略论古汉语的同形反义词──兼为“反训”辨正

从“反训”谈起在古代汉语经典文献的注硫和训信专著或辞书中，我们常常可见一些语言现象，诸如“乱，治也”；”受，授也”；“故”，洲“古也”、又训“今也”；“落”，训“死也”、X训“姐也”，等等。从表面看，人们不难发现：它们训释词与被洲释词正是一对反义词（如上述前二例）；或一个词的训释词（即义项）中有两个正是一对反义词（如上述后二例）。古人概括其特点为“一字两训”，“义相反而实相因”（王念孙悟）。O这就是传统训治学之所谓“反训”。其被训释之字（词），也笼统地被称之为“反训率”或“反训词”。晋人都球首先…     

英语中的性别表达法

分析了英语词汇性别表达的规律，如单词素阴性词；派生阴性词；合成阴性词，等等．并探讨了英语词汇的性别歧视及产生的历史、文化等原因．     

浅议词的艺术特质的表现

词实质上是音乐语言与文学语言的结合体，具有其独特的韵律美；词的艺术特质是词人创作个性的集中体现，是其性格、学问、襟怀和经历的一种综合反映；词境的创造，有赖于词各种艺术特质的表现，其中，“灵气”和“含蓄”之美显得尤为关键。     

汉语构词与性别差异

与其他语言相比，汉语更明显存在性别歧视现象。本文通过构词语素的位置能否倒置、词的无对应性等现象讨论汉语构词中的性别差异，认为汉语性别歧视的主要原因有两点：女性经济地位的丧失；女性主体意识的丧失。     

“临桂词派”辨

临桂词派是晚清重要的词学流派，但长期以来学界对其有着不同的说法，有称之为“疆村派”者，有将其归为“常州词派”者。其实，无论在词学理论还是成员组织上王鹏运都是该词派的领袖，所谓的“疆村派”只是临桂词派在后期的衍变；临桂词派在词学主张上与常州词派已存在明显的差异，不可归为一派。     

荥阳方言合音词例释

汉语词汇中，自古以来就有合音词。如古代汉语词汇中的“诸”为“之乎”的合音词，“叵”为“不可”的合音词。现代汉语普通话词汇中也有“您”（你们）、“甭”（不用）等合音词。合音词的特点是，以单音节词的形式，表现双音节词或短语的意义，读音上以原词或短语前一个语素或词音节的声母，跟后一个语素或短语后一个音节的韵母（或某一部分）拼合而成为单音节词，很像传统的“反切”法。因此，合音词语音形式小而词义容量大，是语言交流交际中唯一的一种一个言节两个语素的简练形式，可谓既经济又实用的浓缩语言形式。无疑，合音词是口头…     

俞平伯词史观的渊源与实践

俞平伯的词史观主要集中反映在《〈唐宋词选〉前言》一文中，他认为词发端于民间，是诗进化的结果；词有两条发展道路，分别是以《花间》为代表的“获深”和以苏、辛为代表的“广深”，后者更接近词的本色，为词之正宗。他接受并扩充了黄侃、胡适及王国维的词史观，同时在俞樾、俞陛云的影响下幔取了传统词学理论的精华。他的三本词体鉴赏专著是其词史观的重要实证和阐释。     

说说“词组”和“短语”

“词组”和“短语”都可以用来指称“比词大又不成句”的语法单位。比较而言,用“短语”来指称这一级语法单位更合适一些,但在使用时需赋予其新的内涵。我们认为用“短语是由词或超词形式借助一定的语法手段构成的、比词大又不成句的语法单位”来界定“短语”会使其指称范围更加科学、全面。     

从《孟子》中“之”的中分布看其语法功能的演变趋势

《孟子》中的“之”字可以记录不同的语法单位：1．能够独立运有的词；2．用于人名的结构单位。“之”记录的词可以是实词也可以是虚词：实词“之”包括名词和动词；虚词“之”包括连词，代词和助词，其中以助词的用法较为复杂，用于人名中的“之”可以作为构成语素的音节，语素，名词和助词，不用于人名中的“之”可以是实词，也可以是虚词，本文着重于对《孟子》中“之”的分布情况进行分析和研究，从而试图展示出《孟子》中“之”的语法体系及其语法功能的演变趋势。     

打张惊·打张睛·打张鸡儿

“你看他还打张鸡儿哩，瞒着我黄猫黑尾，你干的好茧儿！”（28）“伯爵度打张惊儿说道：‘我没曾在你面上尽得心，何故行此事。”（35）“你看这老婆子这等打张睛，俺猫在屋里好好卧着不是？”（59）姚灵犀释为“佯推不知”。梅校本注“假作吃惊，装糊涂。”白维国释作“假作吃惊，虚张声势。”这本是同词异写。此词是当时口语之实录，写录者急不择字，而未虑及用词用字之统一，因而出现同词异记之不同。“张惊”取吃惊或故作吃惊之字义；“张睛”则取“瞪眼不认帐”，楞瞪之态；“打张鸡儿”则是以禽事喻人事，鸡受惊惧的神态。同义词的三…     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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