T-cell priming by dendritic cells in lymph nodes occurs in three distinct phases

Primary T-cell responses in lymph nodes (LNs) require contact-dependent information exchange between T cells and dendritic cells (DCs). Because lymphocytes continually enter and leave normal LNs, the resident lymphocyte pool is composed of non-synchronized cells with different dwell times that display heterogeneous behaviour in mouse LNs in vitro. Here we employ two-photon microscopy in vivo to study antigen-presenting DCs and naive T cells whose dwell time in LNs was synchronized. During the first 8 h after entering from the blood, T cells underwent multiple short encounters with DCs, progressively decreased their motility, and upregulated activation markers. During the subsequent 12 h T cells formed long-lasting stable conjugates with DCs and began to secrete interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma. On the second day, coinciding with the onset of proliferation, T cells resumed their rapid migration and short DC contacts. Thus, T-cell priming by DCs occurs in three successive stages: transient serial encounters during the first activation phase are followed by a second phase of stable contacts culminating in cytokine production, which makes a transition into a third phase of high motility and rapid proliferation.     

IL-10修饰的树突状细胞的体外生物学效应研究

探讨lL-10修饰的树突状细胞（DC）对T细胞增殖和细胞毒性T细胞（CTL）胞毒活性的影响。采用乳酸脱氢酶法和ELISA法，分别测定细胞毒活性及T细胞凋亡。结果表明，IL-10对同种细胞刺激的增殖反应和特异性CTI．细胞毒活性有明显的抑制作用，修饰的DC诱导淋巴细胞增殖反应明显降低，而未修饰的DC诱导淋巴细胞增殖反应较强；IL-10和修饰的DC可诱导淋巴细胞凋亡．可见，稳定表达IL-10的DC，对T细胞增殖和对胞毒活性有明显的抑制作用，并可诱导T细胞凋亡。     

熊果酸对H22荷瘤小鼠抗肿瘤及免疫调节作用

目的 探讨熊果酸（UA）对H22荷瘤小鼠抗肿瘤作用及免疫功能的影响.方法 皮下移植建立H22荷瘤小鼠模型,腹腔注射不同剂量UA,检测抑瘤率和免疫器官指数,MTT法检测脾脏T、B淋巴细胞增殖能力,流式细胞术检测CD4＋、CD8＋T细胞亚群含量及比例,ELISA法检测血清细胞因子IL-2、IL-4和TNF-α的表达量.结果 UA对小鼠皮下移植性肿瘤H22有显著的抑制作用,可降低免疫器官中异常增大的脾指数,增强脾脏中T、B淋巴细胞增殖能力,提高淋巴细胞亚群CD4＋T细胞表达及CD4＋/CD8＋T细胞亚群比例,促进血清IL-2、TNF-α表达,降低IL-4表达.结论 UA可抑制小鼠肝癌H22肿瘤生长,体内可以提高荷瘤小鼠的免疫能力,其抗肿瘤作用可能与机体的免疫调节作用相关.     

Dendritic cells control lymphocyte entry to lymph nodes through high endothelial venules

While patrolling the body in search of foreign antigens, naive lymphocytes continuously circulate from the blood, through the lymph nodes, into the lymphatic vessels and back to the blood. This process, called lymphocyte recirculation, provides the body with effective immune surveillance for foreign invaders and for alterations to the body's own cells. However, the mechanisms that regulate lymphocyte recirculation during homeostasis remain incompletely characterized. Here we show that dendritic cells (DCs), which are well known for their role in antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, control the entry of naive lymphocytes to lymph nodes by modulating the phenotype of high endothelial venules (HEVs), which are blood vessels specialized in lymphocyte recruitment. We found that in vivo depletion of CD11c(+) DCs in adult mice over a 1-week period induces a reduction in the size and cellularity of the peripheral and mucosal lymph nodes. In the absence of DCs, the mature adult HEV phenotype reverts to an immature neonatal phenotype, and HEV-mediated lymphocyte recruitment to lymph nodes is inhibited. Co-culture experiments showed that the effect of DCs on HEV endothelial cells is direct and requires lymphotoxin-β-receptor-dependent signalling. DCs express lymphotoxin, and DC-derived lymphotoxin is important for lymphocyte homing to lymph nodes in vivo. Together, our results reveal a previously unsuspected role for DCs in the regulation of lymphocyte recirculation during immune surveillance.     

Goblet cells deliver luminal antigen to CD103+ dendritic cells in the small intestine

The intestinal immune system is exposed to a mixture of foreign antigens from diet, commensal flora and potential pathogens. Understanding how pathogen-specific immunity is elicited while avoiding inappropriate responses to the background of innocuous antigens is essential for understanding and treating intestinal infections and inflammatory diseases. The ingestion of protein antigen can induce oral tolerance, which is mediated in part by a subset of intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) that promote the development of regulatory T cells. The lamina propria (LP) underlies the expansive single-cell absorptive villous epithelium and contains a large population of DCs (CD11c(+) CD11b(+) MHCII(+) cells) comprised of two predominant subsets: CD103(+) CX(3)CR1(-) DCs, which promote IgA production, imprint gut homing on lymphocytes and induce the development of regulatory T cells, and CD103(-) CX(3)CR1(+) DCs (with features of macrophages), which promote tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production, colitis, and the development of T(H)17 T cells. However, the mechanisms by which different intestinal LP-DC subsets capture luminal antigens in vivo remains largely unexplored. Using a minimally disruptive in vivo imaging approach we show that in the steady state, small intestine goblet cells (GCs) function as passages delivering low molecular weight soluble antigens from the intestinal lumen to underlying CD103(+) LP-DCs. The preferential delivery of antigens to DCs with tolerogenic properties implies a key role for this GC function in intestinal immune homeostasis.     

CD4+ T cells are required for secondary expansion and memory in CD8+ T lymphocytes

A long-standing paradox in cellular immunology concerns the conditional requirement for CD4+ T-helper (T(H)) cells in the priming of cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in vivo. Whereas CTL responses against certain viruses can be primed in the absence of CD4+ T cells, others, such as those mediated through 'cross-priming' by host antigen-presenting cells, are dependent on T(H) cells. A clearer understanding of the contribution of T(H) cells to CTL development has been hampered by the fact that most T(H)-independent responses have been demonstrated ex vivo as primary cytotoxic effectors, whereas T(H)-dependent responses generally require secondary in vitro re-stimulation for their detection. Here, we have monitored the primary and secondary responses of T(H)-dependent and T(H)-independent CTLs and find in both cases that CD4+ T cells are dispensable for primary expansion of CD8+ T cells and their differentiation into cytotoxic effectors. However, secondary CTL expansion (that is, a secondary response upon re-encounter with antigen) is wholly dependent on the presence of T(H) cells during, but not after, priming. Our results demonstrate that T-cell help is 'programmed' into CD8+ T cells during priming, conferring on these cells a hallmark of immune response memory: the capacity for functional expansion on re-encounter with antigen.     

Recognition of bacterial glycosphingolipids by natural killer T cells

Natural killer T (NKT) cells constitute a highly conserved T lymphocyte subpopulation that has the potential to regulate many types of immune responses through the rapid secretion of cytokines. NKT cells recognize glycolipids presented by CD1d, a class I-like antigen-presenting molecule. They have an invariant T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) alpha-chain, but whether this invariant TCR recognizes microbial antigens is still controversial. Here we show that most mouse and human NKT cells recognize glycosphingolipids from Sphingomonas, Gram-negative bacteria that do not contain lipopolysaccharide. NKT cells are activated in vivo after exposure to these bacterial antigens or bacteria, and mice that lack NKT cells have a marked defect in the clearance of Sphingomonas from the liver. These data suggest that NKT cells are T lymphocytes that provide an innate-type immune response to certain microorganisms through recognition by their antigen receptor, and that they might be useful in providing protection from bacteria that cannot be detected by pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptor 4.     

靶向树突状细胞的呼吸道合胞病毒F重组蛋白的构建与体外活性分析

分析以人呼吸道合胞病毒(Human respiratory syncytial virus,RSV)融合糖蛋白(fusion glycoprotein,F)为抗原靶向DEC205/CD205受体策略对重组F蛋白表达及活性的影响.F蛋白是RSV的重要中和抗原,克隆RSV F蛋白胞外区的编码基因至可识别鼠树突状细胞(Dendritic cells,DCs)DEC205受体的单链抗体(single chain antibody of anti-DEC205,scDEC)的C端,构建可表达重组F蛋白(scDECF)的质粒pVAX1/scDECF,Western blot方法检测scDECF的表达,免疫荧光法和流式细胞术检测表达的scDECF与DEC205受体的结合活性.经Western blot证实在pVAX1/scDECF转染的293T细胞成功表达了scDECF.将所获得的细胞培养上清与表达鼠DEC205受体的细胞CHOmDEC205孵育,用免疫荧光和流式细胞术证实:与作为对照的重组F蛋白scISOF相比,所获得的scDECF与CHOmDEC205细胞呈现明显的结合.本研究成功表达了重组蛋白scDECF,且所获得的重组蛋白scDECF具有与表达DEC205受体的细胞特异性结合的活性.     

自体肝癌细胞裂解物致敏的树突状细胞诱导抗肝癌免疫的体外研究

从术后肝癌病人的外周血中诱导树突状细胞（DC），并经自体肝癌细胞裂解物致敏DC，用流式细胞仪、^3H-TdR掺入法及MTT法检测了DC表面分子的表达、DC刺激T细胞的增殖效应及DC诱导的T细胞对肝癌细胞的杀伤作用，进而比较经自体肝癌细胞裂解物致敏的DC与其它条件下的DC功能的差异．结果显示：肝癌细胞裂解物致敏DC的功能较未致敏DC显著提高，其可诱导自体混合淋巴细胞强的增殖效应，同时诱导的T细胞对自体肝癌细胞有较强的杀伤率．     

复方健胃消食浸膏粉免疫调节作用的实验研究

 目的 探讨复方健胃消食浸膏粉对小鼠的免疫调节作用,开发传统中药复方制剂新的保健价值。方法 给予6-8周龄,18-22g,雌性BALB/C 小鼠复方健胃消食浸膏粉,设一个对照组和剂量分别为0.2g/kg.bw、0.6g/kg.bw和1.8g/kg.bw的三个干预组,干预30天后,进行细胞免疫、体液免疫和NK细胞功能检验,测定脾脏T淋巴细胞增殖能力、迟发变态反应(DTH)的程度、抗体生成数、半数溶血值（HC50）和NK细胞的活性。结果 与对照组相比,复方健胃消食浸膏粉能明显增加小鼠T淋巴细胞的增殖能力和DTH的程度,提高小鼠抗体生成数和NK细胞的活性。结论 复方健胃消食浸膏粉具有增强小鼠细胞免疫、体液免疫和NK细胞活性的功能。     

Characterization of a common precursor population for dendritic cells

Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential for the establishment of immune responses against pathogens and tumour cells, and thus have great potential as tools for vaccination and cancer immunotherapy trials. Experimental evidence has led to a dual DC differentiation model, which involves the existence of both myeloid- and lymphoid-derived DCs. But this concept has been challenged by recent reports demonstrating that both CD8- and CD8+ DCs, considered in mice as archetypes of myeloid and lymphoid DCs respectively, can be generated from either lymphoid or myeloid progenitors. The issue of DC physiological derivation therefore remains an open question. Here we report the characterization of a DC-committed precursor population, which has the capacity to generate all the DC subpopulations present in mouse lymphoid organs---including CD8- and CD8+ DCs, as well as the B220+ DC subset---but which is devoid of myeloid or lymphoid differentiation potential. These data support an alternative model of DC development, in which there is an independent, common DC differentiation pathway.     

Immunotherapy of intracranial G422 glioblastoma with dendritic cells pulsed with tumor extract or RNA

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the anti-tumor efficacy of dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines pulsed with tumor extracts or RNA in a mouse model of intracranial G422 glioblastoma. METHODS: Bone marrow-derived DCs were pulsed ex vivo with tumor extracts or RNA. Ninety female mice harboring 4-day-old intracranial G422 glioblastomas and 126 normal mice were treated with three spaced one week apart subcutaneous injections either with PBS, unpulsed DCs, G422 tumor extracts, RNA, DCs pulsed with G422 tumor extracts (DC/extract) or with RNA (DC/RNA). Seven days after the third immunization of normal mice, the spleens of 36 of them were harvested for cytotoxic T lyphocyte (CTL) assays and the others were challenged in the brain with G422 tumor cells. All the treated mice were followed for survival. Some mice brains were removed and examined pathologically when they died. RESULTS: Immunization using DC/extract or DC/RNA significantly induced G422-specific CTL responses compared with control groups (P<0.01). Vaccination with DC/extract or DC/RNA, either prior to G422 tumor challenge or in tumor-harboring mice, significantly prolonged survival compared with other control groups (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: DCs pulsed with tumor extracts or RNA derived from autologous tumors has potential antitumor effects via activation of cell-mediated immunity. Our results suggest a useful therapeutic strategy against gliomas.     

小鼠集落刺激因子（CSFs）的体外诱导研究

用体外淋巴细胞培养系统，对一些非淋巴因子诱导小鼠脾细胞产生集落刺激因子（ＣＳＦｓ）进行研究的结果发现，静止的小鼠脾细胞对原激酶（ＵＫ）不产生应答，只有当ＣｏｎＡ刺激后才能产生ＣＳＦｓ；表皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ）与ＣｏｎＡ协同作用能明显诱导ＣＳＦｓ的产生．人绒毛膜促性腺激素（ＨｃＧ）可直接作用于静止的脾细胞，使其产生ＣＳＦＳ．剂量依赖试验表明当ＵＫ为１６００ＩＵ／ｍｌ，ＥＧＦ为２０ｎｇ／ｍｌ，ＨＣＧ为４００ＩＵ／ｍｌ时所诱导的ＣＳＦｓ活性达到最高值．此外，ＣＳＦｓ的诱导还具有时间依赖关系．ＵＫ作用６０ｈ，ＥＧＦ和ＨＣＧ作用４８ｈ诱导产生的ＣＳＦｓ活性达到最高值．ＨＣＧ抗体中试验进一步说明ＨＣＧ可直接作用于脾细胞．联苯胺染色结果表明ＵＫ．ＥＧＦ和ＨＣＧ诱导的条件培养液中均不含红系集落刺激因子．     

Induction and effector functions of T(H)17 cells

T helper (T(H)) cells constitute an important arm of the adaptive immune system because they coordinate defence against specific pathogens, and their unique cytokines and effector functions mediate different types of tissue inflammation. The recently discovered T(H)17 cells, the third subset of effector T helper cells, have been the subject of intense research aimed at understanding their role in immunity and disease. Here we review emerging data suggesting that T(H)17 cells have an important role in host defence against specific pathogens and are potent inducers of autoimmunity and tissue inflammation. In addition, the differentiation factors responsible for their generation have revealed an interesting reciprocal relationship with regulatory T (T(reg)) cells, which prevent tissue inflammation and mediate self-tolerance.     

Immunoglobulin Cmu RNA in T lymphoma cells is not translated

It is widely believed that immunoglobulin genes might encode at least part of the receptor for antigen on the T lymphocyte. Evidence supporting this comes from the effects of anti-immunoglobulin idiotype antibodies on cellular immune networks and from the presence of idiotypes on immunologically active factors from T cells. Detailed molecular characterization of the receptors, however, has been seriously hampered by the lack of a suitable cellular source from which it might be isolated. The recent demonstration of Kemp et al. that thymocytes and certain cultured lines of mouse T lymphoma cells contain polyadenylated RNA molecules encoded by the immunoglobulin Cmu gene (Cmu RNA) prompted us to identify the corresponding protein molecules in those cells. As the haploid mouse genome contains a single Cmu gene, any polypeptide encoded by this gene should react with at least some of the antibodies present in rabbit anti-mouse IgM antiserum. In this letter we report that a number of T lymphoma lines, regardless of whether they contain Cmu RNA, synthesize no detectable mu polypeptides.     

牡蛎寡肽对免疫低下小鼠模免疫功能的影响

研究牡蛎寡肽对免疫低下小鼠免疫功能的调节作用。采用腹腔注射环磷酰胺（CTX）建立免疫低下小鼠模型,研究不同剂量牡蛎寡肽对小鼠免疫器官脏器指数、脾淋巴细胞转化增殖情况、NK细胞活性、小鼠体液免疫、巨噬细胞吞噬能力、血清TNF-、IL-6和溶血素水平的影响。结果显示,与免疫抑制模型组小鼠相比,牡蛎寡肽能够显著提高脾淋巴细胞增殖能力、NK细胞活性、廓清指数K、吞噬指数a、吞噬中性红能力、TNF-、IL-6、溶血素水平和脾淋巴细胞CD3+4T淋巴细胞亚群及CD3+8T淋巴细胞亚群分布（P0.05）,而对小鼠的肝、脾脏指数影响不显著。结果表明牡蛎寡肽能够提高由CTX引起的免疫低下模型小鼠的细胞免疫、体液免疫及非特异性免疫功能,对小鼠的免疫功能具有正面调控的作用。     

恩诺沙星对实验小鼠细胞免疫的动态影响

目的研究恩诺沙星对实验小鼠免疫细胞的影响。方法24只SPF级小鼠随机分成恩诺沙星组与正常组。实验分3周进行,每组每周各杀4只,采用酸性α-醋酸萘酯酶（ANAE）方法检测T、B淋巴细胞的动态比值变化。结果喂药1周小鼠的T、B淋巴细胞比值与正常组差异极显著（P〈0.01）,提示该药对T、B淋巴细胞有影响;而喂药第2、3周小鼠的T、B淋巴细胞比值的影响差异不显著（P〉0.05）。结论恩诺沙星在短期内对实验小鼠免疫细胞有影响,尤其是T淋巴细胞。