County, Rikaze City as Example

Taking Zhongba County, Angren County, Rikaze City located at the Upper and Middle Reaches of Yarlung Zangbo River as landscape units , this paper studied the difference of the landscape pattern under various degrees of human disturbance in the three areas. The results showed that： the three areas all reflected the same characteristic of landscape pattern in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the natural landscapes were in the absolute dominant position. However, from Zhangba to Rikaze, with human disturbance intensity increasing, anthropogenic features of landscapes became more and more outstanding, In Zhongba, the landscape structure appeared to be simpler with coarse grains and a less rich diversity, Conversely, in Rikaze, the landscape showed a complicated shape with finer grains and a relatively richer diversity, This reflected that the impact of human activities to natural landscape behaved a gradually-growing trend from the upper reach to the middle one of Yarlung Zangbo River Basin.     

雅鲁藏布江巨柏分布区植物群落特点、分布与环境解释

在植物群落和环境特征的野外调查观测基础上,通过双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)聚类和典范对应分析(CCA)排序的方法,研究了巨柏(Cupressus gigantea)分布区植物群落分布及与环境的关系．结果表明:巨柏分布区植物群落结构简单,可分为3类,包括巨柏群落、巨柏-白莲蒿(Artemisia sacrorum)群落和高山松(Pinus densata)群落．CCA排序结果显示:第1排序轴与海拔和土壤含水量、密度、质地关系显著,主要反映水热和土壤条件的影响;第2排序轴与纬度、坡向和土壤磷含量、年降雨量、土壤全钾、土壤氮磷比相关,主要反映土壤营养、降水和光照条件的变化．影响该区域群落分布变化的主要原因是海拔和坡向变化造成的水热差异,以及土壤理化性质的不同．巨柏群落、巨柏-白莲蒿群落、高山松群落分布的主要海拔范围分别为3 000~3 400、>3 400~3 500、>3 500~3 600 m．研究结果为深入认识巨柏分布区的植物群落环境特征提供了科学参考,有助于更加有效地保护巨柏植物资源．      

Evidences of rapid erosion driven by climate in the Yarlung Zangbo （Tsangpo） Great Canyon, the eastern Himalayan syntaxis

Climate and tectonism are both particularly intense in the Yarlung Zangbo (Tsangpo) Great Canyon in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis,which is characterized by the most rapid landscape evolution of anywhere in the world.Thus,the eastern Himalayan syntaxis is one of the best locations to study the interactions between climate and tectonics.This paper investigates the cooling ages of the Doxong La-Baibung profile using apatite fission track (AFT) dating on 11 bedrock samples at elevations ranging from 4210 to 710 m.There are topographic,climatic,metamorphic,and thermochronological gradients in the profile,providing good conditions to study interactions between climate and tectonics.AFT ages ranged from 4.6±0.6 Ma to 1.7±0.3 Ma,and the mean fission track lengths ranged from 11.0 to 12.4 μm.It was found that the cooling rates revealed by AFT ages increased with decreasing elevation.However,the tendency of the cooling rates revealed by the 40 Ar-39 Ar ages was different from that indicated by the AFT ages.Moreover,for most districts of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis,the compiled AFT age distribution correlates well with the annual average precipitation,indicating the coupling of the cooling and erosion rates of the near-surface rock and precipitation.The geothermal history modeling results indicate an obvious increase in the cooling and erosion rate between 1.0 and 0.5 Ma.This age is consistent with other research findings for this time,when the vapor channel of the Yarlung Zangbo Great Canyon began to take effect.These evidences suggest that climate,especially precipitation,has acting as a key factor influencing the rapid cooling and erosion in the Yarlung Zangbo Great Canyon since 1-0.5 Ma.     

长江经济带特色小镇空间分布及影响因素研究

长江经济带在我国城镇化发展中具有举足轻重的地位,同时特色小镇作为推进城镇化健康发展的重要抓手,对促进我国城镇化健康发展具有积极意义.基于此,本研究以长江经济带内国家级特色小镇为研究对象,采用地理数学方法和Arcgis 10.2工具对其空间分布特征及影响因素进行分析.结果表明： 1)长江经济带特色小镇空间分布类型呈现凝聚分布; 2)特色小镇数量在经济带大尺度范围内相对均衡,在省域尺度内小范围集中分布; 3)在空间分布密度上特色小镇东密西疏,并形成以上海、江苏南京无锡及浙江杭州宁波为中心的高密度核心区;4)地区地形地貌、经济发展水平、人口数量、历史文化水平、政策支持及投资偏好是影响长江经济带特色小镇空间布局的主要因素.     

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿有用元素空间分布特征及地质意义

为了查明西藏甲玛多金属矿主要矿体有用元素在不同海拔高度的三维空间分布规律,通过钻孔和探槽取样,利用原子吸收法和等离子体原子发射光谱法测试了21 911个化学样品,然后利用等值线图法,得到了6种有用元素在矿体内部的三维空间分布。结果表明:Au、Ag、Cu元素矿体底部有一个高值中心,随着高度增加,高值范围以此中心逐渐向外扩散,并以4.5km海拔高度为界,以下呈较明显的环形扩散,以上呈较明显的线形扩散。Mo元素在矿体底部有2个富集中心,随着高度增加,Mo的分布范围较Cu更大,但是大体上仍表现出环形向外扩散的特征。Pb和Zn的分布规律与其他4种元素完全不同,主要分布于海拔高度>4.5km区域,并且分布范围小。结合元素地球化学特征及岩浆热液成矿特点,可以判断甲玛主矿体的底部存在一个含矿中心,为岩浆热液上升中心,由底向上,呈环状向外扩散,在矿体上部受线性构造影响,呈近似带状分布。该矿床有用元素空间分布具有典型的岩浆热液型矿床分布特征。     

环境中汞的形态分析

从环境中汞的存在形态出发，按测定方法进行分类；综述了近几年来汞的形态分析方法，并对各种方法进行了比较．     

Mercury pollution in Rana Chensinensis in Weisha River reach, in the upstream region of Songhua River

Twice a year continuous samples of Rana Chensinensis and sediments have been collected near gold mine in the upstream region of Songhua River from 2000 to 2002, for analyzing the total mercury （THg）, methylmercury （MeHg） concentration and correlation in sediments, muscles, livers of the frog. The study indicates that THg and MeHg concentrations in polluted samples near the gold mine are higher than those in unpolluted ones. THg and MeHg con- centrations are higher in autumn, in female, and in livers than those in spring, in male, in muscles respectively. The order of concentration degree in the frog organizations is as follows： liver〉muscle〉ovum〉Fallopian tube. MeHg is the main form of mercury （Hg） existing in autumn, while inorganic Hg is in spring. There is no distinct difference of CMeHg/CTHg between male and female, livers and muscles. The correlation between MeHg concentrations in the river sediments and in the frog＇s livers and muscles are significant, which is related to disorderly discharge of Hg.     

黑河中游不同土地利用类型下土壤有机碳时空分布

以野外样品采集、室内分析、GIS空间模拟和遥感等多种研究方法为基础,研究黑河中游不同土地利用类型下土壤有机碳的时空分布及其变化机制.结果显示:TOC,AOC,NOC的空间分布与土地利用类型之间有明显的相关性和差异性.土壤有机碳的极值区和区内土壤有机碳质量分数的分布与土地利用类型之间有很好的对应关系;随着深度的增加,三者的空间变化趋势发生了明显变化.剖面0～100 cm深度,不同土地利用类型下TOC,AOC,NOC的质量分数和分布差异性大.分析发现:土地利用类型变化后,剖面上TOC,AOC,NOC的质量分数发生了显著变化.其中:耕作使TOC,NOC的质量分数明显升高,但由于多次的灌溉淋溶,导致AOC的质量分数降低;而土地沙漠化的过程中伴随着大量土壤有机碳的流失.